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1.
给出了农业气候资源数值模拟研究中历年平均逐日气温及太阳辐射日变化过程的模拟模式。验证结果表明：逐日气温反演值与实际值的最大误差仅在１℃左右,由此带来的气候生产力数值模拟相对误差为１．３３％;利用中国科学院城综合试验站的实资料验证辐射日变化模式,结果表明最大相对误差不超过１０％。 相似文献
2.
高分辨率区域气候模式CCLM对鄱阳湖流域气温的模拟评估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用高分辨率区域气候模式CCLM(COSMO model in Climate Mode)模拟鄱阳湖流域逐日气温资料,将基准期(1961-2000年)的模拟结果与实际观测值进行对比,并对2011-2050年SRES A1B情景下的气温变化进行预估分析.结果表明,(1) CCLM能够较好地模拟出鄱阳湖流域基准期平均气温(TMean)、最高气温(TMax)和最低气温(TMin)分别在年、月、日尺度上的时空分布特征.与观测值相比,模拟值普遍偏大,其中,流域东北部和南部的偏差较小,流域北部和中部的偏差相对较大,但CCLM模式能反映出鄱阳湖流域东北部和西北部的气温低值区.(2)A1B情景下,未来40a鄱阳湖流域TMean、TMax和TMin在年、月、日尺度上均呈增加趋势.年气温增幅在2040s达到最大.月尺度上,1月的TMean和TMax以及8月的TMin增幅最大;日尺度上,年最大TMax在流域东部增幅最大,而年最小TMin在流域西北部增幅最大.研究结果可为鄱阳湖流域提供精细化的气候变化预估资料,同时对流域气候变化定量影响评估和适应性措施的提出具有重要的参考价值. 相似文献
3.
准确模拟日光温室内环境的变化过程是实现温室环境精准调控的前提。该研究以3个生长季的日光温室室内实时气象观测资料为基础,利用Elman神经网络建模的方法,对日光温室室内1.5 m气温、0.5 m气温和CO_2浓度进行逐时模拟,对日光温室室内平均湿度、平均温度、最高温度和最低温度进行逐日模拟,建立基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境逐时及逐日模拟模型,利用独立的气象观测资料对模型进行验证,并基于逐步回归方法和BP神经网络方法结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1)基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境(1.5m气温、0.5m气温和CO_2浓度)逐时模拟值与实测值的均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)分别为2.14℃、1.33℃和55.32μmol/mol,归一化均方根误差(Normalized Root Mean Square Error,NRMSE)分别为10.01%、5.87%和10.70%,基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境逐时模拟效果和稳定性最优。2)基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境(日均空气湿度、日均气温、日最高气温和日最低气温)逐日模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为0.59%、0.88℃、2.02℃和0.98℃,NRMSE分别为0.79%、4.44%、7.02%和6.66%,基于Elman神经网络的日光温室室内环境逐日模拟效果和稳定性最优。研究结果可以准确模拟日光温室室内逐时及逐日环境,也可以为环境模型与作物模型相互耦合提供技术支撑。 相似文献
4.
基于昼夜温度变化的混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀有限元分析 总被引：2，自引：15，他引：2
为了掌握衬砌渠道冻胀量及冻胀力随昼夜气温变化的发展规律及冻胀破坏极限状态,根据冻土力学及冻土物理学理论,利用有限元软件ANSYS按瞬态温变模式加载温度,对衬砌渠道冻胀过程进行数值模拟,研究了其温度场和冻胀变形及法向冻胀力与切向冻胀力随时间的变化规律。结果表明：渠道冻融破坏除因渠基土冻胀外,阴阳两坡的温度、冻胀变形、冻胀力既不均匀不对称变化又不同步,也是渠道冻胀破坏的重要原因;阳坡滞后阴坡约15 d冻结,最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日平均最低气温约4 d,日内最大冻胀量及最大冻胀力滞后日最低气温约1 h;模拟结果与野外观测资料基本吻合,但比稳态数值模拟结果偏大,表明了运用瞬态数值模拟进行渠道抗冻胀设计的正确性和合理性。 相似文献
5.
筒仓动态卸料过程侧压力模拟与验证 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
为了研究立筒仓卸料过程中的侧压力及数值模拟技术,设计了有机玻璃筒仓模型进行试验研究,运用ABAQUS有限元软件中的自适应网格划分技术模拟了筒仓的动态卸料过程。结果表明,筒仓动态侧压力试验值大于静态侧压力,但各测点超压系数不同,在邻近漏斗附近超压系数最大为1.78,其次为仓壁中上部2个测点超压系数达到了1.73和1.61,其他位置超压系数在1.45以内;侧压力模拟值与计算值吻合度较好,静态侧压力两者相对误差绝对值在0.43%~9.92%之间,动态侧压力两者相对误差绝对值在1.14%~9.65%之间,验证了数值模拟技术的可行性;静态和动态侧压力的数值模拟曲线、公式计算曲线、试验曲线或试验拟合曲线都表明,随着测点距筒仓底部高度的增加,侧压力呈下降趋势,即侧压力下大上小,而且静态侧压力模拟曲线与试验曲线变化规律一致,相对误差绝对值在1.83%~9.97%之间;由于试验时压力传感器精度、标定试验误差和试验次数等随机因素的影响,动态侧压力试验曲线不很规则,数值模拟曲线相对平滑,但动态侧压力试验值的拟合曲线与数值模拟曲线变化趋势基本相同,相对误差绝对值在0.28%~9.93%之间。通过观察漏斗附近Mises应力分布图发现,物料卸出前,应力较大点发生在紧邻漏斗附近的仓壁处,卸料开始后,应力较大点即转向漏斗壁中部某范围,而且随着卸料时间的延长,此应力较大点的范围有所增大。 相似文献
6.
基于SWAT的西苕溪流域降雨-径流关系及水量平衡分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
以SWAT模型为工具,对太湖西苕溪流域进行了径流模拟,采用1988--2001年范家村水文站逐日、逐月实测径流资料对模型进行了参数率定和模型验证,效率系数均大于0．88,径流相对误差均小于4％。在此基础上,重点分析了西苕溪流域的降雨-径流关系和水量平衡。结果表明,研究时段内西苕溪流域降雨-径流关系变化不明显;西苕溪流域的降雨年际分布不均匀;受降雨影响,雨季月径流量和洪峰值均有缓慢上升的趋势。水量平衡分析表明,河道径流、蒸散发、地下水补给量分别占降雨量的54．1％,45．8％,17．3％。 相似文献
7.
比例施肥泵驱动活塞受力分析及内部流动模拟与试验 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了研究比例施肥泵驱动活塞在往复运动过程中的受力情况,基于Fluent软件,通过用户自定义函数编程技术实现了相应的三维动网格模型,建立了比例施肥泵三维动态数值模拟模型,并通过实验数据对比验证了模型的可靠性。在此基础上,对施肥泵的内部流场进行了数值模拟。结果表明:所建立的数值模拟模型具有较好的准确性,模拟所得压差流量关系与试验结果基本一致,比例施肥泵流量的模拟值与试验值的最大相对误差为4.20%;模拟与试验所得活塞往复频率随压差的变化趋势基本相同,且模拟值与试验值的相对误差控制在12%之内。驱动活塞在往复运动过程中,泵内大部分流域流速较低,动能基本转变为压能驱动活塞。活塞上行运动与下行运动类似,在行程初期呈加速运动随后进行匀速运动。活塞不同表面所受到的力随压差的增大呈线性递增关系。该研究可为比例施肥泵的性能研究和结构设计提供参考。 相似文献
8.
地面温度与气温关系的统计分析 总被引：20，自引：1，他引：20
运用气象统计学和气候学的原理和方法 ,分析北京市海淀地面气象观测站 195 5～ 1999年的逐日平均气温资料和 1981～ 1999年逐日地面温度资料 ,建立了以气温为基础的地温预测模型 ,并探索地气温差的年变化规律。结果表明 :夏半年地面平均温度高于气温 ,冬半年相反 ;农作物生长季 (3～ 10月 )平均地气温差为 2 0℃ ,年平均地气温差 0 9℃ ;地气温差 6月中旬最大 ,为 4 9℃ ,12月下旬最小 ,为 - 2 7℃ ,与辐射的最大值及最小值出现时间基本一致。用地温预测模型估算 1999年作物生长季逐日地温 ,相对误差 <2 9%。 相似文献
9.
南方塑料大棚冬春季温湿度的神经网络模拟 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
利用浙江省慈溪市草莓塑料大棚和南京信息工程大学农业气象试验站番茄塑料大棚的小气候观测数据及气象站资料,建立3个以棚外辐射、温度、相对湿度和风速为输入变量,棚内温度和相对湿度为输出变量的BP神经网络预测模型。结果表明,3个模型气温训练值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)都在2℃以内,相对误差都在4%左右;相对湿度训练值的RMSE都在7个百分点以内,相对误差不超过7%。利用此模型得到的气温预测值与实测值的RMSE都在2℃左右,冬季气温的相对误差较大,春季通风和不通风模型气温的相对误差不超过6%;相对湿度预测值的RMSE都在7个百分点以内,相对误差不超过9%。说明所建BP神经网络模型对于不同季节、不同通风条件、不同作物的大棚温湿度模拟都有较高的精度,能够满足棚内温湿度的预测要求,且对温度的模拟精度高于对相对湿度的模拟。 相似文献
10.
土壤水分平衡与作物生长模拟模型的开发与验证 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于模块化和面向对象化程序设计思想,根据土壤水分平衡过程和作物生长发育的特点,采用VisualBasic程序设计语言,实现了界面友好的土壤水分平衡与作物生长模拟模型。在土壤、作物和气象参数数据文件的支持下,对红壤性水稻土上的作物生长过程进行了模拟和验证,田间验证结果表明,冬小麦田间0～5,5～15,30～35cm三个土壤深度土壤含水量模拟值与实测值相对误差分别为7．0％、8．1％、4．5％。小麦、早稻、晚稻、玉米产量模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差分别为6．7％、2．4％、5．3％、1．9％。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献