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马尾松纸浆材林经营模型系统及优化栽培模式研究 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
在分带建立生长收获模型、经营模型的基础上 ,依据经营模型系统和各带的技术经济指标 ,采用动态经济评价的方法 ,为各带、主要立地指数分别选出 1～ 2种 (共选出 2 3种 )优化栽培模式 ,每种模式中包括了18种技术组合。优化模式缩短采伐年龄 10～ 18a ,内部收益率提高 4～ 9个百分点 ,具有整体经济效益最优性。该优化栽培模式的造林密度 (310 0～ 4 5 0 0株·hm2 )和采伐时密度 (2 10 0～ 32 0 0株·hm2 )均明显高于建筑材林 ,轮伐期一般比建筑材林短 6～ 13a ,纸浆材林只需间伐 1次或不间伐。优化栽培模式的主要技术组合是 :适当密植 ,中块状整地 ,北、中带第 1年抚育 1次 ,第 2、3年各抚育 2次 ,南带第 1、2年每年抚育 2次 ,第 3年抚育 1次 ,14以上立地指数级不施肥 ,选用优良种源或家系 ,中等强度间伐 1次或不间伐 ,适时早伐 相似文献
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贵州马尾松人工建筑材林合理采伐年龄研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
依据所建马尾松人工林生长收获模型系统，分析了不同立地指数（１４￣２０）的生产力，确定了各指数级适宜培养目标。根据培养目标，立地和栽培措施的不同，设计多咱建筑材培育类型，并分别求出了不同培育类型的数量、工艺、经济成熟龄，以此为基础确定了各指数级合理采伐年龄，使采伐年龄较目前正在执行的采伐和年龄（３１￣４０ａ）缩短４￣１２ａ，内部收益率提高３￣９个百分点。研究了立地、培育目标、经营状况（初植密度，间伐 相似文献
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在 6～ 18年生湿地松、火炬松用材林中布置了 10片间伐强度试验林 ,对不同间伐处理的林分测树因子和间伐作业经济效益进行了分析 ,最后确定了两个树种工业用材林密度调控方案。正常情况下 ,2 0 0 0株· hm-2以下密度林分 8年生后间伐即有收益 ,而首次间伐龄应在 12年生之前方能使保留木生长速率获得提高。通过间伐可使立木规格材出材率略有提高 ,但伐后 4～ 6 a间 ,立木蓄积量、规格材出材量、林分总收获量基本上随间伐强度加大而减少 ,两次间伐的间隔期至少应在6 a以上。综合考虑立地条件、生长效应和经营目的 ,认为两个树种工业用材林营建应选择立地指数14～ 18林地 ,培育纸浆材林分 ,初植密度 2 0 0 0～ 16 6 7株· hm-2 ,或 15年生主伐 ,或 8～ 10年生作中强度间伐至 12 0 0株· hm-2左右 ,18～ 2 0年生主伐 ;培育建筑材 ,初植密度 16 6 7～ 1111株·hm-2 ,10～ 12年生第 1次间伐至 110 0～ 80 0株· hm-2 ,16～ 18年生第 2次间伐至 80 0～ 50 0株·hm-2 ,2 0～ 2 5年生时主伐 相似文献
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火炬松纸浆材与建筑材林优化栽培模式的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立火炬松纸浆材和建筑材料人工林生长模型、结构模型、经营模型和材种出材量模型，对火炬松主要营林技术措施进行优化组合，形成特定的若干类型的栽培模式，以净现值和内部收益率为控制指标对各种组合（即栽培模式）进行经济评价，进而提出了内部收益率达19％以上的最优栽培模式。 相似文献
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杉木人工林优化密度控制模型──DENTROL 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
ＤＥＮＴＲＯＬ模型是根据全国杉木造林密度试验和杉木林抚育间伐强度试验的结果，参照新编的全国杉木人工林经营数表，分别杉木分布带，区和地位指数级，编制成的优化密度控制计算机模型。它主要以内部收益率为目标函数，辅以其它指标，实行全局优化判别。优化密度控制包括初值密度，间伐开始期，间伐强度，间伐次数，保留密度，主伐年龄和培育目标的确定，使最终的内中收益率为最大或接近量大。以１２块抚育间伐试验标准地的数... 相似文献
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优质高产杉木新良种选育及高效栽培模式的研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
在长江下游江苏南部沿江宁镇低丘地区研究表明 ,杉木建筑材的主要物理力学性状与木材基本密度紧密相关。木材基本密度在种源、家系、杂交组合子代间有明显的遗传差异 ,而与生长 (材积生长 )无明显的负遗传制约关系。因此 ,可按“生长、材性两个阶段独立选择法”进行生长与材性联合改良。经试验研究 ,选出了亚林 1、亚林 2、林朵 8、林朵 7、林朵 2 5、湘 2等 6个优质高产杉木优良家系 ,它们在 8a时材积比对照 (广西融水种源 )高出 11 4 %～39 8% ,木材基本密度提高了 1 2 9%～ 8 76 % ;选出林朵 19、湘 2等两个生长与对照相近 ,但材质优良的家系 ,木材基本密度比对照高 7 33%～ 10 97%。选出的这些优质高产杉木优良家系可按短轮伐期用材林栽培模式和短轮伐期材、苗 (观赏苗木 )复合栽培模式推广应用 ,能获得较高的经济效益 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):131-138
The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献