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1.
Rentao Liu 《Arid Land Research and Management》2018,32(1):91-110
We examined the ground-active arthropods using pitfall trapping beneath Hammada scoparia and Zygophyllum dumosum shrubs and in adjacent open spaces in wet winter, short spring, dry and hot summer, and autumn in the Negev Desert, Israel. The activity abundance of ground-active arthropods was 244, 424, and 506 individuals trap?1 in open spaces and beneath H. scoparia and Z. dumosum shrubs, and was 134, 448, 414, and 178 individuals trap?1 in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The activity abundance and richness of predators and phytophages were found to exhibit an inconsistent pattern between shrub microhabitats throughout seasonality. In contrast, the activity abundance and richness of omnivores indicated contrasting pattern between summer and other seasons. Likewise, total abundance was found to exhibit a similar pattern to taxa richness and Shannon index between shrub microhabitats only in summer. There was a consistent pattern of diversity indices between shrub microhabitats observed in both winter and autumn. However, no significant (P?>?0.05) differences in activity abundance and diversity indices were found between shrub microhabitats in spring. The Sørensen index between open spaces and H. scoparia and Z. dumosum canopy microhabitats, and that between the latter two microhabitats were found to be 0.26, 0.29, and 0.19 in winter, 0.53, 0.48, and 0.48 in spring, 0.47, 0.45, and 0.52 in summer, and 0.57, 0.56, and 0.78 in autumn, respectively. It was suggested that seasonality could mediate the activity abundance and diversity distribution of ground-active arthropods between shrub microhabitats in the Negev Desert. 相似文献
2.
Insecticidal activity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding of dinotefuran and its analogues in the housefly, Musca domestica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The insecticidal activity of dinotefuran and 23 related compounds against the housefly, Musca domestica (L) was measured by injection with metabolic inhibitors. Dinotefuran was less active than imidacloprid and clothianidin by a factor of 10 in molar concentrations. Their binding activities to the fly-head membrane preparation were measured by using [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin ([125I]alpha-BGTX) and [3H]imidacloprid ([3H]IMI) as radioligands. The activity of some selected compounds measured with [3H]IMI was 10(4)-fold higher than that measured with [125I]alpha-BGTX. With [3H]IMI as a radioligand, dinotefuran was 13-fold less active than imidacloprid. The inhibitory effect of dinotefuran on the binding of [3H]IMI to the membrane preparation was in a competitive manner. Quantitative analysis of the insecticidal activity of the test compounds with the binding activity measured with [3H]IMI showed that the higher the binding activity, the higher was the insecticidal activity. 相似文献
3.
ABSTRACT We evaluated direct and interactive effects of light quality and intensity, temperature and light, diurnal rhythms, and timing of high relative humidity during long day lengths on sporulation of Bremia lactucae, the causal agent of lettuce downy mildew, using inoculated lettuce seedlings and detached cotyledons. Suppression of sporulation by light was strongly dependent upon temperature and there was little suppression at 相似文献
4.
南疆沙漠腹地地温变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用塔中气象站三年的气象数据,分析了塔中地温的变化特征。结果显示:塔中0～40cm地温年变化规律显著,温度自1月开始迅速上升,在7月达到最高值,达30℃以上,其后又持续下降,冬季最低;80cm以下地温变化平缓,最高、最低温度出现月份逐渐后延,年振幅渐小;在典型晴天、阴天、沙尘天气时,表层地温都是日出前后最低,日出后迅速上升,至午后16时左右达最大值,其后迅速下降,于日落时降至一低值,并在夜间继续缓慢下降;四季0～80cm各层地温夏季﹥秋季﹥春季﹥冬季;天气对地温的影响主要体现在地表温度和浅层地温,至40cm及以下各层几乎无影响,日变化与典型晴天规律相同;阴天和浮尘对地温的影响较小,扬沙和沙尘暴天气对地温影响较大,其影响随深度增加而渐小;各层地温的平均日变化曲线近于正弦曲线,随深度增加地温特征线趋于平缓,极值出现时间逐渐后延。塔中地温的年际、日内变化的逐层性,与沙漠表面风成沙的物理属性有关。 相似文献
5.
利用大型称重式蒸渗仪2012—2018年连续观测数据,系统解析了希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物生长季（4—10月）不同时间尺度蒸散发（ET)与气象植被因子之间的关系。研究表明：（1）小时、日和月尺度上,始终与ET保持高度相关的气象植被因子包括风速（P<0.01）、空气温度（P<0.01）和降水量（P<0.01）;（2）结合不同时间尺度主控因子,利用多元回归定量表征了小时、日、月尺度的下垫面ET变化特征,经验方程决定系数分别为0.94（P<0.01）、0.42（P<0.01）、0.82（P<0.01）,小时和月尺度上的经验方程可较好地反映希拉穆仁荒漠草原下垫面耗水特征;（3）ET与降水差值显示,2012—2018年希拉穆仁荒漠草原植物生长季（4—10月）水汽交换以下垫面水分消耗为主,8月份发生干旱事件的概率最大。 相似文献
6.
青海海北高寒湿地近地层大气CO_2浓度的变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用快速响应红外气体分析仪对青海海北高寒湿地大气CO2浓度进行连续监测,分析2004年CO2浓度变化特征表明,CO2浓度存在明显的日、季变化,日、年内均表现“U”型变化特征。这些变化与植被生理活动、土壤呼吸、大气逆温层、及湍流交换强度等有关。自1月到7月CO2浓度的日变化过程中,日最高值出现时间在日出前后的5:00到9:00,并随7月的到来逐渐提早,日出后下降,约在下午15:00左右为最低,日落后又逐步升高。7月以后日最高值出现时间随时间推移又滞后,最低提早。一年中,月平均浓度最低值出现在7月份,最高值则在10月。观测表明,2004年海北高寒湿地CO2年平均浓度为315.3μmol/mol,月平均最高为335.0μmol/mol(10月),月平均最低值为270.1μmol/mol(7月)。统计海北高寒湿地旬平均CO2浓度与气象因素线性相关关系表明,海北高寒湿地CO2浓度与大多数气象因子有显著的负相关关系,但与土壤温度、气压、相对湿度等的相关关系不明显。 相似文献
7.
Ashraf O. Abd El-Latif 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2010,96(3):155-159
Microplate assay technique for estimation of esterase activity in a single insect was used in combination with dose mortality bioassays to detect pyrethroid resistance in three strains of Helicoverpa armigera and to study the frequency of pyrethroid resistant individuals within the population of the same strain at two larval stages, third and fifth instar. The third and fifth instar larvae of the field strains i.e., Nagpur strain and Delhi strain that displayed high degree of resistance towards deltamethrin, had higher esterase activity compared to a susceptible laboratory strain. The frequency distribution of individuals with elevated esterase activity above 1.00 absorbance unit was correlated with the resistance level of the strains. The frequency of resistant individuals in the third instar larvae of Nagpur strain and Delhi strain were 29% and 23%, respectively compared to 4% in the susceptible strain. The resistant individuals in the resistant strains have markedly increased in the fifth instar larvae with a frequency distribution of 63% and 90% in Delhi strain and Nagpur strain, respectively, while only 14% of individuals was found to have elevated esterase activity in the susceptible strain. The results demonstrated the role of esterase in pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. Microplate assay proved to be a rapid and reliable biochemical technique for monitoring of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. 相似文献
8.
Daily dew amount and dew duration were simulated using a multi-layer energy balance model. Two simplifications were made in the model and validated. First, the simulation results showed that daily weather data instead of hourly weather data could be used to simulate dew formation in crops, which was validated by measurements for short grass vegetation. Second, estimation of the total daily dew period was shown to be possible on the basis of nightly dew formation only. This simplification was possible on the basis of the existence of a linear relationship between the dew period after sunrise on the one hand and the dew amount at sunrise on the other. The multi-layer crop microweather model becomes much smaller and simpler (and is then called the SIMPLE model) if only night dew formation is simulated. Our results will make it possible to incorporate the SIMPLE model into a fungal disease epidemic model and a basic crop growth model. 相似文献
9.
S. Friedrich G.M.E. Leinhos F.-J. Löpmeier 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(1):35-45
The weather-based forecasting model ZWIPERO was developed by the German Weather Service and determines the risk of sporulation and infection of Peronospora destructor quantitatively based on actual as well as predicted weather data (temperature, relative humidity, leaf wetness, precipitation). The model allows precise planning of disease monitoring and infection-related application of fungicides. ZWIPERO is a more complex mathematical model than the previously published models for downy mildew. In order to operate ZWIPERO independently of the actual field location and season, the time of sunrise and sunset of the location are exactly determined by a subroutine. Another subroutine provides simulated microclimatic input variables based on local production data as well as actual and hourly predicted (up to 4 days) standard weather data. Starting at the time of 'sunrise + 7 h', ZWIPERO calculates the number of sporangia produced, the time of onset of sporangia release, as well as the number of infections possible and the number of sporangia which may survive the day for each 24-h time step. Field evaluations of sporulation periods of downy mildew showed that the simulated micrometeorological input variables are reliable. As the actual plant development, the susceptibility and the disease incidence in the field are not taken into account, ZWIPERO has to be considered primarily as a decision support system for extension services and growers. 相似文献
10.
Min Zhang Xiao‐Hua Xu Yan Cui Long‐Guan Xie Chui‐Hua Kong 《Pest management science》2012,68(11):1512-1522
BACKGROUND: With the objective of exploring the herbicidal activity of substituted aurones, a series of 4,6‐disubstituted and 4,5,6‐trisubstituted aurones were synthesised, and their herbicidal activities against Brassica campestris L. and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. were evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Effects of some of the compounds were evaluated on seed germination. The most active compounds in the laboratory were evaluated in the greenhouse. RESULTS: The compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS; some of them were further identified by IR. A (Z)‐configuration was assigned to the aurones, based on spectroscopic and crystallographic data. Bioassay results of root growth showed that the aurones had a moderate herbicidal activity against the dicotyledonous plant Brassica campestris. (Z)‐2‐Phenylmethylene‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐3(2H)‐benzofuranone(6o) was the most active compound, with 81.3 and 88.5% inhibition at 10 and 100 µg ml?1 respectively, equal to the activity of mesotrione. Some of the aurones possessed some inhibition of germination on several plant species. For glasshouse tests, the substituted aurones had lower herbicidal activity than metolachlor and mesotrione. CONCLUSION: It is possible that aurone derivatives, which possess structures different from those of the commercial herbicides, may become novel lead compounds for the development of herbicides against dicotyledonous weeds with further structure modification. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
11.
利用地统计学方法研究了民勤绿洲湖区表层土壤养分碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性.结果表明:绿洲、过渡带和荒漠三种景观下表层土壤中氮磷钾含量都呈现出“丰氮、富钾、贫磷”的特征;碱解氮与速效磷的变异系数在绿洲区最小,荒漠区最大,而速效钾在荒漠区最小,过渡带最大,但都属于中等变异;从绿洲到荒漠,碱解氮、速效磷呈U型分布特征,而速效钾为倒U型分布特征.碱解氮的最佳拟合模型为Exponential,速效磷为PentaspHerical,速效钾为Tetrasherical;氮和磷的富集区位于绿洲区,而速效钾在过渡带上出现富集中心.土壤的养分元素含量除了与成土母质的元素有关外,人类活动的影响也是非常重要的因素. 相似文献
12.
Peterson CJ 《Pest management science》2012,68(7):1019-1025
BACKGROUND: The 30 month longevity, mobility and insecticidal activity of a combination of acetamiprid and bifenthrin currently marketed in the United States for the prevention of termite infestation in buildings was investigated in greenhouse and laboratory studies. RESULTS: Acetamiprid dissipated to below the limit of detection within 7 months of application, while bifenthrin remained in the soil at levels sufficient to kill termites for the duration of the study. Acetamiprid was detected in decreasing amounts in eluates of treated soil from months 1 to 4, while no bifenthrin was detected in eluates at any time. The treated soil remained toxic to termites for the 30 month duration of the study. Two indices of synergy between technical‐grade acetamiprid and bifenthrin demonstrated that it is unlikely that there would be any synergism between the two active ingredients in the field. The presence of vegetation did not have a significant effect on the longevity of bifenthrin, except at intermediate times, where residues in the treated soil were higher in vegetated plots, depending on depth and time. CONCLUSIONS: Acetamiprid has a short residual time in soil, and this formulation's effectiveness beyond about 7 months against subterranean termites is due to the bifenthrin content. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
13.
裸果木（Gymnocarpos
przewalskii）起源于古地中海,为荒漠区少有的第三纪孑遗植物种。本文用2017年6月、7月和8月采集于甘肃安西自然保护区内的裸果木中龄和老龄植株叶片,分析自然干旱影响下叶片渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明：随着干旱程度的增加,裸果木叶片的可溶性蛋白（SP）显著积累,发挥着重要的渗透调节作用,中龄植株叶片的可溶性糖（SS）含量和老龄植株叶片的脯氨酸（Pro）含量先增加后显著降低,渗透调节作用有限。干旱加剧时,中龄植株叶片的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性呈明显的先增后降。严重干旱时,过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性明显增强,说明其通过4种酶的协同作用清除过剩的活性氧,减轻过氧化伤害;老龄植株叶片的CAT活性持续增强,APX活性明显的先升后降,POD活性在重度干旱时显著增强,主要通过这3种酶减轻膜系统伤害。丙二醛（MDA）含量则随干旱程度增大显著增加,膜脂过氧化程度不断加深。在相同的降雨条件下,裸果木中、老龄植株的Pro、SS、SP含量、POD和CAT活性、MDA含量对干旱的响应程度存在显著差异,隶属度函数评价法表明,老龄植株的抗旱能力大于中龄植株,表明裸果木的抗旱性随年龄的增大而提高。 相似文献
14.
古尔班通古特沙漠南缘拟步甲的物种多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2010年5-7月利用陷阱法抽样技术,调查研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同生境中拟步甲的活动密度和群落多样性。结果表明：① 在景观尺度上,拟步甲科的物种多样性整体比较低,活动密度、物种丰富度、多样性指数、优势度指数等群落特征值在不同景观间变化显著,拟步甲更倾向于分布在荒漠边缘;② 拟步甲科多数优势种对微生境的选择表现出明显的倾向性,同属物种对微生境的选择表现出类似的倾向性;③ 重大农业工程的干扰,使得物种丰富度和均匀度指数有所下降,但差异不显著。多样性指数的下降及优势度指数的升高达到显著水平(P<0.05);不同物种的活动密度均表现为下降(库氏东鳖甲和光滑胖漠甲除外)。表明拟步甲对荒漠生境有指示意义。 相似文献
15.
采用浸虫法、夹毒叶片法和叶碟法分别测定了13个含酰腙结构的新型吡唑酰胺衍生物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的触杀、胃毒和拒食活性。结果表明:该类化合物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫具有较高的胃毒和拒食活性,其中苯环上含有氯原子、且酰腙一端的取代基含有杂原子且体积较小的化合物 H7的胃毒和拒食活性最好,明显高于对照药剂毒死蜱。H7 72 h胃毒作用LC50值为0.6 mg/L(毒死蜱的LC50值为7.4 mg/L);有10个化合物的拒食活性高于毒死蜱,其中 H7 48 h的拒食中浓度(AFC50) 最低,为0.6 mg/L,明显低于毒死蜱(AFC50=6.5 mg/L)。供试化合物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫均无触杀活性。 相似文献
16.
塔克拉玛干沙漠地表感热特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1979年3月~2004年2月月平均的NCEP/DOE新再分析地表感热资料,在分析塔克拉玛干沙漠四季感热基本气候特征的基础上,通过EOF分析方法,对沙漠地表感热异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了诊断研究。结果表明:1)沙漠地区地表感热通量的分布存在较大的季节和区域性差异。2)根据各季地表感热距平场的EOF分析,该区感热异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型以及西北~东南差异型三种常见的分布模态;3)近25年来,塔克拉玛干沙漠春季和夏季地表感热在第一空间尺度上总体变化趋势平缓,秋季在波动中有明显增强的趋势;在第二空间尺度上夏季和秋季变化趋势不太显著,而春季在沙漠北部有减弱的趋势,南部有增强的趋势。 相似文献
17.
Biological soil crusts （BSCs） are an important type of land cover in arid desert landscapes and play an important role in the carbon source-sink exchange within a desert system. In this study, two typical BSCs, moss crusts and algae crusts, were selected from a revegetated sandy area of the Tengger Desert in northern China, and the experiment was carried out over a 3-year period from January 2010 to November 2012. We obtained the effec- tive active wetting time to maintain the physiological activity of BSCs basing on continuous field measurements and previous laboratory studies on BSCs photosynthesis and respiration rates. And then we developed a BSCs carbon fixation model that is driven by soil moisture. The results indicated that moss crusts and algae crusts had significant effects on soil moisture and temperature dynamics by decreasing rainfall infiltration. The mean carbon fixation rates of moss and algae crusts were 0.21 and 0.13 g C/（m2.d）, respectively. The annual carbon fixations of moss crusts and algae crusts were 64.9 and 38.6 g C/（m2.a）, respectively, and the carbon fixation of non-rainfall water reached 11.6 g C/（m2.a） （30.2% of the total） and 8.8 g C/（m2.a） （43.6% of the total）, respectively. Finally, the model was tested and verified with continuous field observations. The data of the modeled and measured CO2 fluxes matched notably well. In desert regions, the carbon fixation is higher with high-frequency rainfall even the total amount of seasonal rainfall was the same. 相似文献
18.
Species composition, distribution patterns and ecological functions of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
As one of the most important biological factors that maintain the stability of the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China,the Gurbantunggut Desert,the biological soil crusts (BSCs) develop well and play critical ecological roles in the desert ecosystem. In this paper,we briefly summarize our research findings since 2002 including species composition,distribution pattern and ecological functions of BSCs in the desert. Our results indicate abundant species diversity of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert in comparison to other deserts in China. At the scales of sand dune or whole desert,the distribution patterns of BSCs are location-specific. The existence of BSCs in this desert could:(1) accelerate the formation of desert soil and the weathering of minerals; (2) accumulate organic matter in surface soil through related species in soil crusts; (3) enhance the abilities of sand surface to resist wind erosion; (4) influence seed germination of vascular plants; and (5) enhance the production of dew deposition on sandy soil surface. 相似文献
19.
Being an important desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin,Populus euphratica Oliv.forest functions as a natural barrier in maintaining and preserving the stability of local oases.Accordingly,accurately estimating the water use of P.euphratica is important for vegetation protection and water resource allocation.To date,little data are available for evaluating the hysteretic effects between sap flow and environmental variables,and for estimating the water use of desert riparian forest.In this study,we measured the sap flow velocity(V_s)of P.euphratica using the heat ratio method during the growing season of 2012.Based on the response of V_s to solar radiation(R_s)and vapor pressure deficit(VPD),we estimated the hourly Vsand daily V_s using the multivariable linear regression and a modified Jarvis-Stewart(JS)model,respectively.Hysteretic response of V_s to environmental variables was then evaluated using a sap flow model.We found the thresholds of V_s responses to R_s and VPD at both hourly and daily scales during the growing season,and successfully estimated the seasonal variations of hourly V_s and daily V_s using the JS model.At an hourly scale,the maximum V_s occurred earlier than the maximum VPD by approximately 0.5 h but later than the maximum R_s by approximate 1.0 h.At a daily scale,the maximum V_s lagged behind the maximum VPD by approximately 2.5 h while occurred earlier than the maximum R_s by approximately 2 h.However,hysteretic response of V_swas weakened when R_s and VPD were measured together using the JS model at both hourly and daily scales.Consequently,short-term and intensive field campaigns,where V_s and environmental variables can be measured,may be used to estimate short-run sap flow and stand transpiration using only two environmental variables. 相似文献
20.
裸果木渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性对干旱的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)起源于古地中海,为荒漠区少有的第三纪孑遗植物种。本文采用2017年6月、7月和8月采集于甘肃安西自然保护区内的裸果木中龄和老龄植株叶片,分析自然干旱影响下叶片渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着干旱程度的增加,裸果木叶片的可溶性蛋白(SP)显著积累,发挥着重要的渗透调节作用,中龄植株叶片的可溶性糖(SS)含量和老龄植株叶片的脯氨酸(Pro)含量先增加后显著降低,渗透调节作用有限。干旱加剧时,中龄植株叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性呈明显的先增后降。严重干旱时,过氧化物酶(POD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性明显增强,说明其通过4种酶的协同作用清除过剩的活性氧,减轻过氧化伤害;老龄植株叶片的CAT活性持续增强,APX活性明显的先升后降,POD活性在重度干旱时显著增强,主要通过这3种酶减轻膜系统伤害。丙二醛(MDA)含量则随干旱程度增大显著增加,膜脂过氧化程度不断加深。在相同的降雨条件下,裸果木中、老龄植株的Pro、SS、SP含量、POD和CAT活性、MDA含量对干旱的响应程度存在显著差异,隶属度函数评价法表明,老龄植株的抗旱能力大于中龄植株,表明裸果木的抗旱性随年龄的增大而提高。 相似文献