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1.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of Listonella anguillarum in a Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) hatchery. A total of 2704 isolates were obtained from the developing fish, live diets and artificial feeds of Japanese flounder and their rearing water, 439 of which were identified as L. anguillarum by the combining incubation on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose (TCBS) agar at 35 °C overnight with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection for the VAH1 hemolysin gene. L. anguillarum was detected in all seven rotifer samples, with densities of 2.5 × 103 to 4.6 × 106 colony forming units (CFU) g− 1. Both the analyzed samples of Nannochloropsis oculata contained this bacterium at densities of 1.6 × 104 to 1.4 × 105 CFU g− 1. L. anguillarum was detected in only one of four samples of Artemia nauplii with a density of 4.8 × 105 CFU g− 1 (35%) and it was not detected in the two analyzed artificial feed samples. L. anguillarum was detected in 11 of 18 specimens of larval and juvenile Japanese flounder at densities of 5.0 × 101 to 7.4 × 105 CFU g− 1, while it was not detected in the two analyzed egg specimens of Japanese flounder. These results indicate that L. anguillarum associated with the developing Japanese flounder is likely derived from rearing water and live diets such as rotifers. Further, it is strongly suggested that L. anguillarum is a transient bacterium of the intestinal microflora for the Japanese flounder but is a permanently indigenous one for the Japanese flounder hatcheries.  相似文献   

2.
Growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia (initial body weight ∼ 22 g) at various temperatures (23, 27, 31 and 35 °C) were investigated in this study. Maximal ration level (RLmax, %/day) increased as temperature (T, °C) increased from 23 °C to 31 °C but decreased at 35 °C, described as a quadratic equation: RLmax = −0.023T2 + 1.495T − 17.52. Faecal production (f, mg g− 1 day− 1) increased with increased temperature (T, °C), described as a power function: lnf = 0.738lnT − 0.806. As temperature increased, feed absorption efficiency in dry weight (FAEd, %), protein (FAEp, %) and energy (FAEe, %) all increased first and then decreased, but the variation of feed absorption efficiency was small, with ranges of 89.59-91.08%, 92.91-94.71%, 93.92-95.32%, respectively. Specific growth rate in wet weight (SGRw, %/day), dry weight (SGRd, %/day), protein (SGRp, %/day) and energy (SGRe, %/day) showed a domed curve relative to temperature (T, °C), described as quadratic equations: SGRw = − 0.068T2 + 3.878T − 50.53, SGRd = − 0.079T2 + 4.536T −59.64, SGRp = − 0.084T2 + 4.783T − 63.08 and SGRe = − 0.082T2 + 4.654T − 60.99, and SGRw, SGRd, SGRp and SGRe maximized at 28.5 °C, 28.6 °C, 28.4 °C, 28.5 °C, respectively, as calculated from the regression equations. The relationships between feed conversion efficiency in wet weight (FCEw, %), dry weight (FCEd, %), protein (FCEp, %), energy (FCEe, %) and temperature (T, °C) also took on a domed curve described as quadratic equations: FCEw = − 0.726T2 + 39.71T − 473.8, FCEd = − 0.276T2 + 15.31T − 190.6, FCEp = − 0.397T2 + 22.05T − 277.9 and FCEe = − 0.350T2 + 19.39T − 239.9, and FCEw, FCEd, FCEp and FCEe maximized at 27.4 °C, 27.8 °C, 27.7 °C and 27.7 °C, respectively, as calculated from the regression equations. Energy budget of juvenile cobia fed satiation was 100C = 5F + 67(U + R) + 28G at water temperature 27 °C and 100C = 5F + 70(U + R) + 25G at water temperature 31 °C, where C is food energy, F is faeces energy, (U + R) is excretion energy and metabolism energy, and G is growth energy.  相似文献   

3.
The red seaweed Asparagopsis armata (Harvey; Rhodophytae, Bonnemaisoniaceae) produces biologically active secondary metabolites that are valuable natural ingredients for cosmetics and medicine and its cultivation may therefore be a profitable venture. The tetrasporophyte of this species (“Falkenbergia rufolanosa”) was successfully tank-cultivated as a continuous biofilter for the effluent of a commercial fish farm in southern Portugal. Optimal stocking density for highest biomass yield and a low level of other algal species in winter and late spring was 5×g centrifuged fresh weight l− 1. The effect of total ammonia nitrogen supply (TAN flux) on biofiltration and biomass yield was investigated in winter and spring. Results revealed that A. armata is currently the seaweed-biofilter with the highest TAN removal of up to 90 μmol l− 1 h− 1 at a TAN flux of about 500 μmol l− 1 h− 1. In the tanks used, this is equivalent to a removal of up to 14.5 g TAN m− 2 day− 1. At a lower TAN flux of about 40 μmol l− 1 h− 1, TAN removal by A. armata is more than double to what is reported at this flux for another successful seaweed biofilter, the genus Ulva. Monthly variation of A. armata biomass yield peaked in May and was lowest in January. At TAN fluxes between 300 and 400 μmol l− 1 h− 1, an average water temperature of 21.7 °C and a total daily photon flux density of 47 Mol m− 2, seaweed yield was over 100 g DW m− 2 day− 1 with a recorded maximum of 119 g. During spring, autumn and early summer, the biomass of A. armata within the experimental tanks doubled every week. A model for the up scaling of this finfish integrated aquaculture of A. armata varies the investment in biofilter surface area and estimates the return in biofiltration and biomass yield. Highest TAN removal efficiencies will only be possible at low TAN fluxes and a very large biofilter area, resulting in a low production of biomass per unit area. To remove 50% of TAN from the effluent (1 mt Sparus aurata; 21 °C), 28 m2 of biofilter, designed to support a water turnover rate of 0.8 Vol h− 1 would be necessary. This system produces 6.1 kg FW (1.5 kg DW) of A. armata per day and has the potential to turn biofiltration into an economically sustained, beneficial side effect.  相似文献   

4.
The potential of the red agarophyte Gracilariopsis longissima as biofilter for phosphate and ammonium in effluents outflowing intensive marine fish cultures was assessed at different scales. Previous studies showed that both laboratory (microscale level) and outdoor cultivation (mesoscale level) were feasible, with a maximum sustainable yield of 270 g fresh wt m− 2 day− 1 approximately, at a biomass higher than that predicted in a logistic model, a deviation attributable to an improvement of the culture conditions during the monitoring period. At a mesoscale level, a 34-h cycle suggested that the nitrification rate on the seaweed fronds showed diel fluctuations, with rates peaking early in the morning, when ammonium uptake rates were negligible. Mean nitrification rates were similar to ammonium uptake rates, suggesting that nitrifyers outcompete G. longissima for the use of ammonium; especially when mean biofiltering efficiencies were less than 15% during the 34-h period.G. longissima thrives naturally in different earthen ponds of a fish farm in Cádiz Bay Natural Park, Southern Spain, especially in the outflowing reservoir earthen ponds, where biomass reached values up to 278 g dry wt m− 2 during the spring. A field cultivation system for G. longissima (macroscale level) was designed to find the best scenario in terms of earthen pond, season or current conditions. The best cultivation method was the growth of vegetative cuttings on suspended braided nylon ropes. The highest growth rates (up to 6% day− 1) and biomass (up to 10 g fresh wt cm− 1 rope) were obtained in ponds receiving outflow waters, suggesting a nutrient effect. The net P production reached 24.9 μg P cm− 1 rope day−1 and was also higher on braided nylon suspended ropes placed at the outflowing reservoir earthen ponds. A similar result was found regarding net N production. However, in this case, mean production (≈ 170 μg N cm− 1 rope day− 1) was similar in the different earthen ponds and channels. The increase in P and N biomass suggested that G. longissima was biofiltering efficiently nutrient wastes from the fish farm.The results pointed out the high potential ability of G. longissima to biofilter waste waters from a fish farm, encouraging a large scale cultivation of this species. Future practices using this macroalgae may be implemented in local fish farms, resulting in both environmental and economic advantages.  相似文献   

5.
The integrated aquaculture of the tetrasporophyte of Asparagopsis armata Harvey (Falkenbergia rufolanosa) using fish farm effluents may be viable due to the species high capacity of removing nutrients and its content of halogenated organic compounds with applications on the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. In order to optimize the integrated aquaculture of F. rufolanosa, we followed the daily variation of the potential quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of PSII on plants cultivated at different biomass densities and different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) fluxes to check if they are photoinhibited at any time of the day. Moreover, the photoinhibition under continuous exposure to highly saturating irradiance and its potential for subsequent recovery in the shade was assessed. The potential for year round cultivation was evaluated by measuring rates of O2 evolution of plants acclimated at temperatures ranging from 15 to 29 °C, the temperature range of a fish farm effluent in southern Portugal where an integrated aquaculture system of F. rufolanosa was constructed.Photoinhibition does not seem to be a major constrain for the integrated aquaculture of F. rufolanosa. Only when cultivated at a very low density of 1.5 g fresh weight (FW) l− 1 that there was a midday decrease in maximal quantum yield (Fv/Fm). At densities higher than 4 g FW l− 1, no photoinhibition was observed. When exposed to full solar irradiance for 1 h, F. rufolanosa showed a 33% decrease in Fv/Fm, recovering to 86% of the initial value after 2 h in the shade. A midday decline of the F. rufolanosa Fv/Fm was also observed under the lowest TAN flux tested (∼6 μM h− 1), suggesting that this fast and easy measurement of fluorescence may be used as a convenient diagnostic tool to detect nutrient-starved unbalance conditions of the cultures. Maximum net photosynthesis peaked at 15 °C with 9.7 mg O2 g dry weight (DW)− 1 h− 1 and remained high until 24 °C. At 29 °C, the net oxygen production was significantly reduced due to a dramatic increase of respiration, suggesting this to be the species' lethal temperature threshold.Results indicate that F. rufolanosa has a considerable photosynthetic plasticity and confirm it as a good candidate for integrated aquaculture at temperatures up to 24° C and cultivation densities of at least 5 g FW l− 1. When cultivated at these densities, light does not penetrate below the first few centimetres of the surface zone. Plants circulate within the tanks, spending around 10% of the time in the first few centimetres where they are able to use efficiently the saturating light levels without damaging their photosynthetic apparatus.  相似文献   

6.
The current study investigated acute toxicity to ammonia of the South African abalone, Haliotis midae, from three size classes relevant to mariculture operations, and the chronic impact of sub-lethal ammonia levels on growth of juvenile abalone.Results showed that tolerance to ammonia (at pH 7.8 and Ta = 15 °C) increases with body size (i.e. age) as indicated by 36 h LC50 values: juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) had the lowest LC50 of 9.8 μg l− 1 FAN, whereas LC50 was 12.9 μg l− 1 FAN in “cocktail”-size abalone (5-8 cm shell length). The highest LC50 of 16.4 μg l− 1 FAN was observed in “brood stock”-size animals (10-15 cm). When “cocktail”-size abalone were allowed to acclimatize to sub-lethal ammonia levels for 48 h, their ammonia tolerance increased compared with non-acclimatized abalone of the same size: LC50 was 2.0 μg l− 1 FAN higher at 14.8 μg l− 1 FAN.Growth of juvenile abalone (1-2.5 cm shell length) during chronic exposure to sub-lethal FAN levels is inhibited: specific growth rate (SGR) is significantly reduced by 58.7% to 0.10 ± 0.03% d− 1 (weight) compared with 0.24 ± 0.06% d− 1 of abalone of a control group (no ammonia).The results demonstrate the negative effects of ammonia not only on survival but also on growth of farmed abalone, both impair profitability of the farming operation. The information from the present study will be helpful in determining water quality requirements in South African abalone farms.  相似文献   

7.
Shellfish aquaculture is growing worldwide and previous studies have shown a range of associated environmental impacts. In the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, there are more than 2000 ha of existing and approved farm area with applications pending for approximately another 6000 ha, however, no previous studies have examined the impacts of mussel culture in this region. To determine the impact of a mussel farm (45 ha) in the Firth of Thames we measured sedimentation rates by deploying sediment traps, sediment characteristics by collecting sediment cores and sediment oxygen and nutrient fluxes by deploying benthic chambers in four seasons. Sedimentation under the farm was increased by 106 g m− 2 d− 1 compared to the reference site. Similarly sediments under the farm had elevated organic carbon, nitrogen, chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentrations indicative of the additional organic input due to bivalve biodeposition. Oxygen consumption was higher under the farm compared to a reference site (1.1-2.1×) but this increase was only significant (p < 0.001) in summer when rates reached 3083 μmol m− 2 h− 1 under the farm. Ammonia release rates ranged from 80 to 319 μmol m− 2 h− 1 and were higher under the farm compared to the reference site in spring (1.8×, non-significant p = 0.588) and autumn (3×, significant p = 0.006) but in summer release rates at the reference site (275 μmol m− 2 h− 1) were 1.4× higher than those under the farm. Nitrate fluxes (3.1 to 21.8 μmol m− 2 h− 1) were significantly (p = 0.001) higher at the farm site. Oxygen and nutrient fluxes generally demonstrated the typical response to increased organic input due to sedimentation from mussel culture. Unusually low nitrogen release rates in summer may indicate enhanced denitrification under the farm. Benthic regeneration at the reference site could supply 74% of nitrogen required by pelagic primary producers whereas under the farm it could account for 94%. This demonstrates the importance of benthic nutrient regeneration in this region and that mussel culture can lead to a redistribution of nutrients. The farm we studied is small and located in a high-energy environment and impacts from larger farms or in areas where biodeposit dispersal is limited are likely to be even more significant and we suggest that site-specific hydrodynamic and biogeochemical conditions have to be taken into account when planning new mussel farms to prevent excessive modifications of nutrient dynamics.  相似文献   

8.
The optimal conditions for growth of Porphyra dioica gametophytes were investigated in the laboratory, focusing on bioremediation potential. Porphyra dioica is one of the most common Porphyra species along the northern coast of Portugal and can be found year-round. The influence of stocking density and photon flux density (PFD) on the growth, production and nutrient removal was tested. Maximum growth rates, up to 33% per day, were recorded with 0.1 g fw l− 1 at 150 and 250 μmol photons m− 2 s− 1. Growth rate decreased significantly with increasing stocking density. Productivity (g fw week− 1) had an inverse trend, with more production at the higher stocking densities. At 150 μmol m− 2 s− 1 and with 1.5 g fw l− 1, 1.4 g fw week− 1 were produced. At this PFD, there was no significant difference in production between 0.6 to 1.5 g fw l− 1. Nitrogen (N) content of the seaweeds decreased with increasing stocking densities and PFDs. The maximum N removal was recorded at 150 μmol m− 2 s− 1, with 1.5 g fw l− 1 stocking density (1.67 mg N day− 1). However, the N removed by thalli at 50 μmol photons m− 2 s− 1 was statistically equal to that at 150 and 250 μmol photons m− 2 s− 1, at a stocking density of 1.0 g fw l− 1. The influence of temperature and photoperiod on growth and reproduction was also assessed. Growth rates of P. dioica were significantly affected by temperature and photoperiod. In this experiment (with 0.3 g fw l− 1 stocking density), the highest growth rate, 27.5% fw day− 1, was recorded at 15 °C and 16 : 8¯, L : D¯. Male thalli started to release spermatia 21 days after the beginning of the experiment, in temperatures from 10 to 20 °C and with 10, 12 and 16 h of day length. Unfertilized female-like thalli were observed at 10 to 20 °C, under all photoperiods tested. Growth of these thalli declined after 4 weeks. By then, formation of young bladelets in the basal portion of these thalli was observed. After 7 weeks all biomass produced was solely due to these vegetatively propagated young thalli, growing 22.4% to 26.1% day− 1. The results of this study showed that P. dioica appears to be a candidate as a nutrient scrubber in integrated aquaculture systems.  相似文献   

9.
The objective of this study was to understand the microbial flora associated with the hatchery system of giant fresh water prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii during an entire rearing cycle. Bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis was done for different samples of water, larvae, and Artemia. The total bacterial load in well water, seawater and inlet water varied from 101 to 105 cfu ml− 1 with higher counts seen in larval rearing tank (LRT) water. The Vibrio count ranged between 101 to 103 cfu ml− 1. Larval samples harboured a bacterial load of 106 to 107 cfu/10 larvae. The bacterial load in Artemia hatching water ranged from 4.90 × 104 to 5.63 × 106 cfu ml− 1 while Artemia had a load ranging from 1.08 × 107 to 2.09 × 109 cfu g− 1. Vibrio count in the LRT water ranged from 101-103 cfu ml− 1 while the count in larvae ranged from 102 to 104 cfu/10 larvae. The bacterial genera were predominantly Gram-negative and comprised of Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp. and Bacillus spp. and non-spore formers (NSF) were the dominant Gram-positive bacteria. This study documents the bacterial flora associated with Macrobrachium hatchery system during a regular normal run. Knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative aspects of bacterial flora in the hatchery would help to understand disturbances, if any, brought about during disease outbreaks.  相似文献   

10.
In the Sacca di Goro lagoon a farming cycle of the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was simulated seeding young molluscs in an unexploited sandy spot. The experimental area (2100 m2) consisted of three sectors: a control (C), almost devoid of clams (∼ 1600 m− 2, ∼ 30 ind m− 2), a low (L) density area (400 m2, ∼ 300 ind m− 2) and a high (H) density zone (∼ 110 m− 2, ∼ 800 ind m− 2). Water chemistry, external freshwater nutrient loads, molluscs filtration rates, biomass, elemental composition and nutrient recycling were analysed.Clam filtration rates and light and dark fluxes of nutrients were measured with intact core incubations. Three replicate cores (i.d. 20 cm) were collected from C, L and H in April, one month after the seeding, June, August and October 2003. External loads were calculated multiplying dissolved and particulate nutrients concentration by freshwater flow from the main lagoon tributaries. Direct excretion, filtration activity of clams and particulate matter deposition resulted in significantly higher ammonium (NH4+) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) effluxes to the water column at L and H. For the entire farming cycle, particulate nitrogen (PN) uptake by clams from the water column was 1.7 (C), 9.1 (L) and 16.3 (H) mol m− 2, whilst total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) fluxes were − 0.3 (C), 1.6 (L) and 6.9 (H) mol m− 2. Particulate phosphorus (PP) uptake from the water column was 0.1 (C), 0.6 (L) and 1.0 (H) mol m− 2, whilst total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) efflux was 0.2 (C), 0.5 (L) and 0.8 (H) mol m− 2. At the end of the farming cycle, harvested N as mollusc flesh was negligible for C, 0.4 mol m− 2 for L and 1.8 mol m− 2 for H. Harvested P as mollusc flesh was negligible for C, 0.02 mol m− 2 for L and 0.04 mol m− 2 for H. Farmed areas seem to have a great potential for fast coupling between sedimentation (filter feeder mediated biodeposition) and benthic recycling. At the lagoon level, mollusc farming probably attenuates the export of particulate matter to the open sea. Our results show that a minor fraction of biodeposited N (∼ 6%) and P (∼ 3%) was exported as a commercial product at the end of the farming cycle, whilst a larger fraction was incorporated in the sediments or recycled as dissolved inorganic or organic forms.  相似文献   

11.
An 8 weeks growth experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary vitamin C on the survival, growth, tissue ascorbic acid contents and immunity of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) with initial weight of 17.82 ± 0.68 g. Seven practical diets were formulated to contain 0.1, 12.2, 23.8, 47.6, 89.7, 188.5 and 489.0 mg ascorbic acid equivalent kg− 1 diet, supplied as l-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (LAPP). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish in seawater floating cages (1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 m), and each cage was stocked with 120 fish. Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The water temperature fluctuated from 19.5 to 25.5 °C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰ and dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg l− 1 during the experimental period. Results showed that the specific growth rate (SGR) (from 1.80 to 1.96% d− 1) had an increasing trend with the increase of dietary vitamin C, but no significant difference was observed among dietary treatments. No gross deficiency signs were observed in any of the experimental fish. Survival rate, however, significantly increased with increasing dietary vitamin C (P < 0.05). The vitamin C contents in liver and muscle correlated positively with the vitamin C in diets. The vitamin C requirement was estimated to be 28.2 mg kg− 1 based on survival, and 87.0 mg kg− 1 on liver content of vitamin C. The activities of serum lysozyme and alternative complement pathway (ACP), phagocytosis percentage (PP) and respiratory burst activity of head kidney significantly increased with increasing dietary vitamin C. The challenge experiment with Vibrio harveyi showed that fish fed the diets with supplementation of vitamin C had significantly lower cumulative mortality compared to the control group (66.7%), and the cumulative mortality (16.7%) in fish with 489.0 mg kg− 1 ascorbic acid was significantly lower than that (41.7%) in fish with 23.8 mg kg− 1 ascorbic acid. These results suggested that vitamin C significantly influenced the immune response and disease resistance of large yellow croaker.  相似文献   

12.
Numerical response experiments were conducted using three strains of the Brachionus plicatilis species complex. They are commonly used in aquaculture, and could also coexist in nature although this has not been studied yet. Brachionus plicatilis sensu stricto (s.s.), B. ‘Cayman’ and B. ‘Nevada’ were cultured at different concentrations of Nannochloropsis oculata (0-40 mg C l− 1). Growth rate, egg female ratio (EF), fecundity and percentage of ovigerous females were determined at each food concentration. From the growth rate and EF, the egg development time and mortality rate were estimated using the Paloheimo equation. Monod curves with a threshold for zero growth described the relationship between growth rate and food concentration. The three strains had different growth rates at low (< 0.04 mg C l− 1) and high (> 5.0 mg C l− 1) food concentrations, but were similar at intermediate food levels. B. ‘Cayman’ had the highest maximum growth rate (1.57 ± 0.07 d− 1), whereas B. plicatilis s.s. had the less negative minimum growth rate and the highest maximum EF (0.96 ± 0.02 eggs ind− 1). These differences were attributed to the lowest egg development time of B. ‘Cayman’ (5.95 ± 0.24 h) and the higher starvation resistance of B. plicatilis s.s. (84 ± 12 h), respectively. B. ‘Nevada’ was the inferior competitor at high and low food concentrations due to the higher investment in body growth rather than reproduction. The outcome of competition in hatcheries is predicted to favor B. ‘Cayman’ under high food concentrations, whereas the three species may coexist under moderate food limitation.  相似文献   

13.
Though artificial propagation of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch) in captivity through induced breeding techniques is standardized under Indian conditions, larval and nursery rearing techniques including suitable nursery feeds have to be standardized to obtain better survival and growth. Feeding experiments in triplicate were conducted to evaluate the suitability of the marine copepod Acartia clausi as live prey for fourteen day-old seabass larvae (6.53 ± 0.06 mm; 8.58 ± 0.33 mg) and compared with the traditional live prey, rotifers and Artemia nauplii. While A. clausi and rotifers were mass produced using algae Isochrysis galbana, Chaetoceros affinis and Chlorella marina, Artemia nauplii were produced using cysts. Nutritional quality of cultured copepods was evaluated based on the proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid composition, and compared with that of rotifers and Artemia nauplii. Proximate composition varied significantly (P < 0.05) among the different live feeds. A. clausi showed higher protein (63.12%) and lipid (16.65%) content than Artemia nauplii and rotifers. Total essential amino acids content was 2% lower in A. clausi compared to that in Artemia nauplii. Fatty acid profiles of the live feed organisms showed that A. clausi is a rich source of n − 3 fatty acids. The total n − 3 fatty acid content of A. clausi was 33.94%. Length, weight overall weight gain and survivorship were significantly (P < 0.05) different among the dietary treatments, and weight gain was comparatively higher in A. clausi fed larvae. Survival of seabass larvae fed A. clausi was obtained highest as 58.13% against the lower values of 39.93% and 41.62% in larvae fed rotifer and Artemia nauplii respectively. Final carcass composition of the larvae of L. calcarifer fed different live-food organisms showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the dietary treatments. The fatty acid composition of the dietary treatments was reflected to a certain extent in the fatty acid composition of the seabass larvae. The present investigation revealed the nutritional value of calanoid copepod and thus underlining its usefulness as a suitable live-food organism for rearing larvae of the commercially valuable Asian seabass.  相似文献   

14.
Hatchery broodstock conditioning and nursery culture of the Chilean flat oyster Ostrea chilensis have been hampered by the poor performance of oysters fed typical microalgal hatchery diets. To determine the feeding capabilities of this species the selective removal and consumption of natural planktonic assemblages and artificial inert particles (polystyrene beads) by juvenile and adult oysters were examined experimentally. The arrangement of the eulaterofrontal cirri of the ctenidia was also examined to infer their potential efficiency of particle selection for feeding. Polystyrene beads of 45 and 15 μm in diameter had high rates of removal from suspensions by both juvenile (45 μm = 70%, 15 μm = 73%) and adult (45 μm = 88%, 15 μm = 87%) oysters. In contrast, beads of 6 μm diameter had lower rates of removal (adults = 68%, juveniles = 53%), while 1 μm beads were not removed at all. Both adult and juvenile oysters feeding upon natural plankton assemblages removed only microphytoplankton (20-75 μm in size) despite the presence of nanophytoplankton (2-20 μm), picophytoplankton (< 2 μm), cyanobacterium Synechoccocus spp. (< 2 μm), and bacterial cells (< 75 μm) in the experimental suspensions. Eulaterofrontal cirri of both juvenile (15.2 μm ± 0.9 SE) and adult oysters (18.9 μm ± 0.3 SE) are the shortest that have been reported for any ostreid species which helps to explain the inability of this species to retain small food particles. The clearance rates for oysters feeding on microphytoplankton only were 1.49 (± 0.05 SE) and 7.1 (± 1.2 SE) l h− 1g− 1 for juveniles and adults respectively. These values are much higher than previously reported for this species being fed smaller sized cultured microalgae. Our results strongly suggest that the difficulties in the nursery and broodstock hatchery culture of this oyster may be due to inappropriate phytoplankton diets. We recommend the provision of cultured microalgae of 20-75 μm in diameter for improving the performance of hatchery maintained juvenile and adult O. chilensis.  相似文献   

15.
Different assays related to the first feeding of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 are compiled in this paper. They include: age at initial feeding age, prey size selection and optimal density, attack timing after feeding, and effect of dose number on the number of captures. Prey capture and ingestion processes were also analysed. Food supplied was cultured Artemia sp. Each assay lasted 15 min.Although paralarvae already start to feed on the hatching day (day 0), it is during day 2 when a greater number of attacks is recorded (81.7 ± 14.7% paralarvae attack). They mainly prefer (significance level α = 0.05) large Artemia, 1.4 ± 0.4 mm (77.0 ± 5.6% of the total attacks) than small Artemia, 0.8 ± 0.1 mm (23.0 ± 5.6%). There is also a slight predilection for the lowest Artemia concentration (33.3 ±12.6% paralarvae attack in a 0.1 Artemia ml− 1 density, opposite 16.7 ± 7.6 and 18.3 ± 7.6% in densities of 0.5 and 1 Artemia ml− 1 respectively). The greatest predatory activity is recorded during the first 5 min after food is supplied (72.2 ± 25.5%). An increase in the predatory activity was also observed when food was distributed in several doses instead of a single dose (75.0 ± 10.0% and 46.7 ± 17.6% respectively). It was proved for the first time that paralarvae completely ingest their preys (including their exoskeletons), in this case Artemia. Time needed for their total ingestion ranges between 4 and 10 min.  相似文献   

16.
Culturing small propagules of coral has the potential for high yield with low environmental impact, provided that mortality is low. This study investigated the size-specific mortality and growth of minute fragments (as small as 5 polyps) of two of the most abundant reef-building corals in Hawaii (Porites lobata and P. compressa). Two ex situ nursery systems differing in cost, design complexity, and labor intensity were compared. The first nursery experiment lasted for four months in a large tank with high water motion/surge and extensive manual cleaning to remove competitive algae. The corals were then transferred to a simple low-flow tank containing sea urchins (Tripneustes gratilla) and reduced cleaning, where they were grown for six more months (Nursery II). ‘Nursery I’ resulted in 92% of P. lobata and 73% of P. compressa fragments surviving and nearly doubling in area, in spite of a brief infestation by a nudibranch (Phestilla sibogae) that primarily fed on larger P. compressa fragments. There was a significant positive relationship between fragment size and growth rate, and survivorship was significantly different between donor colonies (genets), but there was no evidence of size-specific mortality. ‘Nursery II’ on the other hand had clear size-specific mortality and higher urchin damage for smaller fragments, resulting in moderate survivorship (78% for P. lobata and 76% for P. compressa), and only a slight increase in the total area covered by coral tissue. Fragments larger than 3 cm2 were undamaged and had the highest survival and growth rates. This study illustrates how size-specific mortality can be reduced by ex situ nursery conditions.  相似文献   

17.
The results of a series of pilot-scale runs with P. mazatlanica larvae from 2004 through 2006 are reported. Preliminary runs in 2004 and 2005 used broodstock collected in summer, when massive spawning of wild populations naturally occurs. However, results of larval development were very poor and failed to produce spat in both years. In 2006, ripe broodstock were still collected in summer, but also in the spring time, based on the hypothesis that the gonads in this season were in better reproductive condition that in summer. Three larval runs were conducted in 2006: two in spring and one in summer. Larvae growth and survival greatly increased in both spring runs, ending with two successful productions of spat (∼ 20 × 103 and ∼ 100 × 103 juveniles). The summer larval run in 2006 failed again to produce spat. Additionally, the first run of April 2006 refers to an experiment that evaluated two different larval culture conditions: constant temperature (27 °C) and low stocking density (3-4 larvae ml− 1) versus variable temperature (24-28 °C) and high stocking density (8-9 larvae ml− 1). The first trial significantly increased larval survival and growth, which in turn resulted in greater numbers of settled spat, in comparison of the second trial, where survival, growth, and settlement of spat were significantly lower. Also in 2006, the quality of seawater used at the hatchery was evaluated with microbiological and chemical tests. The implication of these tests, together with results from all experiments are analyzed and discussed in terms of the potential development of large-scale hatchery cultivation of P. mazatlanica larvae in Mexico.  相似文献   

18.
Giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (17.9 ± 2.7 g), exposed to different concentrations of saponin at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2 mg l− 1 for 168 h were examined for osmolality, electrolyte levels, oxyhemocyanin, protein levels, acid-base balance status, total hemocyte count (THC), phenoloxidase activity, and respiratory bursts. Hemolymph oxyhemocyanin, protein, and pO2 were inversely related to the saponin concentration. Hemolymph oxyhemocyanin, protein, pO2, pCO2, and pH of prawns exposed to 1.2 mg l− 1 saponin were significantly lower than those of prawns exposed to 0.3 mg l− 1 and control solutions. However, no significant difference was observed in osmolality or electrolyte levels of prawns exposed to different concentrations of saponin for 168 h. The THC of prawns following 168 h of exposure to 0.9 and 1.2 mg l− 1 saponin increased, but the phenoloxidase activity decreased suggesting that the decrease in phenoloxidase activity under saponin stress was not a consequence of the increase in THC. We concluded that saponin at as low as 0.9 mg l− 1 decreases the respiratory protein level and acid-base balance, and modulates the immune system of M. rosenbergii.  相似文献   

19.
South African abalone, Haliotis midae, were exposed to air at 12 °C for 36 h to simulate the extent and rate mass loss experienced by animals during long distance live exports. Animals lost 15.1 ± 0.94% of their mass during the 36 h air exposure, an approximation of the highest mass losses sustained by industry.The total mass loss was attributed to water loss, as the contribution of dry mass to the total mass remained constant under all conditions. Water content decreased from 64.8% of the body mass (Mb) under control conditions to 58.8% Mb after 36 h in air. In real terms, however, animals had lost 22% of the body water pool.Abalone exhibited a typically high water turnover rate when in water (125 μL g− 1 h− 1), which decreased markedly during air exposure (2.2 μL g− 1 h− 1). Haemolymph volume decreased from 43% Mb in water to 14% Mb in air. The concomitant decrease in haemolymph pressure probably limited the first step in urine formation (ultra-filtration through the pericardium). Thus we observed that while urine flow represented about 26% of the total water loss when the animals were in water, urine flow ceased during air exposure.The decrease in haemolymph volume in air represents a redistribution of water to the tissues and not a bulk loss of haemolymph. This is supported by the concentration of haemolymph ions by a factor of 1.2 during aerial exposure, which was predicted based on the 22% decrease in water content. Under the same conditions, evaporation from water containers with similar surface to volume dimensions as abalone, accounted for only an 8.25% mass loss. As all other water loss routes were accounted for, we measured pedal mucus production rates of abalone in water and air. During 36 h aerial exposure, the pedal mucus production represented a loss of 6.8% Mb. We conclude that water loss during 36 h air exposure is attributable to evaporation (8.25% Mb) and pedal mucus production (6.8% Mb). This paves the way for directed research into mitigating water loss during the live export process.  相似文献   

20.
The spider crab Maja brachydactyla is overexploited on the NW coast of Spain. Aquaculture of this species can be the solution to the problem, and consequently, several attempts of intensive larval rearing have been conducted. However, most of the studies already published do not provide enough zoo technical data, especially in terms of larval and prey densities or the nutritional quality of diets used for rearing.Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the conditions for intensive larval rearing of M. brachydactyla. Larval stocking density (10, 50 and 100 larvae L− 1), prey:larva ratio (15, 30 and 60 enriched Artemia larva− 1) and diet (enriched Artemia, non-enriched Artemia and polychaete supplement) effects on growth and survival of this species were studied. For larval culture nine, 35 L, 150 μm mesh-bottomed PVC cylinders (triplicates for each treatment and larval stage) connected to a recirculation unit, were used. Temperature and salinity were kept constant at 18 °C and 36‰ respectively. A 12 to 18 day trial was conducted for each experiment and samples of larvae were collected at each larval stage (zoea I, zoea II, megalopa) in the inter-molt phase and at first juvenile. Survival, carapace length and width, dry weight (DW), and proximate biochemical content (protein, carbohydrates and total lipid) as well as lipid class composition were determined.Stocking densities of 100 larvae L− 1 resulted in higher growth in DW and higher content in lipids and protein for zoea I (ZI) and zoea II (ZII) than 10 larvae L− 1. However, survival decreased with increasing stocking density.The use of 60 preys larva− 1 produced larvae with significantly higher DW and protein content, especially at ZII stage, than lower prey densities. Survival rate obtained feeding 60 preys larva− 1 up to the megalopa stage was almost two-fold (42.2%) the rate obtained using 15 preys larva− 1 (24.8%).Larvae fed on enriched Artemia (EA) showed an increase in weight up to megalopa (518.9 ± 26.5 μg) in contrast to larvae fed on non-enriched prey (A) (467.9 ± 6.9 μg). Variation in DW correlated with the total lipid content (L) of the larvae (LEA = 70.1 ± 37.5 μg ind− 1; LA = 28.9 ± 3.2 μg ind− 1) especially in terms of neutral lipids. The use of an initial density of at least 50 larvae L− 1 and 60 enriched Artemia larva− 1 can be considered the most adequate rearing parameters in order to obtain good results in growth and survival of M. brachydactyla.  相似文献   

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