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1.
The aim of this experiment was to impregnate thermally modified wood using an easy and cost-effective method. Industrially processed thermally modified European aspen (Populus tremula L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were collected and secondarily treated at the laboratory scale with the preservatives tung oil, pine tar and Elit Träskydd (Beckers) using a simple and effective method. Preservative uptake and distribution in sample boards were evaluated using computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Preservative uptake and treatability in terms of void volume filled were found the highest in Beckers and the lowest in tung oil-treated samples. Thermally modified samples had lower treatability than their counterpart control samples. More structural changes after thermal modification, especially in birch, significantly reduced the preservative uptake and distribution. The differences of preservatives uptake near the end grain were high and then decreased near the mid position of the samples length as compared with similar type of wood sample. Non-destructive evaluation by CT scanning provided a very useful method to locate the preservative gradients throughout the sample length. SEM analysis enabled the visualization of the preservative deposits in wood cells at the microstructural level.  相似文献   

2.
Studying the impregnation and distribution of oil-based preservative in dried wood is complicated as wood is a nonhomogeneous, hygroscopic and porous material, and especially of anisotropic nature. However, this study is important since it has influence on the durability of wood. To enhance the durability of thermally modified wood, a new method for preservative impregnation is introduced, avoiding the need for external pressure or vacuum. This article presents a study on preservative distribution in thermally treated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sapwood using computed tomography scanning, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Secondary treatment of thermally modified wood was performed on a laboratory scale by impregnation with two types of preservatives, viz. Elit Träskydd (Beckers) and pine tar (tar), to evaluate their distribution in the wood cells. Preservative solutions were impregnated in the wood using a simple and effective method. Samples were preheated to 170 °C in a drying oven and immediately submerged in preservative solutions for simultaneous impregnation and cooling. Tar penetration was found higher than Beckers, and their distribution decreased with increasing sample length. Owing to some anatomical properties, uptake of preservatives was low in spruce. Besides, dry-induced interstitial spaces, which are proven important flow paths for seasoned wood, were not observed in this species.  相似文献   

3.

Key Message

This article presents the enhancement in boron fixation as well as the improved biological resistance against fungi and termites for wood samples treated with tannin-caprolactam and tannin-PEG formulations.

Context

Although the recently developed tannin-boron wood preservatives have shown high biological protection, they presented also average resistance against weathering. The tannin-caprolactam formulations have shown improved weathering resistances and dimensional stability.

Aims

For this reason, more detailed biological tests were performed to evaluate the influence of the caprolactam and PEG on the biological resistance.

Methods

In this paper, the boron leaching of the tannin-caprolactam and tannin-PEG impregnated Scots pine specimens was observed and the biocidal effect against fungi (Antrodia spp. and Coniophora puteana) and insects (Reticulitermes flavipes and Hylotrupes bajulus) were determined according to the guidelines of EN 113, EN 117, and EN 47.

Results

The advanced formulations containing PEG have shown interesting resistance against fungal decay, but very low penetration and weak resistance against larvae while the tannin-caprolactam preservatives have shown overall improved biological performances and higher boron fixations.

Conclusion

The biocidal activity of the caprolactam-added formulations was overall enhanced and therefore these formulations are confirmed to be an interesting alternative for the wood preservation in outdoor environment.
  相似文献   

4.
Thermal treatment is used to preserve the wood without any addition of any toxic chemicals. This process increases the dimensional stability and darkens the color of the wood. The improvement of the resistance to decay of wood by thermal treatment is also often suggested in the literature. However, some latest works contested if the durability of heat-treated wood is improved when it is used in contact with ground. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of thermally treating electrical poles which are larger compared to the standard wood lumber. One of the applications for thermally treated wood poles could be their use in environmental sensitive areas (along rivers, for example) as a replacement for untreated western red cedar (WRC) poles which are more expensive. Green and pre-dried red pine (Pinus resinosa) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) poles, both with circular and square cross-sections, were heated to high temperatures under humid and inert atmosphere. Operating parameters such as maximum treatment temperature, maintenance time at this temperature, heating rate and gas humidity were varied in order to find most suitable treatment conditions for the poles. The tests showed that most of the cracks are formed during the drying process while thermal treatment only widened already existing cracks. The circular shape seems to promote crack formation during the drying period since the directional dependence of shrinking creates more stresses in circular poles compared to the square poles. A slight decrease in flexibility of the wood with increasing temperatures was observed. The protecting effect of gas humidity against oxidation of wood and the importance of the application of a moderate heating rate for poles with large cross-sections are also demonstrated in this article. The impact of the heat treatment on the resistance to decay of electrical wood pole will be presented in a future publication.  相似文献   

5.
文章以马尾松、尾叶桉、马占相思和南洋楹4种木材为研究对象,采用KJQ、TRQ、WAQ 3种涂料与防腐剂复配处理木材,研究复配涂料对木材耐腐性能的影响。结果表明KJQ复配涂料处理对提高马尾松的耐腐性能较其它2种涂料好。经KJQ复配涂料处理后,马尾松、尾叶桉、马占相思和南洋楹木材的耐腐性能由原来的稍耐腐等级提高到强耐腐等级,其中KJQ涂料与DDAC、IPBC和SGB 3种防腐剂活性成分复配后的处理材耐腐性能较好。  相似文献   

6.
Heat-treated wood has good dimensional stability, corrosion resistance and visual quality, but it is prone to mold, which limits its application. Based on the pH value of heat-treated wood, this study examines the factors affecting the pathogenesis causing heat-treated wood mold. Normally, the pH value of the heat-treated wood is between 4.38 and 5.10, which is suitable for the growth of mold. However, the pH of the heat-treated copper-containing material is between 6.63 and 7.12, which deviates the treated wood from the comfortable growth conditions for the mold, thereby reducing the occurrence of mold.  相似文献   

7.
For the sake of exploring how the pattern of Chinese pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb） community changed after the invasion of the pine wood nematode （Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner ＆ Buhrer） Niclde） in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, we established a test area in the local Chinese pine community. Landsat5 TM images from 1991 and 2006 were integrated with auxiliary data from field investigation and spectral data as additional sources of information. A method of expert knowledge classifier was applied to establish the expert knowledge dataset of the main vegetation cover types from which we obtained a forest type distribution map. The spatial patterns and stability of the forest, before and after the invasion of the pine wood nematode, were analyzed in terms of community patterns. The results indicated that the predominant coniferous forest type changed to a mixed forest. As a result, the forest structure became complex and the interaction between coniferous forest patches became weakened over the period from 1991 to 2006. Therefore, the resistance of the forest eco-system to plant diseases and insect pests and the stability of forest eco-system enhanced.  相似文献   

8.
Heat-treated wood has good dimensional stability,corrosion resistance and visual quality,but it is prone to mold,which limits its application.Based on the pH value of heat-treated wood,this study examines the factors affecting the pathogenesis causing heat-treated wood mold.Normally,the pH value of the heat-treated wood is between 4.38 and 5.10,which is suitable for the growth of mold.However,the pH of the heat-treated copper-containing material is between 6.63 and 7.12,which deviates the treated wood from the comfortable growth conditions for the mold,thereby reducing the occurrence of mold.  相似文献   

9.
European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a major tree species of European forest which is underexploited because of its low dimensional stability and durability. Similarly to what has been developed with radiata pine, furfurylation might be the answer to optimize the utilization of local beech wood. Beech wood furfurylation process was studied using five different catalysts: maleic anhydride, maleic acid, citric acid, itaconic acid, and tartaric acid. Optimization of the furfurylation process was investigated for different catalyst and furfuryl alcohol (FA) contents, and different duration of polymerization. The following properties were studied: weight percent gain (WPG), leachability, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), wettability, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, Brinell hardness, and decay durability. Tartaric acid, never investigated up to now, was retained as catalyst to perform furfurylation due to its efficacy compared to other catalysts and its novelty. Wood modification with FA and tartaric acid as catalyst led to samples with high WPG even after leaching, improved ASE, and lower wettability with water. Increasing the polymerization duration increased the fixation of FA in treated wood. Most of all, treatment gave a significant improvement in mechanical properties and resistance to wood decaying fungi.  相似文献   

10.
We evaluated fungal decay and mold resistance, leaching, and water absorption of nano-compounds and Paraloid B72® (PB72) in treated wood specimens to develop new methods of consolidation by combining nano-particles and consolidants. Scots pine wood specimens were treated with dispersions of nano-CuO, nano-ZnO, nano-B2O3, nano-TiO2, and nano-CeO2. PB72 treatments of nano-particle-treated wood specimens were then carried out by either vacuum or immersion for 24 h. Previously, decayed wood specimens were also consolidated with the nano-compounds and PB72. PB72 treatments reduced element release from treated wood specimens. Nearly all nano-compounds + PB72 treatments increased the biological performance of treated wood specimens against decay fungi tested. PB72-only treated wood specimens had the highest weight losses in decay tests. No improvements were obtained in mold resistance tests when the nano-compounds and PB72 were combined. In nano-compound-only treatments, unleached specimens showed slightly lower water absorption values compared to untreated control specimens. Incorporation of PB72 into nano-compound-treated wood specimens resulted in considerably lower water absorption and volumetric swell. In previously decayed specimens treated with the nano-compounds and PB72 solution, water absorption after 2-h immersion declined compared to control specimens.  相似文献   

11.
The red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is one of the most serious secondary pests that feeds on a wide range of durable stored products including cereals, cereal products and other high value produce such as cocoa beans and dried fruits. Toxicity and protectant potential of Calneem® oil derived from the seeds of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. towards T. castaneum were evaluated in stored wheat in the laboratory using contact toxicity, grain treatment, persistency, progeny emergence and repellency assays. Calneem® contains about 0.3% azadirachtin as its major active ingredient. The Calneem® was applied at six dosages (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% v/v). The oil was emulsified with water using 0.07% soap. All dosages of Calneem® oil were toxic and highly repellent to T. castaneum with an overall repellency in the range of 52–88%. The highest dosage of 3.0% of Calneem® oil tested killed at least 90% of the beetles within 72 h on grain, and 88% mortality was obtained on filter paper. T. castaneum mortality was dose dependent. The development of eggs to adults on cracked wheat was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited by Calneem® oil treatments. The effectiveness of Calneem® oil was significantly reduced by the length of storage after application. The results obtained suggest good potential for the practical use of Calneem® oil as grain protectant for stored product pest control. The use of plant materials such as neem oil may be a safe, cost-effective method of grain preservation against pest infestation amongst low-resource poor farmers who store small amounts of grains.  相似文献   

12.
文中总结了不同介质热处理的技术特点,介质对热处理材性能的影响,以及预处理和复合介质热处理的研究进展,认为采用油、预处理或复合介质等热处理可以进一步提高热处理材的尺寸稳定性,减小木材强度降幅,还能显著增强防腐性能等其他单纯蒸汽热处理无法实现的功能,建议今后进一步拓展热处理介质的范围,深化预处理和复合介质热处理研究,赋予热处理材更多、更好的性能,研发出更具有竞争力的热处理技术。  相似文献   

13.
The natural resistance of Erythrophleum fordii Oliver wood to degradation by Phanerochaete sordida and Phanerochaete chrysosporium white-rot fungi was investigated. In this study, Fagus crenata Blume (Japanese beech) was selected as reference species. The results showed that both fungi caused less than 2% mass loss in E. fordii wood, while the degradation of beech wood produced by P. chrysosporium and P. sordida was approximately 12 and 14%, respectively. Microscopic observations revealed high structural rigidity of E. fordii timber. Hyphae were only observed in the lumen of vessels and parenchymal cells, while the fibers were not affected. The E. fordii wood fiber consisted of highly lignified thick-walled fibers with the fiber lumina almost completely closed. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation revealed the E. fordii wood to have a highly condensed-lignin structure that reflected by the durability classes. These unique parameters are likely to be critical for the high natural resistance of E. fordii.  相似文献   

14.
Epidermal peeling treatment (EPT) and steam-heating treatment (SHT) are two popular pretreatments for bamboo processing. This study examined the effects of EPT and SHT on strength properties, profile density distribution, internal bond strength (IB), rate of springback, nail withdrawal resistance, and dimensional stability of oriented bamboo scrimber board (OBSB) made of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) and makino bamboo (P. makinoi Hayata) strips. Results obtained using non-destructive testing (NDT) revealed that EPT for moso bamboo in the processing of OBSB caused lower ultrasonic-wave velocity (Vu) and dynamic modulus of elasticity (DMOEu) parallel to the fiber direction, but higher Vu and DMOEu perpendicular to the fiber direction. However, EPT slightly affected variations in modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of moso bamboo. In contrast, the effects of SHT on Vu and DMOEu were inconsistent and insignificant among the OBSB samples. On the other hands, SHT caused increasing in MOE and MOR of OBSB, but leads to decrease in MOE and MOR of OBSB comprising bamboo strips after EPT. Both EPT and SHT contributed to more uniform profile densities in OBSB and had a positive impact on nail withdrawal resistance. EPT increased IB of moso bamboo and SHT enhanced IB of makino bamboo with epidermis only. Bamboo strips after SHT resulted in significant decrease in water absorption of all OBSB specimens. Reduction in swelling as a result of SHT not only improved the dimensional stability of OBSB but also enhanced strength.  相似文献   

15.
改性辐射松木材物理力学性能研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研究了辐射松树脂浸渍材与热空气热处理树脂浸渍材、热压热处理树脂浸渍材的物理力学性能,为后续辐射松改性处理和加工利用提供参考。结果表明:相对于未处理材,浸渍处理提高了木材的密度、尺寸稳定性、力学性能;相对于浸渍材,热处理可进一步提高尺寸稳定性,但一定程度降低了力学强度。  相似文献   

16.
The natural regeneration of non-serotinous Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii) is known to be null or limited after severe wildfires. However, it remains challenging to define efficient management strategies within the burnt area, which can help to increase the post-fire resilience of this species. We conducted a direct seeding experiment during 2011–2015 to assess the effect of different post-fire management treatments (control, soil ripping, woodchips, and soil ripping?+?woodchips) performed in opposite slope-aspects (north- and south-facing) on pine emergence, seed predation, survival, growth, and biomass allocation during the early stages of seedling development (1–5 years) after a severe wildfire. Our results showed that the slope-aspect did not have an important effect in both the seedling emergence and seed predation rates. In contrast, the influence of slope-aspect was significant as both survival and growth of pine seedlings were reduced at the south-facing slope-aspect compared to the north-facing slope-aspect due to harsher environmental conditions. A variable and reduced impact on seedling emergence and seed predation rates was induced by both soil ripping and woodchips treatments. Overall, post-fire management treatments helped to enhance survival rates during early growth stages, although this effect was short-lasting. This knowledge can be used to define post-fire seeding management strategies oriented to enhance the resilience of severely burnt pine forest stands; therefore, while both the soil ripping and woodchips treatments might not be practices leading to increase their post-fire regeneration, direct seeding at north-facing slope-aspects could be a more appropriate management strategy.  相似文献   

17.
The durability of wood is improved by wood preservatives. Due to new environmental legislation, commonly used active ingredients such as chromium and arsenate are being replaced by alternative and more environmentally friendly preservatives. However, the alternative wood preservatives are more difficult to detect in the wood. Detection of the preservatives is necessary in order to monitor millwork production for qualitative assessment of the wood preservative uptake. The aim of this study is to examine the use of solid phase desorption-ion mobility spectrometry (SPD-IMS) can be used for rapid detection of the wood preservatives propiconazole and tebuconazole in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). The findings proved that SPD-IMS is capable of detecting and distinguishing wood preservatives directly from treated wood shavings. SPD-IMS requires no additional sample preparation or extraction of the wood sample. The findings show that SPD-IMS is a fast and easily applied method for direct detection of propiconazole and tebuconazole in small wood samples.  相似文献   

18.
植物油是橄榄油、蓖麻油等不干性油,棉籽油、大豆油等半干性油和桐油、亚麻油等干性油的统称。植物油具有良好的疏水性和导热性,是一种颇具潜力的环保型木材改性剂。目前,利用植物油改性木材已取得了一定的研究成果。文中介绍了植物油的组成、类型及植物油改性木材的方法,并综述植物油改性后改性剂的渗透与分布及其对改性材的疏水性、吸湿性、尺寸稳定性、抗生物劣化性、力学性能及耐老化性能的影响,讨论了植物油改性木材的不足并提出了研究展望,以期对今后该领域的研究工作有所启发。  相似文献   

19.
In the present study,described that preparation of oligoesterified wood fibre by theaddition reaction of the wood fibre with maleic anhydride(MA)and allyl glycidyl ether(AGE).Further,made of crosslinkable oligoesterified fiber board at high temperature and underhigh pressues,accompanying plasticization of the wood fibre components.The product exhibitedthe high the modulus of repture in bending(MOR),good water repellency and dimesionalstability.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Thermal modification has been developed for an industrial method to increase the biological durability and dimensional stability of wood. In this study the effects of thermal modification on resistance against soft- and brown-rot fungi of sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce were investigated using laboratory test methods. Natural durability against soft-rot microfungi was determined according to CEN/TS 15083-2 (2005) by measuring the mass loss and modulus of elasticity (MOE) loss after an incubation period of 32 weeks. An agar block test was used to determine the resistance to two brown-rot fungi using two exposure periods. In particular, the effect of the temperature of the thermal modification was studied, and the results were compared with results from untreated pine and spruce samples. The decay resistance of reference untreated wood species (Siberian larch, bangkirai, merbau and western red cedar) was also studied in the soft-rot test. On average, the soft-rot and brown-rot tests gave quite similar results. In general, the untreated heartwood of pine was more resistant to decay than the sapwood of pine and the sapwood and heartwood of spruce. Thermal modification increased the biological durability of all samples. The effect of thermal modification seemed to be most effective within pine heartwood. However, very high thermal modification temperature over 230°C was needed to reach resistance against decay comparable with the durability classes of “durable” or “very durable” in the soft-rot test. The brown-rot test gave slightly better durability classes than the soft-rot test. The most durable untreated wood species was merbau, the durability of which could be evaluated as equal to the durability class “moderately durable”.  相似文献   

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