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1.
喀斯特地区烟田土壤养分的空间变异特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以我国典型的喀斯特地区—贵州省毕节地区为研究区域,利用地统计学和地理信息系统(GIS)相结合的方法对烟田土壤养分的空间变异特征进行研究,皆在为喀斯特地区烟草种植的平衡施肥及生态环境保护提供依据。描述性统计结果表明,研究区烟田土壤各养分指标均属中等程度变异。半方差函数分析表明,研究区烟田土壤全氮、全钾、速效磷变异函数的最适模型是球状模型,全磷和速效钾的最适模型是线性模型,碱解氮、pH和有机质的最适模型为指数模型;速效磷表现为强烈的空间自相关性,主要受结构性因素影响,而全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效钾、pH和有机质表现为中等空间相关性,受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响。普通克里格插值的土壤养分空间分布图表明,研究区域内烟田土壤全氮、全钾、速效磷和速效钾含量分布呈现空间连续分布的特点,而全磷、碱解氮和pH、有机质含量没有明显的分布规律,这主要与喀斯特地区复杂的立地因子和人为影响有关。 相似文献
2.
掌握土地整理区土壤养分特征已成为烟田快速培肥和提升土壤质量的首要问题。采用GIS与地统计学相结合的方法,评价了土地整理后烟田土壤养分等肥力指标的适宜性等级状况及其空间变异特征。结果表明:研究区土壤偏酸,有机质、碱解氮含量普遍缺乏,存在较大面积的缺钾现象;各肥力指标均属于中等变异,变异系数大小顺序依次为有效磷 > 速效钾 > 碱解氮 > 有机质 > 全氮 > 全磷 > 全钾 > pH值。有机质和速效钾的变异函数比较符合指数模型,全钾、碱解氮用高斯模型拟合效果好,而pH值、全磷、全氮和有效磷则以球状模型拟合效果最佳。肥力指标的块金系数[C0/（C0+C）]中,土壤有机质、全钾、碱解氮分别为0.903,0.998,0.823,空间相关性较弱;而pH值、全氮、全磷和有效磷的块金系数[C0/（C0+C）]变化范围为0.501~0.724,具有中等空间相关性;各肥力指标空间变程为99~1 003 m,最大和最小值分别为全钾和碱解氮;各肥力指标表现出不同的空间分布特征,其中,pH值呈斑块状,碱解氮及全钾呈条带状,全磷整体上呈从北至南含量增加的梯度分布格局。 相似文献
3.
曲靖市坡耕地土壤养分的空间变异性及其与利用方式的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以云南省曲靖市麒麟区越州镇面积为1 km2的典型性坡耕地为研究区,应用常规统计学方法和地统计学方法,对土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和有机质的空间变异规律进行分析,探讨了土地利用方式与土壤养分变异的关系。结果表明:研究区土壤养分空间变异程度以pH值最小,速效磷最大。速效养分、有机质和pH受人为活动影响明显,它们的空间自相关性中等或较弱。有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等主要养分呈现出西北-东南方向逐渐增高的空间格局,与海拔和地形走势有明显相关性。不同坡位(坡位高低)间的土壤养分差异显著,有机质、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾等养分指标呈现随坡位下降而升高的趋势。土地利用方式对土壤养分含量空间变异性也有明显的影响,施肥强度大的水田土壤养分含量最高,其次为施肥中等的旱地,土壤养分最低的是施肥量小或不施肥的果林和桉树林。 相似文献
4.
梁子湖湿地土壤养分的空间异质性 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：12
2003年10月利用地统计学方法对梁子湖湿地保护区内一块63.9km2区域的土壤养分的空间变异进行了研究。以400m400m的网格采集了101个表层(015cm)土壤样品。分析结果表明,土壤养分有较大的空间变异,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮变异系数分别是36.0%、30.6%1、3.7%和29.3%;速效磷的变异系数最高为50.4%。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷的理论模型均为球状模型。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮具有中等空间自相关性,随机变异分别是68.5%、68.3%、75%和71.5%;速效磷的自空间相关性较弱,变异为82.4%。5种养分的空间自相关距离比较接近,变程在2853m～963m之间。通过克里格插值进行土壤养分空间插值制图显示,土壤养分表现出空间分布的相似性。 相似文献
5.
以重庆市中梁山石灰土地区为研究区,选择莴笋、红菜苔、白菜、瓢儿菜和桔子5种不同的作物,通过野外采样和室内实验分析的方法,分别测定了5种作物的根际与非根际土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质的含量以及土壤pH值,并进行了对比分析。结果表明,根际与非根际土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质和pH值之间均表现出显著的差异性（p<0.05）。这5种作物的养分含量除了桔子树的根际土壤速效磷出现亏缺外,其余4种作物根际土壤的全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮、速效磷以及速效钾都高于非根际土壤,不同作物出现了不同程度的富集现象。另外,根际土壤的pH值均低于非根际土壤;根际土壤有机质含量均高于于非根际土壤。 相似文献
6.
小尺度土壤养分的空间变异及其影响因素探讨—以江苏省无锡市典型城乡交错区为例 总被引：20，自引：2，他引：20
以江苏省无锡市城乡交错区为例,在8km2范围内,采集102个土壤表层样,利用地统计学和G IS相结合的方法,研究了土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾的空间变异特征,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明土壤养分空间变异程度从大到小依次为:土壤全氮>土壤全磷>土壤速效磷>土壤速效氮>土壤速效钾>土壤全钾。土壤全氮空间变异受到土壤类型的影响,土壤全磷的空间变异与居民点分布有关,土壤全钾空间变异与土壤粘粒关系最密切。土壤全量养分和相应的速效养分具有显著相关关系,在空间分布上,也分别存在不同程度的相似性。同时土壤全磷和土壤速效养分受土地利用影响也较大。研究还表明,城乡交错区土壤氮、磷流失风险增加,需要实施有效措施控制氮、磷肥料的过度施用。 相似文献
7.
典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分空间变异性研究 总被引：39，自引：1，他引：39
采用线形取样,利用地统计学方法研究了典型喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土壤养分的空间变异特征.结果表明:有机碳、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾具有相似的空间变异结构,其变程变化在212～251 m之间,与坡面不同土地利用方式的空间范围相当.全磷和全钾的变异尺度较小,为141.2 m和120.6m.受部分耕地施用磷肥影响,速效磷的变异尺度最小,仅为85.1 m.除pH值外,土壤各养分均表现为强烈的空间相关性.有机碳、全氮、碱解氮等养分的空间分布表现出随着海拔高度增加而增大的特征,人类的耕作管理和峰丛洼地特殊的水文地质过程是影响土壤养分空间变异的主要因素. 相似文献
8.
黄土高原县域苹果园土壤养分空间变异特征研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在渭北黄土高原苹果主产县陕西省黄陵县采集304个苹果园0—40cm土层的土壤样品进行养分测定,并应用地统计学及GIS空间分析技术对其空间变异特征进行了研究和探讨,以期为该地区合理施肥提供科学指导。结果表明:该地区果园土壤硝态氮和速效磷变异系数最大,pH值最小。变异系数的大小顺序依次为硝态氮速效磷全磷铵态氮速效钾全钾全氮CEC有机质pH值。土壤全磷和有机质的最佳拟合模型是高斯模型,而全氮、铵态氮和速效钾的最好拟合效果是球状模型,全钾用线性模型拟合效果最好,有效磷、pH值、硝态氮和CEC以指数模型来分析效果最佳。土壤pH值、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾和CEC的空间相关性很强,其C0/(C0+C)分别为0.17%,7.47%,11.81%,2.95%和24.24%,有机质、全氮、全磷和硝态氮C0/(C0+C)为40.72%,28.16%,46.44%,49.98%,空间相关性中等,土壤全钾的C0/(C0+C)为100%,空间相关性非常弱。研究区苹果园土壤有机质和氮含量偏低,磷、钾较丰富,在今后的施肥过程中需要增施有机肥,适量施用氮磷钾肥。 相似文献
9.
基于空间统计学和GIS的农牧交错带土壤养分空间特征分析--以内蒙古翁牛特旗为例 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
土壤养分是土壤肥力的重要标志，是土地评价和管理的重要指标之一。通过空间统计分析和GIS分析了农牧交错带土壤养分的空间分布特征。结果表明，土壤有机质的Moran I系数对尺度响应敏感，随着尺度的增大，空间自相关性减少，而全氮、速效磷和速效钾的Moran I系数对空间的尺度响应不明显；土壤的有机质、全氮和速效磷在50km的范围内表现出空间的正相关，而在60km以外表现出空间的负相关；土壤表层速效钾变程最大（33000m），全氮次之（11000m），速效磷最小（3000m）；土壤表层养分的变程与分维数呈明显的负相关关系，土壤表层有机质和速效钾的最佳拟合模型为指数模型，而全氮和速效磷的最佳拟合模型为球状模型。 相似文献
10.
吉林省玉米种植区土壤养分空间变异特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文以吉林省中部玉米种植区9县市为研究区域,采用传统统计学和地统计学相结合的研究方法,探讨研究区域表层土壤（020cm）有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和pH值的空间变异特征。结果表明:各养分的变异系数在10%～100%之间,属中等变异;有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的块金值（C0）与基台值（C0+C）比值介于25%～75%之间,表现出中等强度的空间自相关,而全氮和pH值表现强烈的空间自相关;根据决定系数（R2）和残差平方和（RSS）进行模型选择,几种养分均用指数模型拟合的效果较好;依据GIS所做的养分空间变异图可以很好地反应该地区的土壤养分空间分布状况,可以为该地区土壤养分的综合评价和施肥管理决策提供依据。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献