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1.
Wood modification with alkoxysilanes 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Wood was treated with three different alkoxysilanes which are able to undergo a sol–gel process: tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), methyl triethoxysilane (MTES) and propyl triethoxysilane (PTEO). Two types of treatments were compared: impregnation of fibre saturated wood with monomeric silane solutions, and impregnation with pre-hydrolysed partly oligomeric silanes. Wood properties such as cell wall bulking, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), moisture uptake and durability were more significantly improved in samples treated with monomeric silanes than in samples treated with oligomeric silanes. SEM-EDX mapping showed that this treatment resulted in a higher degree of silicon incorporation into the cell wall, although the weight percent gain (WPG) was lower compared to the treatment with pre-hydrolysed partly oligomeric silanes. The resistance against soil micro-organisms was enhanced in the initial phase of incubation especially in those samples treated with organo-functional-alkoxysilanes. In miniaturised block tests with the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor, an improved durability was observed within the test period. During an air conditioning step, a weight loss of the treated samples occurred which was accompanied by a reduction in bulking and ASE. The initial reduction of moisture uptake observed after treatment diminished almost completely. This effect was explained by an ageing of the gels in the wood cell wall which is a consequence of uncompleted hydrolysis and condensation of the silanes during the treatment. 相似文献
2.
Structure and characterization of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood/MMT intercalation nanocomposite (WMNC) 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Wenhua Lü 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2008,3(1):121-126
With water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin as an intermediate, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood/montmorillonite nanocomposite (WMNC) was prepared through vacuum impregnation and characterized with XRD, SEM, FTIR
and TG-DTA analyses. The XRD analysis indicated that the wood crystallinity of WMNC decreased, the MMT exfoliated and some
nano silicate layers entered into the non-crystallized microfibrillar region of the wood cell wall. Wood structure is anisotropic
and its impregnation is anisotropic. Due to the nonuniformity of the MMT organic modification, PF intercalation and wood impregnation,
the MMT configuration and distribution in wood were diverse. The SEM graphs of WMNC showed that some silicate grains were
blocked in the wood cell lumen, some silicate layers adhered to the inner surface of the wood cell wall, and some exfoliated
MMT layers even penetrated the wood cell wall. The obtained hydroxyl of WMNC increased and its ether linking decreased. It
was considered that MMT and wood interacted not only with hydroxyl bonds, but also involved some chemical linking. Compared
with untreated wood and the PF-impreg, the pyrolysis process of WMNC changed; its starting decomposing temperature decreased
and its pyrolysis weight loss at high temperatures greatly decreased. The WMNC indicated certain nanoeffects of the composition
of the inorganic MMT nanolamellae.
__________
Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(1): 131–135 [译自: 北京林业大学学报] 相似文献
3.
Daniel Van Opdenbosch Mariya H. Kostova Sabine Gruber Sebastian Krolikowski Peter Greil Cordt Zollfrank 《Wood Science and Technology》2010,44(4):547-560
Biomorphous Eu3+-doped Y2O3 was fabricated by replication of wood templates using vacuum-assisted infiltration of a water-based sol–gel mixture and subsequent
calcination at 750°C. The precursor sols were prepared from (Y0.95Eu0.05)2O3 dissolved in 10 vol% nitric acid and adding citric acid as the chelating agent. X-ray powder diffraction analyses and Rietveld
refinements confirmed that the calcined samples were solely composed of bixbyite Y2O3:Eu3+ phase with a mean crystallite size of 16 nm. Scanning electron micrographs and cathodoluminescence imaging showed that the
cellular preform anatomy was retained and that the original wood cell walls were completely transformed into phosphor struts
with pore sizes ranging from 5 to 20 μm. The optical properties of the biomorphous phosphor materials were analyzed by photoluminescence
spectroscopy and assigned to the characteristic Eu3+ (4f6 → 4f6) electric dipole or magnetic dipole transitions. From fluorescence lifetime measurements, the mean lifetime was calculated
as 1.62 ms. 相似文献
4.
Cao Jin-zhen Yu Li-li You Xiao-di Kamdem D. Pascal 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(4):239-245
In order to clarify the interaction between copper and wood substances in wood treated with copper containing water-borne wood preservatives, the dielectric constant ε′ and dielectric loss factor ε″ of untreated wood and wood treated with four concentration levels of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) solutions were determined within a temperature range from –100 to 40°C and a frequency range from 100 to 1 MHz. Three dielectric relaxation processes were observed in the ε″ spectrum; among them R-I is based on the reorientation of methylol groups in the amorphous region of wood cell walls and R-II is related to wood extractives. R-III appeared in Cu-EA treated wood, and its magnitude decreases with the concentration of Cu-EA solutions used in this experiment. This relaxation process was considered to be based on the reorientation of copper-ethanolamine-wood complexes in wood cell walls. At low copper retention, the hydrogen in the complex can form hydrogen bonding with adjacent hydroxyl groups, which results in a strong bonding state between copper and wood; at high copper retention, the numerous copper-ethanolamine complexes not only hinder them from forming hydrogen bonding with adjacent wood molecules due to steric hindrance, but also weaken the interaction between wood molecules themselves, which corresponds to reducing ε″ values of both R-I and R-III processes. The results explain the fact of in-creasing copper leaching in wood treated with high concentration copper-based water-borne preservatives. 相似文献
5.
Heat treatment of wood at relatively high temperatures (in the range of 150–280°C) is an effective method to improve biological
durability of wood. This study was performed to investigate the effect of heat treatment process optimisation on the resistance
against fungal attack, including basidiomycetes, molds and blue stain fungi. An industrially used two-stage heat treatment
method under relatively mild conditions (<200°C) was used to treat the boards. Heat treatment of radiata pine sapwood revealed
a clear improvement of the resistance against the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta. Increasing process temperature and/or effective process time during the first process stage, the hydro thermolysis, appeared
to affect the resistance against C. puteana attack, but the effect on the resistance against P. placenta was rather limited. Heat treated radiata pine showed a limited resistance against the white rot fungus Coriolus versicolor and process variations during the hydro thermolysis stage appeared not to affect this resistance. A clear difference between
the resistance of heat treated Scots pine sapwood and heartwood against fungal attack is observed. Scots pine heartwood showed
a higher resistance against C. puteana and P. placenta but also against the white rot fungus C. versicolor. Similar results were obtained when heat treated birch was exposed to brown and white rot fungi. Heat treatment showed an
improved resistance against C. puteana attack, especially at higher temperatures during the hydro thermolysis stage. A clear improvement of the durability was also
observed after exposure to the white rot fungus C. versicolor and especially Stereum hirsutum. Increasing the process temperature or process time during the hydro thermolysis stage appeared to have a limited effect
on the resistance against C. versicolor attack. Heat treated radiata pine and Norway spruce were still susceptible to mold growth on the wood surface, probably due
to the formation of hemicelluloses degradation products (e.g. sugars) during heat treatment. Remarkable is the absence of
blue stain fungi on heat treated wood specimen, also because the abandant blue stain fungi were observed on untreated specimen.
Molecular reasons for the resistance of heat treated wood against fungal attack are discussed in detail contributing to a
better understanding of heat treatment methods. 相似文献
6.
Dong-heub Lee Myung Jae Lee Dong-Won Son Byung-Dae Park 《Wood Science and Technology》2006,40(3):228-236
The extended use of woods treated with traditional or alternative preservatives for exterior applications requires an assessment
of wood adhesive performance. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of wood adhesives for woods treated with various
waterborne preservatives. Two softwood species, i.e. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis [Sieb. et Zucc.] Gordon) were treated with copper–chrome–arsenic (CCA), CB-HDO, or copper azole (CY), and then bonded with
four different wood adhesives such as urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) resin, melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, phenol–formaldehyde
(PF) resin, and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin. The performance of these adhesives was evaluated by measuring the dry
shear strength of adhesive-bonded wood block on compression. Both UMF and MF resins produced a relatively strong adhesive
strength for CY-treated pine and larch woods. The PF resin also produced good bond strength when bonded with either larch
wood treated with CY or pinewood treated with CB-HDO. The best result was obtained when the CB-HDO-treated woods were bonded
with RF resin. For a better bond strength development, a proper combination of adhesive, preservative, and wood species should
be selected by taking into consideration of the characteristics of these three parameters as well as their interactions. 相似文献
7.
The tensile stress relaxation of Chinese fir wood treated with copper–ethanolamine (Cu–EA) was compared with that of untreated control to investigate the influence of Cu–EA treatment on the dimensional stability of wood in long-term application, and also for a better understanding of copper–wood–water interactions in copper containing water-borne preservative systems. The results showed that temperature and moisture conditions play important roles in the stress relaxation behavior of wood with or without Cu–EA treatment. At 25°C, Cu–EA treatment has little influence on stress relaxation; while at 35°C, Cu–EA treatment can significantly reduce the stress relaxation of wood, suggesting that Cu–EA treatment can increase dimensional stability of wood at high atmospheric temperature in long-term application. The complicated effect of copper retention on stress relaxation further confirms that copper competes for hydroxyl groups as adsorption sites with water molecules, as put forward in the previous report. 相似文献
8.
Michael Bücker Christian Jäger Dietmar Pfeifer Brita Unger 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(5):1033-1047
The present study contributes to the controversial discussion in the literature whether Si–O–C bonds in wood–silica–gel composites exist. 13C NMR is a suitable method to proof such bonds. Because of the low concentration of 13C isotopes in natural wood, 13C cellulose was used as 13C-enriched substitute. A tailored sol for the impregnation of that cellulose was chosen by liquid 29Si NMR pre-investigations of various sols whose reactivity and stability were time-dependently analysed. It is based on a sub-stoichiometric hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with 1 mol water per mol TEOS. Thermal analyses were performed to show a comparability of the thermal behaviour of wood–silica–gel and cellulose–silica–gel composites. There are two strong hints of the existence of stable Si–O–C bonds: (1) by thermal analysis, a shift in the fire behaviour of 100 K can be observed with a change in pyrolysis behaviour of the composite and (2) the proof by REDOR NMR that a dipolar coupling between 29Si and 13C nuclei exists. 相似文献
9.
Element content and pH value in wood tissues of veneer grade logs of P. serotina Ehrh. were investigated with regard to wood colour variations, measured in the CIEL*a*b* system. The average pH value of
heartwood tissue was about pH 4.0 and medium colour parameters of veneer sheets were determined at L* = 73, a* = 9.8, and b* = 23.5. Optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analyses showed differences in the element contents between two regional
forest sites coming from Pennsylvania and West Virginia, USA, respectively. The latter is mainly characterised by higher variations
of micro-element content in the transition zone (influencing heartwood formation) and also pH value of wood tissue, which
contributes to higher variations in colour response of industrially produced veneer sheets. Investigations under industrial
conditions underline the correlation between length and intensity of heat treatment in veneer production and colour development:
with increasing duration and temperature of hot water treatment, veneer surfaces become darker and wood colour is intensified
(ΔL = 3.6, Δa = 2.1, comparing 12 and 72 h of hot water treatment at 60°C). However, no equalisation of wood colour was achieved by modifying
the treatment conditions. Artificial radiation by UV–visible light, quickly and extensively darkens and intensifies wood colour
(ΔL = 16, Δa = 3.5, and Δb = 4.0 after 15 h of artificial radiation), but variations in wood colour deriving from different treatment conditions during
veneer production, were not reduced. 相似文献
10.
The aim of this study is to characterise the properties of juvenile and mature heartwood of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Content, composition and the subcellular distribution of heartwood extractives were studied in 14 old-growth trees from
forest sites in Germany and Hungary as well as in 16 younger trees of four clone types. Heartwood extractives (methanol and
acetone extraction) were analysed by HPLC-chromatography. UV microspectrophotometry was used to topochemically localise the
extractives in the cell walls. The natural durability of the juvenile and mature heartwood was analysed according to the European
standard EN 350-1. Growth as well as chemical analyses showed that, based on extractives content, the formation of juvenile
wood in black locust is restricted to the first 10–20 years of cambial growth. In mature heartwood, high contents of phenolic
compounds and flavonoids were present, localised in high concentrations in the cell walls and cell lumen of axial parenchyma
and vessels. In juvenile wood, the content of these extractives is significantly lower. Juvenile wood had a correspondingly
lower resistance to decay by Coniophora puteana (brown rot fungus) and Coriolus versicolor (white rot fungus) than mature heartwood. 相似文献
11.
Sanni Raiskila Kurt Fagerstedt Tapio Laakso Pekka Saranpää Mia Löija Leena Paajanen Riitta Mahlberg Anne-Christine Ritschkoff 《Wood Science and Technology》2006,40(8):697-707
It is known that active peroxidase isozymes exist in mature wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and that they remain active for years and are found even in the heartwood (in Scots pine), where all cellular activity has ceased. This peroxidase activity was utilised in the impregnation of wood blocks with a natural monolignol, coniferyl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide. The hypothesis was that the internal wood peroxidases would oxidise the added monolignol and bind it stably into the cell wall matrix, which could hinder fungal decay. Since coniferyl alcohol is not very soluble in water, the impregnation was done under vacuum with an acetone–water solution containing 10% coniferyl alcohol and 0.4 mM H2O2 at room temperature (ca. 0.02 g of coniferyl alcohol was added to 1 g of wood). After impregnation, dimers of coniferyl alcohol and free coniferyl alcohol were found in acetone extracts with GC–MS analysis. Penetration of coniferyl alcohol and non-extractable reaction products were studied from the wood blocks with FTIR PAS technique. The wood samples treated were also subjected to a fungal decay test with Coriolus versicolor. This treatment hindered fungal decay in a 60-day experiment and led to a dry weight loss of 8.8% in comparison with 19.9% in the control. The reactions of coniferyl alcohol and H2O2 in the presence of peroxidases are discussed as well as the use of monolignols to increase wood decay resistance. 相似文献
12.
For a better understanding of the binding between silicon dioxide and wood as well as the dielectric properties of silicon
dioxide/wood composite, dielectric relaxation was measured for untreated wood [Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook] and for silicon dioxide/wood composite with different weight percentage gain (WPG). Cole–Cole’s circular arc
law, distribution spectrum of relaxation time and relation model were applied to the results of relaxation due to motions
of the methylol groups. The results were as follows. The generalized relaxation time and ε
s
− ε
∞
decreased with increasing WPG. The distribution spectrum of relaxation time decreased more and more and broadened with increasing
WPG. The methylol group in the amorphous region of the wood cell wall participated in hydrolysis reaction and condensation
reaction caused by tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), and there is a cross-link between silicon dioxide and wood. The value of
apparent activation energy (ΔE) increased for silicon dioxide/wood composite, and increased with increasing WPG. Activation enthalpy (ΔH) and activation entropy (ΔS) increased, while activation free energy (ΔG) decreased with increasing WPG. The number of hydroxyl groups cut in dielectric relaxation increased with increasing WPG. 相似文献
13.
Amine Moubarik Bertrand Charrier Fatima Charrier Antonio Pizzi Ahmed Allal 《Annals of Forest Science》2009,66(1):109-109
14.
Bruno Esteves António Velez Marques Idalina Domingos Helena Pereira 《Wood Science and Technology》2007,41(3):193-207
Heat treatment of Pinus pinaster and Eucalyptus globulus woods, two important species in Portugal, was performed in the absence of air by steaming, inside an autoclave, for 2–12 h
at 190–210°C. Mass losses increased with treatment time and temperature reaching 7.3% for pine and 14.5% for eucalypt wood.
The wood behaviour with moisture was improved. The equilibrium moisture content decreased by 46% for pine and 61% for eucalypt,
the dimensional stability increased (maximum anti-shrinking efficiency in the radial direction of 57 and 90% for pine and
eucalypt, respectively) and the surface wettability was lowered. In relation to mechanical properties, the modulus of elasticity
was little affected (maximum decrease of 5% for pine and 15% for eucalypt) but the bending strength was reduced (by 40% at
8% mass loss for pine and 50% at 9% mass loss for eucalypt wood). The variation of properties was related to treatment intensity
and mass loss but significant improvements could already be obtained for a 3–4% mass loss without impairing the mechanical
resistance. The response of eucalypt was higher than that of pinewood. Heat treatment of eucalypt wood shows an interesting
potential to improve the wood quality for solid timber products. 相似文献
15.
Manabendra Deka Miha Humar Gregor Rep Borut Kričej Marjeta Šentjurc Marko Petrič 《Wood Science and Technology》2008,42(1):5-20
A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the colour stability of chemically treated and thermally modified
wood compared to non-modified wood during long term artificial UV light irradiation. One set of wood samples was vacuum-pressure
impregnated with alkaline (pH 9.8) copper (II) ethanolamine aqueous solution, while another set of samples from the same wood
block was thermally modified at 210°C and −0.90 bar for 2 h. The treated and modified wood samples along with the non-modified
ones were exposed to artificial UV light with the wave length in the region of UVA (315–400 nm) and UVB (280–315 nm) intermittently
for 500 h. Colour measurements were carried out throughout the irradiation period at an interval of 100 h according to CIEL*a*b*
system, where the results are presented in terms of ΔE, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* values. Better photo-stability in terms of colour changes was recorded for both treated and modified woods compared to the
non-modified one. By means of EPR and DRIFT spectroscopic study it was shown that some degree of colour stability of treated
and modified woods, achieved during artificial UV light irradiation, resulted from lignin modifications and monomers of phenolic
compounds. 相似文献
16.
Brauns’ lignins present in the methanol extracts of fresh birch (Betula pendula) xylem and of sawn birch board subjected to vacuum drying were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy (1D and 2D), IR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and colour measurements (CIELab) in order to find out whether Brauns’ lignin could contribute to the colour change of sawn timber that occurred during vacuum drying. The two Brauns’ lignin samples contained about equal amounts of syringylpropane and guaiacylpropane units linked with β-O-4 and β–β side-chain structures. Molecular weight of the Brauns’ lignin of vacuum-dried birch board (acetylated: 5,200 g mol−1) was higher than that of the Brauns’ lignin of fresh birch wood (acetylated: 4,400 g mol−1). The Brauns’ lignin of vacuum-dried wood was also clearly darker and more prominently yellow and red;
between the Brauns’ lignin samples was 23.59. The differences in the molecular weights and colours suggest that the Brauns’ lignin underwent a chemical change during vacuum drying of the wood and that this change may have affected the colour of the wood. 相似文献
17.
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study ambient-aged wood
fibers and their effects on the mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). It was found that MDF made with
ambient-aged fibers had poorer mechanical properties than MDF made with fresh fibers; this difference resulted from the alterations
of surface characteristics of wood fibers after ambient aging, which led to poor wettability of the urea–formaldehyde (UF)
resin applied to the aged wood fibers. After 6 months of ambient aging, the concentration of carbonyl groups in the fibers
increased by 144%, while the pH value of wood fiber decreased from 5.2 to 4.7. SEM showed that much more UF resin agglomerated
on the surface of ambient-aged fibers and the breakage of MDF made with aged fiber frequently occurred at the resin-fiber
interfaces, indicated the poorer wettability of UF resin to fibers due to the decrease in surface energy after aging. 相似文献
18.
This study evaluated oxalic acid accumulation and bioremediation of chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood by three brown-rot fungi Fomitopsis palustris, Coniophora puteana, and Laetiporus sulphureus. The fungi were first cultivated in a fermentation broth to accumulate oxalic acid. Bioremediation of CCA-treated wood was then carried out by leaching of heavy metals with oxalic acid over a 10-day fermentation period. Higher amounts of oxalic acid were produced by F. palustris and L. sulphureus compared with C. puteana. After 10-day fermentation, oxalic acid accumulation reached 4.2 g/l and 3.2 g/l for these fungi, respectively. Fomitopsis palustris and L. sulphureus exposed to CCA-treated sawdust for 10 days showed a decrease in arsenic of 100% and 85%, respectively; however, C. puteana remediation removed only 18% arsenic from CCA-treated sawdust. Likewise, chromium removal in F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes was higher than those for C. puteana. This was attributed to low oxalic acid accumulation. These results suggest that F. palustris and L. sulphureus remediation processes can remove inorganic metal compounds via oxalic acid production by increasing the acidity of the substrate and increasing the solubility of the metals.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
19.
Modification of wood with silicon compounds. Treatment systems based on organic silicon compounds — a review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A wide variety of organo-silicon compounds has been described for application on wood. Some compounds such as organo-functional silanes which are mostly applied in combination with tetraalkoxysilanes (sol-gel process) as well as chlorosilanes and trimethylsilyl derivatives were proposed for a full impregnation treatment of wood. Other systems have been developed for surface treatment of wood such as plasma coating with hexametyldisiloxane and micro-emulsions which mainly contain silane/siloxane mixtures. The effects related to the various treatments vary from an increase in dimensional stability, durability and fire resistance to an enhanced hydrophobation of wood. In the cases of decay and fire resistance a combination of silicon based systems with other chemicals was required to obtain satisfactory results. Due to the excellent water repellent ability and weathering stability of some treatments, application of silicon treated wood under conditions of hazard class III (EN 335 outside above ground exposure) is recommended.Abbreviations ASE anti-shrink efficiency - ATR-FT-IR attenuated total reflectance — Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy - CP MAS-NMR cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - DTA differential thermal analysis - DTMOS decyltrimethoxysilane - EDX energy dispersive x-ray analysis - EETMOS -(3,4 epoxycyclohexyl) ethyl trimethoxysilane - EMC equilibrium moisture content - ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis - HFOETMOS 2-heptadecafluorooctylethyltrimethoxysilane - HMDSO hexamethyldisiloxane - IPTEOS 3-isocyanatepropyl triethoxysilane - MPTMOS -methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane - MTMOS methyltrimethoxysilane - PDMS polydimethylsiloxane - PTMOS propyltrimethoxysilane - TEOS tetraethoxysilane / triethyl orthosilicate - TFPTMOS 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane - TGA thermo-gravimetric analysis - TMSAH 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl (carboxymethyl) decylmethyl ammonium hydroxide inner salt - TMSCl trimethylsilyl chloride - TPT tetraisopropyl titanate - VTMOS vinyl trimethoxysilane - WPG weight percent gain - WRE water repellent efficiency 相似文献
20.
Sye Hee Ahn Sei Chang Oh In-Gyu Choi Ho-Yong Kim In Yang 《Journal of Wood Science》2008,54(6):495-501
As a substitute for high-cost copper azole (CuAz) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) wood preservatives, alternative wood
preservatives were formulated with okara, which is an organic waste from the production of tofu, and copper chloride and/or
borax. Each preservative was used in treatment of wood blocks in a reduced-pressure method to measure its treatability. The
treated wood blocks were placed in hot water for 3 days to examine the stability of the preservatives against hot-water leaching.
The preservatives successfully penetrated into wood blocks, probably due to the use of ammonium hydroxide as a dissociating
agent. However, the stability of okara-based preservatives dropped as the concentration of acid in the solutions used for
hydrolysis of okara increased. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives were not affected by hydrolysis temperature
but were negatively affected by the addition of borax. Leached wood blocks treated with okara-based preservatives and exposed
to decay fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta over 12 weeks showed good decay resistance. Okara-based wood preservatives can protect wood against fungal attack as effectively
as CuAz, and have potential for use as environmentally friendly wood preservatives. 相似文献