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1.
黄土坡面不同土地利用与覆盖方式的产流产沙效应 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
研究不同地类坡地产流产沙规律,对定量评价林草措施的水土保持效益具有重要的意义。利用布设在山西省吉县蔡家川流域的10个径流小区资料,分析了不同土地利用/覆盖方式对产流产沙的影响,研究结果表明:草地拦蓄暴雨功能明显小于灌木与乔木林地;农地(坡耕地)是坡面侵蚀的主要土地利用类型,天然灌木林与混交林的防蚀功能明显大于人工纯林;水土保持林地拦蓄径流明显大于经济林。 相似文献
2.
Abstract: Losses of pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl in runoff water from clay soil plots cultivated with potatoes and of differing soil surface slopes were determined over approximately 120 days (1 October 1999-28 January 2000). The plot slopes were 0, 1, 2.5 and 5%, and soil erosion increased with the slope from 610 to 1760kgha(-1). The runoff of surface water was between 3.1 and 16.6% of the rainfall. Surface runoff was highest for the fifth and seventh runoff events due to rainfall, 51 days and 72 days after the first pesticide application. The maximum concentrations of the two pesticides in runoff occurred in the plots with the greatest slope (5%) during the fifth runoff event, November 21, 1999 reaching 8.4 and 12.3 microg litre(-1) for pirimiphos-methyl and 17.8 and 20.2 microg litre(-1) for benalaxyl in tilled and untilled plots respectively. The cumulative losses of pirimiphos-methyl in surface runoff from tilled and untilled plots with a slope 5% were estimated at only 0.37 and 0.59% of the initial applied active ingredient, respectively, while for plots with a slope 0% the percentages were 0.013 and 0.018%. For benalaxyl the corresponding values from tilled and untilled plots were 1.69 and 1.76% (slope 5%), and 0.062 and 0.085 (slope 0%). Degradation of the pesticides in the topsoil was monitored from October 1999 and May 2000. Cultivation of potatoes decreased the half-life of the two pesticides compared to the untilled fields, for pirimiphos-methyl from 16.7 to 9.2 days and for benalaxyl from 26.7 to 12.6 days. The slope of soil surface and the different sorption capacities for the compounds are the main parameters which influenced the transportation of studied pesticides, pirimiphos-methyl and benalaxyl residues via surface water in soil-water systems. 相似文献
3.
以设在山西省阳高县的大型径流观测场为依托,以2005-2009年的野外实测数据为依据,研究了晋北黄土丘陵区人工植被与鱼鳞坑配合的蓄水保土及土壤水分效应,并与荒坡、苜蓿地进行了对比。结果表明:在观测的5年内,柠条、沙棘、油松的蓄水保土能力随种植年限延长无明显增加趋势,但鱼鳞坑的蓄水能力和保土能力分别高达84.7%～96.0%和95.2%～99.7%;荒坡和苜蓿(Medicago sativa)第一年和第二年的蓄水保土能力较差,第三年和第四年随植被盖度增加能力急剧增强,第四年蓄水能力分别达82.8%和91.2%,保土能力达97.0%和98.0%;土壤水份分析结果表明:不同小区4～9月土壤水分变异系数为7.0%～19.1%,油松区变异系数最大,其次为沙棘、苜蓿和柠条区,荒坡区和裸坡区变异较小,不同小区土壤水分亏缺率为23.98%～52.66%,亏缺顺序为柠条区>苜蓿区>油松区>沙棘区>荒坡区>裸坡区;林草植被有效地减少了水土流失,亦增加了土壤水分的变异及亏缺程度,应注意林草植被的合理选择和配置。 相似文献
4.
Located in the south of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,the Tarim River is the longest inland river in China.Agricultural development,excessive exploitation and low surface water use efficiency in the headstream regions have led to a marked decrease in the water supply to the mainstream.This,in turn,has resulted in the drying-up of the watercourse in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and serious deterioration of the eco-environment.The Aksu River Basin,the most important headstream of the Tarim River,was selected as the research area in this study.Taking elastic coefficient,water demand coefficient and water utilization intensity as the indices,we studied the impact of agricultural development on decreasing surface runoff since the 1950s.The results indicated that(1) the increasing rate of consumption of surface runoff outstripped the rate of increase measured in the natural catchment discharge,resulting in ever diminishing stream discharge into the Tarim River.Agricultural irrigation and seepage loss in irrigation canal systems were the major sources for runoff consumption,taking 63.72% of the overall runoff consumption.What's more,agricultural water consumption took up more than 97% of the water used for long-term production;(2) the expansion of cultivated land,change of planting structure and comparatively low agricultural irrigation efficiency all contributed to the decrease in surface runoff of the Aksu River.The elasticity coefficient of surface runoff reduction corresponding to the increase in planted area was 0.34 in the 1950s,while in the 2000s it had increased to 7.87.This reflected a more sensitive response of runoff decrease to cultivated land expansion.The increase in cotton and fruit production,without widely-used scientific irrigation methods and water-saving technology,led to considerable waste of the water resources.Meanwhile,the irrigation efficiency was still quite low,characterized by the waste of water resources,and the decrease of surface runoff;(3) in different stages,cultivated land area,planting structure and agricultural water use efficiency exerted different effects on runoff decrease.In the early stage,agricultural development showed no obvious effect on runoff decrease.Since the 1960s,the expansion in cultivated land resulted in large consumption of surface runoff;since the 1990s,not only expansion in cultivated land expansion,but also planting structure exerted significant impact on the consumption of surface runoff.Recently,though agricultural water use efficiency has improved in some regions to reduce the consumption of runoff to a certain extent,overall agricultural water use efficiency is still quite low;(4) during the investigation period,water consumption by agricultural development reflected the unbalanced relationship between human activities and water resources. 相似文献
5.
利用径流小区研究黄土区坡面降雨—径流关系,对探讨该区水土流失规律、构建基于坡面的水文模型具有重要意义。文中利用布设在山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的径流小区,对不同地类的产流特征进行了观测研究。研究得出:在坡面尺度上不同地类的径流系数、洪峰流量差异显著;各地类对地表径流的拦截率分别为:由山杨、辽东栎等树种组成的次生林96%、刺槐人工林95%、灌木林88%、荒草地61%、油松人工林41%;各地类对洪峰流量的消减率分别为:次生林94%、刺槐林92%、灌木林82%、荒草地66%、油松林49%;在同一地类上径流系数与雨强的关系具有季节变化性;径流系数与雨强呈指数关系;在雨强相同条件下,春秋季节的降雨比夏季更易形成地表径流;洪峰流量与I30或I10的呈指数关系,但I30与洪峰流量的关系优于I10。 相似文献
6.
不同降雨历时梯田和坡耕地的土壤水分入渗特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以黄土高原丘陵沟壑第三副区庄浪县为例,研究不同降雨历时条件下坡耕地和水平梯田土壤(黄绵土)水分入渗变化特征,应用Hydrus-1D模型对不同降雨条件下的土壤水分入渗进行定量模拟研究。结果表明:(1)与实测数据相比,Hydrus-1D模型模拟降雨后土壤水分的运移较合理。(2)地表层(0~40 cm)土壤含水量变异系数(CV)呈中等变异,即5 d的时间内梯田和坡耕地地表层的土壤含水量变化大,随着土层深度的增加变异系数减小,呈弱变异性。(3)在1.45 mm/min降雨强度下,在23 min时拔节期的小麦坡耕地产生径流,水平梯田在整个过程中没有产生径流。(4)降雨历时为10 min时,在土层深度为0~15 cm,梯田土壤含水量比坡耕地多0.13%~1.65%,在土层深度为30~200 cm,梯田和坡地都没有下渗。降雨历时为20min、30min时,在土层深度为0~20 cm,梯田的土壤含水量比坡耕地的分别多0.05%~2.22%、0.01%~2%。 相似文献
7.
旱作农田微集水种植产流蓄墒扩渗特征研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
在宁南不同生态区的旱作农田，对秋作物和多年生牧草——紫花苜蓿设置不同微集水种植带型。系统测定生长期和非生产期不同时段和不同部位的土壤蓄水增墒效应、产流效率、蓄墒效率、垄沟系统产流入渗特征等。分析结果表明：秋作物和苗蓿牧草采用微集水种植，能显著提高农田蓄水增墒保墒作用；作物生长期微集水种植较辱地种植方式0～2m土层多增蓄水分78．0～136．7mm，其中非生产（休闲）季节同层多贮水量24．8～49．2mm；土壤蓄墒期微集水种植蓄墒率达到43．3％～62．4％，提高蓄墒效率51．0％～83．7％。 相似文献
8.
黄土高原沟壑区果园还耕对土壤水分的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在黄土高原沟壑区王东沟小流域,在塬面、梁地和坡地三种地貌类型上,分别选取了盛果期果园、老果园和退耕还田等3种土地利用与管理方式,测定土壤0～400 cm(塬面0～600 c m)水分含量分布,研究果园的利用管理方式变化对土壤剖面中水分含量变化的影响.结果表明,梁地和坡地上,盛果期果园、老果园土壤水分含量均接近作物凋萎湿度(10%);塬面上,盛果期果园、老果园土壤水分含量为15%.退果4年的耕地、坡地0～400 cm土层土壤储水量显著增加,梁地和塬面虽有增加但与老果园相比,剖面储水量并没有达到显著水平;退果4年耕地、坡地和梁地剖面中的60～140 cm和220～400 cm含水量提高最显著,塬面上22 0～600 cm土层中水分提高显著. 相似文献
9.
黄土高原沟壑区小流域水土流失治理对径流的效应 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文用小流域平行对比观测法,分析了黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域水土保持对流域地表径流量及暴雨产流过程的影响,表明：（１）在黄土高原沟壑区,水土流失综合治理减少小流域产洪次数,降低了流域地表径流模数和径流系数,尤其以少雨年最显著;（２）使小流域地表径流模数的年际变率增大;（３）在洪水产理措施区土壤水分含量降低,根据生物气候、土壤及区域拦蓄水量特征,推测黄土高原沟壑区,以造林为主的水土保持措施拦蓄径流的作用难以使地表径流转化为地下径流或增加地下水。 相似文献
10.
WANG Yuejian 《干旱区科学》2021,13(6):581-598
Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle. In recent years, significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In this paper, variations of runoff, temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, lake area, socio-economic water usage, groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K) mutation test, the cumulative levelling method, the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index. In addition, we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality. The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015, despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration. The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude. Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming. In contrast, runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities. Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations. The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87% and 58.94%, respectively; and the contributions of human activities were 53.13% and 41.06%, respectively. Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015: urban and rural constructed lands, saline-alkali land, bare land, cultivated land, and forest land have expanded, while areas under grassland, lake, ice/snow and river/channel have declined. Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification. From 1961 to 2015, both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year; groundwater levels have dropped significantly, and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period. In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass, human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources. Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis, as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects. After 2015, the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed. However, there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin, and some environmental problems continue to persist. On this basis, this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies. Moreover, in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin, it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization. 相似文献
11.
晋西黄土区不同土地利用类型降雨-径流关系的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文以北京林业大学山西吉县科研试验场蔡家川流域为研究对象,采用对比分析法,对降雨—径流关系进行了研究。分析得出在蔡家川流域雨强是影响地表径流的主要因素;由于整地等人工措施的影响,人工林水土保持效果好;对于农地、半牧半农等人为活动频繁的小流域,弱雨强时径流系数极小,大雨强时径流系数相对较大,尤其是半农半牧流域,水土流失严重;当雨量>20mm时,无林流域初损历时小于森林流域,小尺度流域的初损历时小于大尺度流域。 相似文献
12.
雨强和植被覆盖度对典型坡面产流产沙的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
应用先进的UGT水蚀测量仪,研究黄土高原祖厉河流域雨强和植被覆盖度对典型坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:黄土高原半干旱区间隔为15min的产流量、径流含沙量和产沙量与15min雨强具有相同的增减趋势,呈三次曲线关系y=b0+b1x+b2x2+b3x3。7种雨强条件下,人类扰动撂荒地的产流量、径流含沙量和产沙量均明显大于植被自然恢复的撂荒地,覆盖度20%的撂荒地是覆盖度35%撂荒地的平均径流系数的2.35倍,径流含沙量的4.48倍,产沙量的14.06倍。相对于受到扰动的撂荒地,植被自然恢复的撂荒地水土保持效益显著。 相似文献
13.
为有效防治坡耕地水土流失,提高坡耕地水分利用率,选用多年生作物苜蓿及小麦、鹰嘴豆、马铃薯
等一年生作物作为供试作物,设置不同带状系统研究了各种种植方式和耕作方式对作物生长、土壤水分、WUE及
水土流失的影响。结果表明,(1)各处理保持水分的能力依次为：免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)>免耕(NT)>传统(T);(2)
保护性耕作具有良好的防止土壤侵蚀能力,依次为：NTS>NT>T;(3)免耕+秸秆覆盖和免耕方式与传统耕作相比,
均能提高半干旱地区土壤水分和作物对水分的利用效率,减少土壤侵蚀量。从不同处理保持水土效应来看,从优
至劣的顺序为NTSPL>TPL>NTSCL>TCL>NTSWL>TWL。由此可见,免耕秸秆覆盖是提高水分利用效率及控制水土流失的有效措施,粮草豆隔带种植,结合保护性耕作措施不但具有蓄水保土,减免侵蚀的生态作用,而且还能提高土地利用的经济效益,宜结合生产推广利用。 相似文献
14.
运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明：2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1.67×108 t、4.21×108 t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500
m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5.76×108元和1.44×108元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9.03×1010元。 相似文献
15.
模拟降雨条件下苏南黄壤产流起始时间及影响因素研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
运用人工模拟降雨装置研究了暴雨条件下苏南典型丘陵土壤上纯草、纯灌、灌草3种经营模式下坡度、降雨强度、土壤前期含水量、植被覆盖度对开始产生径流时间的影响。研究表明:纯草模式下影响开始产流时间的最主要因子为土壤前期含水量,同时建立了3种植被组合下影响开始产流时间的多因子回归方程。通过方程,由植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤前期含水量和降雨强度四个易于获得的因子可预测不同植被组合下开始产生径流的时间。 相似文献
16.
基于InVEST模型的祁连山国家级自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
运用InVEST模型,对甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤保持现状与功能进行了定量评估,分析了不同土地利用、海拔高度、坡度以及土壤类型下的保土状况。结果表明:2015年甘肃祁连山自然保护区土壤侵蚀量与土壤保持量分别为1. 67×10^8t、4.21×10^8t。从侵蚀面积来看,保护区以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,占总面积的63.95%;虽草地的土壤保持能力弱于其他自然植被类型,但草地是土壤保持总量最高的土地利用类型;不同海拔梯度下的土壤保持总量随海拔增加呈现先增后减的趋势,保护区内海拔2 500~3 500 m的土壤保持功能最好;栗钙土的土壤保持量最高,黑毡土在草原土壤类型中土壤保持强度较低;坡度为15°~25°的区域土壤保持量最大,占土壤保持总量的31.93%;甘肃祁连山保护区生态系统减少泥沙淤积和减少土地废弃的价值分别为5. 76×10^8元和1. 44×10^8元,保护区内林草地保肥价值为9. 03×10^10元。 相似文献
17.
坡耕地是保障粮食安全与经济发展的重要资源.本文利用承德市南山径流场资料对不同坡长下径流深、含沙量及侵蚀量进行对比分析,结果显示:坡长和降雨强度都对土壤侵蚀有影响,随着坡长变化,导致土壤侵蚀量变化的两个主导因素不断变换.雨强小于0.25 mm/min时,坡面土壤侵蚀模数随坡长的增加而增大;雨强大于0.25mm/min时,随坡长的增加先增大后减小,最大侵蚀量总是出现在22 m坡长范围内.径流深均值与侵蚀量增量随坡长变化趋势一致,含沙量均值变化与雨强关系密切.所以治理京津水源区坡耕地水土流失,应在22 m坡长以内采取等高植物篱等措施,既可降低工程投入,又减少坡面土壤流失,提高土地生产力. 相似文献
18.
黄土丘陵沟壑区森林土壤水文行为及其对河川径流的影响 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
通过比较瓦窖沟小流域林地、农田、撂荒地3种主要土地利用方式下的降雨入渗、产流特性及林区与非林区流域径流的季节变化,系统地分析了黄土高原林地水文行为及森林对河川径流的调节作用,主要表现为林地土壤高入渗率、低产流率和强烈的蒸腾耗水作用形成的土壤干层以及森林对河川径流季节分配的均化作用。土壤干层的出现使土壤水库对干旱调节功能丧失,影响林木的持续生长;还将削弱入渗降雨转化为地下水的比例,减少地下水资源的数量,使森林对流域枯季径流的补偿效应受到制约。森林均化径流分配的作用通过削减汛期径流和补充非汛期流水来实现。林区河川径流年内季节分配较非林区均匀,汛期削洪效能明显,并有效地补充了9～11月和3～5月的非汛期流水,补枯效果达4～10个百分点。 相似文献
19.
水土保持对小流域地表径流时间特征变化的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文用小流域平行对比观测法 ,分析了水土保持对小流域地表径流时间变化的影响 ,结果表明 :水土保持能减少年径流量 ,减少洪水次数 ,降低地表径流模数 ,增加流域蓄水量40 %～ 60 %。治理小流域能有效拦蓄汛期降水 ,增加非汛期常水流量 2 0 %以上 ;在拦蓄暴雨径流中能发挥较大的作用 ,蓄暴效益平均可达 60 %～ 70 %。 相似文献
20.
黄土高原休闲期深松后覆盖播种对旱地小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确旱地麦田休闲期深松、生育期覆盖对土壤水分的影响及其与产量构成因素的关系,探索旱地小麦增产增效的最佳蓄水保墒土壤管理技术,于2014-2016年在山西省闻喜县旱地麦田进行大田裂区试验,以休闲期深松和当地传统耕作（对照）为主区,以全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、常规条播三种播种方式为副区,研究休闲期深松、生育期覆盖播种对土壤水分和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：两试验年度休闲期深松耕作显著提高了播种期土壤蓄水量,0~300 cm土层较传统耕作多蓄水达24~33 mm;越冬-成熟期土壤蓄水量提高了12%~16%,休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高了18%~24%,降水生产效率提高了6%~11%,水分利用效率显著提高了15%~23%。2 a休闲期深松较对照小麦产量分别提高了12%~16%、18%~24%。休闲期深松条件下两种覆盖播种模式较常规条播产量显著提高了9%~13%、8%~21%;对照条件下,产量分别提高了6%~13%、12%~19%。2 a膜际条播较全膜覆土穴播产量分别提高了3%~7%、6%~12%,降水生产利用效率和水分利用效率均以膜际条播最高。年份对产量和穗数有极显著影响,休闲期深松效果大于播种方式效果。此外,本试验条件下,穗数的形成与越冬期上层土壤水分、拔节期中层土壤水分、孕穗期深层土壤水分相关性极显著。产量的形成与越冬期上层、拔节期上层和中层、孕穗期和开花期深层水分相关性极显著。休闲期深松可实现蓄水增产,土壤蓄墒每增加1 mm,2 a休闲期增墒增产量分别达26 kg·hm-2、46 kg·hm-2,且结合膜际条播蓄水对产量的贡献最高。总之,休闲期采用深松、生育期采用覆盖,均有利于提高花前土壤水分,增产主要通过提高穗数来实现,且降水少的年份增产效果明显。因此,休闲期深松结合生育期膜际条播处理是兼顾高产蓄水高效的耕作栽培方式。 相似文献