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1.
The efficacy of water vapor-saturated air as a treatment for horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) was studied. Horses selected for study (n = 14) had grade 1 or greater hemorrhage in the trachea after a minimum of 4 breezes between 0.8 and 1 km, as determined by endoscopy. Nine horses were treated with water vapor-saturated air; 5 horses were not treated. When the mean and maximal EIPH scores from the pretreatment period were compared with the mean and maximal EIPH scores from the treatment period in both treated and nontreated groups, there was no significant difference between groups. There was a suggestion of a linear relationship between exercise speed and the mean EIPH score of the first 4 breezes in all 14 horses.  相似文献   

2.
In 3 groups of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), comparisons of racing times and finishing positions were made between the 5 races before the horses were given furosemide and 5 races after furosemide administration. The horses were grouped according to 3 methods used to diagnose EIPH: group 1, observation of hemorrhage at the nostrils within 1 hour after a workout or race; group 2, observation of pulmonary hemorrhage only by endoscopic examination after a race or workout; and group 3, observation of hemorrhage at the nostrils during a race or immediately after a race. Group 4 horses were randomly selected horses running during the study period and were not given furosemide. The statistical method was analysis of covariance and the dependent variable was horses' time per distance. The study compared the 4 groups of horses, using the estimated value of the horses (less than or equal to +10,000 or greater than +10,000), and the horses' interaction in races 1 through 5 before and races 6 through 10 after furosemide treatment. The horses' times were adjusted by the relevant covariates, distance, track variant, and winning time per distance. Significant changes in horses' time per distance were not noticed when comparing values from races 1 through 5 with those in races 6 through 10 in group 1 horses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

3.
Effects of furosemide on the racing times of Thoroughbreds   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The effects of furosemide on the racing times of 79 horses without exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) and 52 horses with EIPH were investigated. Racing times were adjusted to 1-mile equivalent racing times by 2 speed handicapping methods, and analysis of covariance was used to adjust actual racing times by winning time and distance for each race. All 3 methods of determining racing time indicated that geldings without EIPH had significantly faster racing times (P less than 0.05) when given furosemide before racing than when furosemide was not given before racing. Females and colts without EIPH were determined to have faster racing times when furosemide was given before racing, but the difference was not significant. Geldings with EIPH had significantly faster racing times (P = 0.0231) when given furosemide before racing, as determined by one of the speed handicapping methods. There was a strong correlation (range 0.9314 to 0.9751) between the 1-mile equivalent racing times, as determined by the 2 speed handicapping methods for horses with and without EIPH. Furosemide failed to prevent the development of EIPH in many horses that were previously considered to be EIPH-negative. When given furosemide, 62 (25.3%) of 235 EIPH-negative horses were EIPH-positive after racing. Furosemide had questionable efficacy for prevention of EIPH in known EIPH-positive horses. Thirty-two (61.5%) of 52 EIPH-positive horses given furosemide before a race remained EIPH-positive after that race.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) was associated with racing performance inThoroughbred horses not medicated with furosemide and not using nasal dilator strips. DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 744 two- to 10-year-old Thoroughbred horses racing in Melbourne, Australia. PROCEDURE: Horses were enrolled prior to racing, and a tracheobronchoscopic examination was performed after 1 race. Examinations were recorded on videotape, and presence and severity (grade 0 to 4) of EIPH were subsequently determined by 3 observers blinded to the horses' identity. Race records were abstracted for each horse examined. RESULTS: Overall, 52.1% of horses eligible for participation in the study were examined, and horses that were examined did not differ from horses that were not examined in regard to age, sex distribution, or proportion of horses that won or finished in the first 3 positions. Horses with EIPH grades < 1 were 4.0 times as likely to win, 1.8 times as likely to finish in the first 3 positions, and 3.03 times as likely to be in the 90th percentile or higher for race earnings as were horses with grades > 2. Horses with EIPH grades > 1 finished significantly farther behind the winner than did horses without EIPH. However, odds that horses with grade 1 EIPH would win or finish in the first 3 positions were not significantly different from odds for horses without EIPH. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that EIPH is associated with impaired performance in Thoroughbred racehorses not medicated with furosemide and not using nasal dilator strips.  相似文献   

5.
Thoroughbreds with a confirmed history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) were treated pre-exercise with atropine sulfate, cromolyn, ipratropium or furosemide. Atropine prevented EIPH in 3 of 3 trials in 1 horse, while having no significant effect on bleeding status in the other 2 horses. Pre-exercise treatment with cromolyn had no significant effects in the 3 horses. Pre-exercise treatment of ipratropium was apparently responsible for preventing EIPH in 17 out of 18 trials in 2 horses. The pharmacologic properties of ipratropium in the horse have not been studied, but based on human investigation it seems most probable that its bronchodilator effects are responsible for preventing EIPH in the 2 horses. Furosemide administered in different dosages and time intervals prior to exercise did not prevent EIPH in these 3 horses.  相似文献   

6.
Monitoring furosemide in racehorses participating in an EIPH program   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Analytical procedures were developed to monitor furosemide concentrations in post-race serum and urine samples obtained from horses participating in an exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) program. High performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet light detection proved a reliable, sensitive method for measuring urinary furosemide concentrations up to 12 h after administration of either 150 or 250 mg of the drug to race horses. However, this method was unreliable for determination of serum furosemide concentration. High performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection proved a reliable, sensitive method for measuring serum furosemide concentrations in horses administered 250 mg of the diuretic, permitting detection approximately 5–10 ng/ml 6 h after treatment. This method was applied field conditions where furosemide was administered to horses (between 150 and 250 mg intravenously) 4 h prior to the race. Analytical results assisted establishing a threshold concentration of 85 ng/ml for serum furosemide. was found that serum furosemide concentrations are a valid measure of compliance with furosemide administration in the EIPH program.  相似文献   

7.
The stimulation of pulmonary beta2-adrenergic receptors causes a decrease in vascular resistance. Thus, the present study was carried out to examine whether concomitant administration of clenbuterol-a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, to horses premedicated with furosemide would attenuate the exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension to a greater extent than furosemide alone, and in turn, affect the occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). Experiments were carried out on six healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses. All horses were studied in the control (no medications), furosemide (250 mg i.v., 4 h pre-exercise)-control, and furosemide (250 mg i.v., 4 h pre-exercise)+clenbuterol (0.8 microg/kg i.v., 11 min pre-exercise) experiments. The sequence of these treatments was randomized for every horse, and 7 days were allowed between them. Using catheter-tip-transducers whose in-vivo signals were referenced at the point of the left shoulder, pulmonary vascular pressures were determined at rest, sub-maximal exercise, and during galloping at 14.2 m/s on a 3.5% uphill grade--a workload that elicited maximal heart rate. In the control study, incremental exercise resulted in progressive significant (P<0.05) increments in heart rate, right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous (wedge) pressures, and all horses experienced EIPH. Furosemide administration caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in mean right atrial as well as pulmonary capillary and venous pressures of standing horses. Although exercise in the furosemide-control experiments also caused right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures to increase significantly (P<0.05), the increment in mean pulmonary capillary and wedge pressures was significantly (P<0.05) attenuated in comparison with the control study, but all horses experienced EIPH. Clenbuterol administration to standing horses premedicated with furosemide caused tachycardia, but significant changes in right atrial or pulmonary vascular pressures were not discerned at rest. During exercise in the furosemide+clenbuterol experiments, heart rate, mean right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge pressures increased significantly (P<0.05), but these data were not different from the furosemide-control experiments, and all horses experienced EIPH as well. Thus, it was concluded that clenbuterol administration is ineffective in modifying the pulmonary hemodynamic effects of furosemide in standing or exercising horses. Because the intravascular force exerted onto the blood-gas barrier of horses premedicated with furosemide remained unaffected by clenbuterol administration, it is believed that concomitant clenbuterol administration is unlikely to offer additional benefit to healthy horses experiencing EIPH.  相似文献   

8.
Furosemide has been used empirically and has been legally approved for many years by the US racing industry for the control of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) or bleeding. Its use in horses for this purpose is highly controversial and has been criticized by organizations outside and inside of the racing industry. This review concentrates on its renal and extra-renal actions and the possible relationship of these actions to the modification of EIPH and changes in performance of horses. The existing literature references suggest that furosemide has the potential of increasing performance in horses without significantly changing the bleeding status. The pulmonary capillary transmural pressure in the exercising horse is estimated to be over 100 mmHg. The pressure reduction produced by the administration of furosemide is not of sufficient magnitude to reduce transmural pressures within the capillaries to a level where pressures resulting in rupture of the capillaries, and thus haemorrhage, would be completely prevented. This is substantiated by clinical observations that the administration of furosemide to horses with EIPH may reduce haemorrhage but does not completely stop it. The unanswered question is whether the improvement of racing times which have been shown in a number of studies are due to the reduction in bleeding or to other actions of furosemide. This review also discusses the difficulties encountered in furosemide regulation, in view of its diuretic actions and potential for the reduction in the ability of forensic laboratories to detect drugs and medications administered to a horse within days or hours before a race. Interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and furosemide have also been examined, and the results suggest that the effects of prior administration of NSAID may partially mitigate the renal and extra-renal effects which may contribute to the effects of furosemide on EIPH.  相似文献   

9.
Although controversial, due to its reported effectiveness in attenuating bleeding associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), furosemide is currently a permitted race day medication in most North American racing jurisdictions. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of furosemide in reducing the presence and severity of EIPH when administered 24 hr prior to strenuous treadmill exercise. Eight exercised Thoroughbred horses received saline or 250 mg of furosemide either 4 or 24 hr prior to high-speed treadmill exercise in a balanced 3-way cross-over design. Blood samples were collected for determination of furosemide, lactate, hemoglobin, blood gas, and electrolyte concentrations. Heart rate and pulmonary arterial pressure were measured throughout the run and endoscopic examination and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed. Horses were assigned an EIPH score and the number of red blood cells in BAL fluid determined. Although not significantly different, endoscopic EIPH scores were lower in the 4-hr versus the 24-hr and saline groups. RBC counts were not significantly different between the treatment groups. Pulmonary arterial pressures were significantly increased at higher speeds; however, there were no significant differences between dose groups when controlling for speed. A small sample size and unknown bleeding history warrant a larger-scale study.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an external nasal strip (NS), frusemide (FR) and a combination of the 2 treatments (NS + FR) on exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in Thoroughbred horses. It was hypothesised that both the NS and FR would attenuate EIPH as assessed by red blood cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In random order, 8 horses completed each of 4 sprint exercise tests on a treadmill: 1) NS; 2) FR (0.5 mg/kg bwt i.v., 4 h pre-exercise); 3) NS + FR; and 4) control (C; no treatment). After a 5 min warm-up (4.5 m/s), horses completed 2 min running at 120% maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) with the treadmill set at 3 degrees incline. Mean +/- s.d. running speed was 14.2+/-0.2 m/s. In the FR and NS + FR trials, horses carried weight equal to that lost as a result of frusemide administration. During exercise at 120% Vo2max, oxygen consumption (Vo2) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2) were measured at 15 s intervals. Plasma lactate concentration was measured in samples collected before exercise, at the end of the sprint and after 5 min cool-down at the trot. Thirty minutes after the run, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and the red cell count in the fluid quantified. Vo2 and Vco2 were significantly lower in NS and NS + FR trials than in the C and FR trials at the end of the sprint exercise protocol. However, plasma lactate concentrations did not differ among treatments. Compared with the C trial (61.1+/-30.5 x 10(6) red blood cells/ml BAL fluid), pulmonary haemorrhage was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in both the NS (15.9+/-4.0 x 106 RBC/ml) and FR (12.2+/-5.8 x 10(6) RBC/ml) trials. EIPH in the NS + FR trial (7.9+/-1.0 x 10(6) RBC/ml) was further diminished (P<0.05) compared to the NS trial, but not different from the FR trial. We conclude that both the external nasal strip and frusemide attenuate pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred horses during high-speed sprint exercise. The external nasal strip appears to lower the metabolic cost of supramaximal exertion in horses. Given the purported ergogenic effects of frusemide, the external nasal strip is a valuable alternative for the attenuation of EIPH.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate results of cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes (TW) in 42 horses with a history of poor performance. DESIGN: Cross-sectional case series. ANIMALS: 42 horses with a history of poor performance. PROCEDURE: A TW was performed via endoscopy before and after horses exercised on a high-speed treadmill, and specimens were evaluated microscopically and graded. RESULTS: Ten (24%) horses were considered to be clinically normal before and after exercise. Pulmonary hemorrhage was diagnosed in 8 (19%) horses. One horse had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) before exercise and pulmonary hemorrhage and allergic or inflammatory airway disease (IAD) after exercise. Five (12%) horses had IAD, and 1 had IAD and pulmonary hemorrhage after exercise. Seven (17%) horses had evidence of EIPH and IAD in both specimens. Four (10%) horses with EIPH had an increase in the proportion of hemosiderophages in the specimen obtained after exercise. Specimens obtained before exercise in 6 (14%) horses were not representative of the respiratory tract and could not be compared with specimens obtained after exercise. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Interpretation of TW specimens obtained before and after exercise differed for only 5 of 36 (14%) horses. Specimens obtained after exercise were more likely to reveal airway disease. All specimens obtained after exercise adequately represented the respiratory tract, whereas 6 specimens obtained before exercise did not. Specimens obtained after exercise contained more airway secretions and had less cytologic evidence of pharyngeal contamination. Therefore, we recommend that TW samples be obtained after exercise in horses.  相似文献   

13.
Of 61 horses with a history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and treated with furosemide 4 hours prior to racing, 34 (55.7%) continued to bleed. Of 24 horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage that were not treated with furosemide prior to racing, 17 (70.8%) still bled. There was no statistically significant difference between the treated and the nontreated groups. Of 45 horses given hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids, 38 (84.4%) bled when exercised 90 days later. There was no statistically significant difference between the results for hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoid-treated horses and those for horses known to stop bleeding without any treatment.  相似文献   

14.
A retrospective survey was carried out at a Florida racetrack in 1984, to determine the prevalence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in Appaloosa horses. Of 94 horses examined endoscopically between 30 and 90 minutes after racing, forty-nine (52%) were found to exhibit some degree of EIPH. There was a significantly increased prevalence of EIPH with increasing age in this population. An increased prevalence of EIPH was noted with mares and geldings as compared with stallions, but this was not statistically significant. More horses bled from the right lung than from the left, but the difference was statistically insignificant. An increased prevalence of EIPH with distance run was evident, but this was not significant when animals of the same age were examined.  相似文献   

15.
Inflammatory airway disease has been linked to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), and consequently, we hypothesized that immunomodulation via concentrated equine serum (CES) treatment would reduce EIPH as evidenced by red blood cell (RBC) concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Separate trials were conducted on Thoroughbred horses treated with either CES (n = 6) or placebo (0.9% saline; n = 4). All horses completed pre-treatment and post-treatment (2 and 4 weeks after initiating treatment) maximal exercise tests on a 10% inclined treadmill (1 m/s/min increments to fatigue) over a 10-week period (2−3 weeks between tests), with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) performed 30 minutes after exercise. Treatment ensued 10 days after the pre-treatment exercise test, with horses receiving a series of five CES or placebo injections 24 hours apart (20 mL intratracheal and 10 mL intravenously), with subsequent weekly injections for 5 weeks thereafter. After CES treatment, both EIPH (RBC in BALF) and inflammation (white blood cell concentration [WBC] in BALF) were significantly diminished by the 4-week posttreatment run, demonstrating 46 ± 12% and 24 ± 11% decreases, respectively (P < 0.05). In contrast, EIPH was elevated significantly at the 4-week time point, and inflammation remained constant in the placebo trial. In conclusion, these preliminary data suggest that therapeutic intervention involving immunomodulation may represent a viable approach to reducing the severity of EIPH.  相似文献   

16.
The objective was to quantify the effect of furosemide and carbazochrome on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in Standardbred horses using red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Six healthy Standardbred horses with prior evidence of EIPH performed a standardized treadmill test 4 h after administration of placebo, furosemide, or furosemide–carbazochrome combination. Red blood cell (RBC) counts and hemoglobin concentrations were determined on the BAL fluid. The RBC count in BAL ranges were (2903–26 025 cells/μL), (45–24 060 cells/μL), and (905–3045 cells/μL) for placebo, furosemide, and furosemide–carbazochrome, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration ranges were (0.03–0.59 mg/mL), (0.01–0.55 mg/mL), and (0.007–0.16 mg/mL) for placebo, furosemide, and furosemide– carbazochrome groups, respectively. No significant differences were detected among treatments. However, there was great variability among horses, suggesting that a larger sample size or better selection of horses was needed.  相似文献   

17.
The bronchial trees of 8 horses were inoculated with citrated autologous blood, and subsequent observations were compared with those from 3 controls. Free blood was observed at the external nares of six of the eight horses after inoculation. Changes in the appearance of the trachea and changes in the cytologic properties of tracheal wash aspirates, stained using a rapid Papanicolaou method, were followed over time. The cell types found after blood inoculation included free red blood cells, erythrophages, and siderophages. Erythrophages were found only in the few days after inoculation while siderophages persisted until at least 4 weeks. Finely stippled "early" siderophages were distinguished from granular "aged" siderophages. Direct visual assessment ceased to detect blood after 7 days. Ten percent of the tracheal wash samples contained insufficient cells to permit interpretation. In the 4 weeks after blood inoculation, cytologic evaluation was diagnostic of intrapulmonary blood in 20 out of 21 tracheal washes with sufficient cells for evaluation; that is a false negative rate of 1 in 21. Cytologic interpretation gave 1 false positive diagnosis in 20 tracheal washes in the period up to 4 weeks. This protocol could be modified to study the effects of exercise, drug administration or other variables on the clearance of blood from the pulmonary tree. Comparison of such studies with results from horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) may improve our understanding, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of naturally occurring EIPH in horses.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether i.v. administration of furosemide (250 mg) to horses before maximal exercise affected maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), breathing mechanics, or gas exchange during exercise. ANIMALS: 7 healthy, well-conditioned Thoroughbred horses. PROCEDURES: 5 horses initially performed an incremental treadmill exercise test to determine VO2max 4 hours after i.v. administration of furosemide (250 mg i.v.) or placebo (saline [0.9% NaCl] solution). Time to fatigue and distance run were recorded. All 7 horses were then used to determine the effects of furosemide on gas exchange and breathing mechanics at 40, 60, 80, and 100% of VO2max. Horses were weighed immediately before exercise. RESULTS: Furosemide treatment significantly increased mass-specific VO2max (5.3%), but absolute VO2max was not significantly altered. In the 2 parts of the study, body weights were 2.9 and 2.5% higher when horses were given placebo than when they were given furosemide. Time and distance run at speeds > or = 11.0 m/s were significantly greater following furosemide administration. Furosemide treatment had no effect on breathing mechanics or gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Previous studies have suggested that prerace administration of furosemide may have a positive effect on performance. Results of this study indicate that this may be attributable, in part, to an increase in mass-specific VO2max but not to improvements in breathing mechanics or gas exchange. Most of the increase in mass-specific VO2max appeared to be attributable to weight loss associated with diuresis induced by furosemide.  相似文献   

19.
Furosemide is the most common diuretic drug used in horses. Furosemide is routinely administered as IV or IM bolus doses 3-4 times a day. Administration PO is often suggested as an alternative, even though documentation of absorption and efficacy in horses is lacking. This study was carried out in a randomized, crossover design and compared 8-hour urine volume among control horses that received placebo, horses that received furosemide at 1 mg/kg PO, and horses that received furosemide at 1 mg/kg IV. Blood samples for analysis of plasma furosemide concentrations, PCV, and total solids were obtained at specific time points from treated horses. Furosemide concentrations were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection. Systemic availability of furosemide PO was poor, erratic, and variable among horses. Median systemic bioavailability was 5.4% (25th percentile, 75th percentile: 3.5, 9.6). Horses that received furosemide IV produced 7.4 L (7.1, 7.7) of urine over the 8-hour period. The maximum plasma concentration of 0.03 microg/mL after administration PO was not sufficient to increase urine volume compared with control horses (1.2 L [1.0, 1.4] PO versus 1.2 L [1.0, 1.4] control). There was a mild decrease in urine specific gravity within 1-2 hours after administration of furosemide PO, and urine specific gravity was significantly lower in horses treated with furosemide PO compared with control horses at the 2-hour time point. Systemic availability of furosemide PO was poor and variable. Furosemide at 1 mg/kg PO did not induce diuresis in horses.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to determine if a quantitative scoring system for evaluation of hemosiderin content of alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalevolar lavage provides a more sensitive test for the detection of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in horses than does endoscopy of the lower airways. A sample population composed of 74 Standardbred racehorses aged 2-5 years was used. Horses were grouped as either control (EIPH-negative) or EIPH-positive based on history and repeated postexertional endoscopic evaluation of the bronchial airways. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and cytocentrifuge slides were stained with Perl's Prussian blue. Alveolar macrophages were scored for hemosiderin content by a method described by Golde and associates to obtain the total hemosiderin score (THS). Test performance criteria were determined with a contingency table. All subjects had some degree of hemosiderin in the alveolar macrophages, regardless of group. The distribution of cells among the different grades followed a significantly different pattern for the control group versus horses with EIPH (P < .05). When using a THS of 75 as a cutoff point, the THS test was found to have a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 88%. The level of agreement beyond chance, between the EIPH status and the THS test result was very good (Cohen's kappa = 74%). The conclusion was made that careful assessment and scoring of alveolar macrophages for hemosiderin by means of the Golde scoring system shows promise as a more sensitive approach than repeated postexertional endoscopy alone to detect EIPH.  相似文献   

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