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Sulcotrione soil persistence in spring maize ( Zea mays L.) crops grown on a sandy loam soil was greater at pH 5·5 and 6·0 (soil half-life T 1/2 ≈58 days) than at pH 7·1 ( T 1/2 = 44 days). Sulcotrione was also applied as recommended on a summer maize crop at the five- to six-leaf growth stage, grown on a sandy loam soil. Sulcotrione soil half-life was 44 days, and the herbicide remained mainly in the 0- to 5-cm surface soil layer during the cropping period, in spite of the high water solubility and the heavy rains at the end of August; lower sulcotrione concentrations (10–18% of the total during the 2-month period after sulcotrione application) were detected in the 5- to 10-cm surface soil layer. The herbicide was applied pre-emergence to winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) at four sites that differed in their soil texture and composition: loamy sand, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. Persistence was greater in the soils containing more organic matter. In soils having similar organic matter contents, persistence was lower in the soil containing more sand relative to loam and clay. During the winter crops, sulcotrione moved down to the 10- to 15-cm soil layer, in spite of the fact that the rains were lower in winter than in summer. Sulcotrione most generally was not detected in the 15–20 cm soil layer of the maize and winter wheat crops. 相似文献
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干旱、盐胁迫条件下两种盐生植物生物量分配对策的研究 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
以2种一年生盐生草本植物钠猪毛菜、盐生草为试验对象,研究干旱和盐分胁迫对2种盐生植物生长和生物量分配的影响。结果表明:不同程度干旱和盐分胁迫显著影响了2种盐生植物的生长、生物量积累和生物量的分割。生长分析表明:2种盐生植物在生长率、根冠比、叶面积比方面皆存在明显可塑性,且根冠比、叶面积比的变化均受到个体发育漂变的影响;在整个营养生长期的不同处理组中,根冠比、叶面积比总体上呈逐渐降低趋势。不同干旱胁迫处理下2种盐生植物的根冠比和叶面积比的变化与最优理论和模型的预测相一致;随干旱胁迫的加重,根冠比增大而叶面积比减小。但在盐分胁迫条件下,2种盐生植物并未出现基于最优分配理论来调节生物量分配模式,且2种盐生植物根冠比和叶面积比的响应表现出明显的种间差异。此外,不同处理组间植物生物量分配特征(根冠比、叶面积比)的差异,往往只存在于生活史的某一时期,在整个营养生长期间,并不自始至终保持一致。 相似文献
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土壤水分胁迫对柽柳体内膜保护酶及膜脂过氧化的影响 总被引：58，自引：4，他引：54
甘蒙柽柳（Tamarix austrmongolica Nakai)、多枝柽柳（T.ramosissima Ledeb.)、中国柽柳（T.chinensis Lour.)、短穗柽柳（T.Laxa Wild.)、刚毛柽柳（T.hispida Wild.)、密花柽柳（T.arceuthoides Beg.)、甘肃柽柳（T.gansuensis H.Z.Zhang.)和短毛柽柳（T.karelinii Bge.)在土壤水分胁迫条件下，膜保护酶超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性在整个干旱处理过程中先上升而后下降，8种柽柳SOD、POD活性达最高的处理时间种间存在差异。膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量在干旱处理中没有持续增加，其变化呈双峰型。 相似文献
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Ecological restoration by Tamarix plants on semi-arid saline lands affects the accumulation, distribution patterns and related mechanisms of soil water content and salinity. In this study, spatio-temporal variations of soil water content and salinity around natural individual Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. were invetigated in a semi-arid saline region of the upper Yellow River, Northwest China. Specifically, soil water content, electrical conductivity(EC_e), sodium adsorption ratio(SAR_e), and salt ions(including Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and SO_4~(2–)) were measured at different soil depths and at different distances from the trunk of T. ramosissima in May, July, and September 2016. The soil water content at the 20–80 cm depth was significantly lower in July and September than in May, indicating that T. ramosissima plants absorb a large amount of water through the roots during the growing period, leading to the decreasing of soil water content in the deep soil layer. At the 0–20 cm depth, there was a salt island effect around individual T. ramosissima, and the EC_e differed significantly inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in May and July. Salt bioaccumulation and stemflow were two major contributing factors to this difference. The SAR_e at the 0–20 cm depth was significantly different inside and outside the canopy of T. ramosissima in the three sampling months. The values of SAR_e at the 60–80 cm depth in May and July were significantly higher than those at the 0–60 cm depth and higher than that at the corresponding depth in September. The distribution of Na~+ in the soil was similar to that of the SAR_e, while the concentrations of K~+, Ca~(2+), and Mg~(2+) showed significant differences among the sampling months and soil depths. Both season and soil depth had highly significant effects on soil water content, EC_e and SAR_e, whereas distance from the trunk of T. ramosissima only significantly affected EC_e. Based on these results, we recommend co-planting of shallow-rooted salt-tolerant species near the Tamarix plants and avoiding planting herbaceous plants inside the canopy of T. ramosissima for afforestation in this semi-arid saline region. The results of this study may provide a reference for appropriate restoration in the semi-arid saline regions of the upper Yellow River. 相似文献
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4种盐生植物生长对土壤石油污染的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探讨4种新疆盐生植物在石油污染土壤上的生长适应性及修复效果,设置了5种不同浓度的石油污染处理,对4种供试盐生植物的株高、鲜重、根冠比及土壤中总石油烃含量进行了观测。结果表明：① 当土壤石油污染浓度为0.5%时,对4种供试植物的生长均有一定的促进作用,其生长指标均大于空白对照组,但差异不显著。② 随着污染物浓度的增大,4种供试植物的生长也受到了显著的抑制作用。其中,盐角草与野榆钱菠菜幼苗在生长过程中,当土壤石油污染浓度分别为1.5%和2%时,出现叶片枯黄死亡现象,其生长期只能维持20 d左右。③ 经过120 d的修复,4种供试植物对土壤中石油烃类污染物都有一定的修复作用,其总石油烃降解率为：鞑靼滨藜﹥盐地碱蓬﹥野榆钱菠菜﹥盐角草。④ 与其他2种植物相比,鞑靼滨藜和盐地碱蓬具有较大的石油污染耐受性和修复效果,表明其具有修复石油污染土壤的应用潜力。 相似文献
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Water is a restrictive factor for plant growth and ecosystem stability in arid and semiarid areas. The dynamics of water availability in soils and water use by plants are consequently critical to ecosystem functions, e.g. maintaining a high resistance to the changing climate. Plant water use strategies, including water-use efficiency(WUE) and the main water source that a plant species utilizes, play an important role in the evaluation of stability and sustainability of a plantation. The water use strategies of desert plants(Tamarix chinensis, Alhagi sparsifolia, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Sophora alopecuroides, Bassia dasyphylla and Nitraria sphaerocarpa) in three different habitats(saline land, sandy land and Gobi) in Dunhuang(located in the typical arid area of northwestern China) were studied. The stable isotope of oxygen was used to determine the main water source and leaf carbon isotope discrimination was used to estimate the long-term WUE of plant species in the summer of 2010. The results suggest that: 1) the studied desert plants took up soil water below the depth of 80 cm; 2) T. chinensis in the three habitats used deeper soil water and T. chinensis in the Gobi site had higher WUE than those in the saline land and the sandy land. The results indicated that desert plants in Dunhuang depended on stable water source and maintained high WUE to survive in water limited environments. 相似文献
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Inès Slama Rawya M’Rabet Riadh Ksouri Ons Talbi Ahmed Debez Chedly Abdelly 《Arid Land Research and Management》2017,31(4):404-417
Changes in growth, leaf contents of proline, oxidative stress-related parameters, and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities were investigated in the halophyte species Sesuvium portulacastrum L. under saline conditions. Rooted cuttings were individually cultivated in sandy soil. After five weeks of pre-treatment, seedlings were submitted during one month to different salt concentrations ranging from 0 to 800?mM NaCl. The plant growth was significantly improved by salt at 200–600?mM concentration. This trend was associated with (i) the stimulation of photosynthetic activity, (ii) the protection of membrane integrity (leaf MDA content 50% lower than the control), and (iii) higher total antioxidant activity, especially at 400?mM NaCl. At this salt concentration plants accumulated high contents of proline, polyphenols, antocyanins, and carotenoids. These compounds could be implied in the protection of the photosynthetic system and in the improvement of growth. Exposure to 800?mM NaCl impaired significantly photosynthesis, proline, polyphenol, antocyanin, and carotenoid accumulation. Yet, the strong antiradical activity (DPPH) observed at this extreme salinity might partly explain the plant survival. S. portulacastrum could be used in the rehabilitation and the stabilisation of saline or saline arid land. Additionally, under saline conditions, S. portulacastrum accumulate a large amount of proline and exhibits important antioxidant potentialities. 相似文献
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新疆三种类型盐生植物矿质元素含量的特点比较 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
通过比较生长在新疆极端干旱区的三种生态类型的盐生植物 ,即积盐植物 (以盐爪爪为代表 )、泌盐植物(以柽柳为代表 )和避盐植物 (以芦苇为代表 )地上部元素含量特点 ,发现盐爪爪属于Na>K >Ca >Mg型SO2 -4-Cl-盐生植物 ,柽柳属于Ca>Mg >Na>K型Cl--SO2 -4盐生植物 ,芦苇属于Ca >Na >K >Mg型的Cl--SO2 -4型盐生植物。Na、K、Cl-含量以盐爪爪 >柽柳 >芦苇 ,SO2 -4含量以芦苇 >柽柳 >盐爪爪 ,Mg2 + 含量柽柳 >盐爪爪 >芦苇 ,Ca含量为柽柳 >芦苇 >盐爪爪。这三种盐生植物体内元素含量特点与其生长的土壤盐分类型相反 相似文献
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应用重要值计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、优势度指数,对艾比湖流域植被分布及物种多样性进行分析。结果表明：① 研究区域内可划分出10个群落,其中多枝柽柳群落(Form.Tamarix ramosissima)分布最为广泛。② 湖岸植被表现出明显的带状分布特点,并且群落物种多样性随地势发生变化,地势高的地方,物种多样性较高,均匀度较好。③ 在南北断面内,影响植物生长的主要因素为土壤含盐量。随着土壤盐分的增加,物种种类趋向单一,群落结构趋向简单。相反物种多样性随着土壤盐分的减少而增大。④ 受风况和土壤含盐量的影响,南北断面植被组成差异较大,且在近湖岸范围内,南断面植物群落物种多样性和植物生长状态明显优于北断面。 相似文献
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Although glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is one of the most frequently used herbicides, few controlled transport experiments in undisturbed soils have been carried out to date. The aim of this work was to study the influence of the sorption coefficient, soil‐glyphosate contact time, pH, phosphorus concentration and colloid‐facilitated transport on the transport of [14C]glyphosate in undisturbed top‐soil columns (20 cm height × 20 cm diameter) of a sandy loam soil and a sandy soil. Batch sorption experiments showed strong Freundlich‐type sorption to both soil materials. The mobility of glyphosate in the soil columns was strongly governed by macropore flow. Consequently, amounts of glyphosate leached from the macroporous sandy loam soil were 50–150 times larger than from the sandy soil. Leaching rates from the sandy soil were not affected by soil‐glyphosate contact time, whereas a contact time of 96 h strongly reduced the leaching rates from the sandy loam soil. The role of pH and phosphorus concentration in solution was relatively unimportant with respect to total glyphosate leaching. The contribution of colloid‐facilitated transport was <1 to 27% for the sandy loam and <1 to 52% for the sandy soil, depending on soil treatment. The risk for glyphosate leaching from the top‐soils seems to be limited to conditions where pronounced macropore flow occurs shortly after application. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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近百年来罗布泊最后干涸时间的评述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
罗布泊的干涸是中亚干旱地区环境变化的一个重要事件,现有研究对1921年覆水以来最后一次干涸发生的时间存在广泛争议。通过相关概念的明确和研究对象时空范围的限定,基于文献对比分析和遥感图像的重新判读,逐一分析了现有研究成果的异同;并分析了1930年代以来湖面的盈亏情况以及补给水源的变化过程。结果表明：罗布泊最后一次覆水于1962年,干涸可能发生在该年冬季,最迟不晚于次年夏季;在极度干旱的气候背景下,20世纪30年代以来的湖水存在剧烈的盈亏变化;而农业耗水规模的扩大和筑坝拦水,直接促成了最后一次干涸的发生。 相似文献
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以河套灌区不同利用类型土地为研究对象,旨在探究耕地、荒地、沙地土壤水分变异及土壤积盐特征与盐分离子对土壤积盐量的影响。结果表明：耕地、荒地、沙地土壤水分分布不均,含水率变异系数随土层深度加深而减小,沙地表层变异性较大,变异系数为104.5%;耕地积盐主要集中在春季和秋季收获期,春汇后土壤脱盐约2.1 t·hm-2,灌水间歇期毛管作用下土壤积盐约0.76 t·hm-2;荒地70%盐分聚积在表层,春汇后最多可积聚39.85 t·hm-2;耕地积盐量与荒地积盐量呈显著负相关关系,与沙地积盐量呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.249、0.712;HCO-3、Na+在耕、荒地间随水移动性较强,耕、沙地间SO2-4、Mg2+随水移动性较强。主成分分析表明影响耕地积盐量主要是SO2-4和Cl-,影响荒地和沙地积盐量主要是Na+和Cl-。采用逐步回归分析方法建立耕、荒、沙地1.2 m深土壤积盐回归预测模型。 相似文献
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以盐生植物盐地碱蓬为试验材料,以NaCl模拟不同盐度环境,采用盆栽试验方法研究了不同盐度施氮水平下,盐地碱蓬幼苗生长及光合色素含量的变化。结果表明：① 轻度、中度及重度盐环境下施适量氮（0.3 g·kg-1、0.6 g·kg-1、1.2 g·kg-1）可以促进盐生植物盐地碱蓬幼苗的生长,在高盐高氮条件下,施氮对盐地碱蓬幼苗生长的影响与盐度有关;② 不同盐度环境下施氮所能达到的最高干物质产量及最高施氮限量也不同,表现为轻度盐环境（含NaCl 2.5 g·kg-1）＞中度盐环境（含NaCl 5 g·kg-1）＞重度盐环境（含NaCl 7.5 g·kg-1）,随着施氮量的增加氮素生产力均表现出下降的趋势;③ 同一施氮水平下,随着盐度的增加盐地碱蓬幼苗叶片渗透势显著下降,并且同一盐度环境下,随着施氮量的增加叶片渗透势也呈现出下降趋势,渗透调节能力增大;④ 3个盐度环境下,施氮均可增加盐地碱蓬幼苗叶片光合色素含量,从而提高光合效率,增强幼苗对盐渍环境的适应能力。 相似文献
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Tamarix taklamakanensis,a dominant species in the Taklimakan Desert of China,plays a crucial role in stabilizing sand dunes and maintaining regional ecosystem stability.This study aimed to determine the water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert under a falling groundwater depth.Four typical T.taklamakanensis nabkha habitats(sandy desert of Tazhong site,saline desert-alluvial plain of Qiemo site,desert-oasis ecotone of Qira site and desert-oasis ecotone of Aral site)were selected with different climate,soil,groundwater and plant cover conditions.Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen were measured for plant xylem water,soil water(soil depths within 0–500 cm),snowmelt water and groundwater in the different habitats.Four potential water sources for T.taklamakanensis,defined as shallow,middle and deep soil water,as well as groundwater,were investigated using a Bayesian isotope mixing model.It was found that groundwater in the Taklimakan Desert was not completely recharged by precipitation,but through the river runoff from snowmelt water in the nearby mountain ranges.The surface soil water content was quickly depleted by strong evaporation,groundwater depth was relatively shallow and the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively low,thus T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the middle(23%±1%)and deep(31%±5%)soil water and groundwater(36%±2%)within the sandy desert habitat.T.taklamakanensis mainly used the deep soil water(55%±4%)and a small amount of groundwater(25%±2%)within the saline desert-alluvial plain habitat,where the soil water content was relatively high and the groundwater depth was shallow.In contrast,within the desert-oasis ecotone in the Qira and Aral sites,T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the deep soil water(35%±1%and 38%±2%,respectively)and may also use groundwater because the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively high in these habitats and the soil water content was relatively low,which is associated with the reduced groundwater depth due to excessive water resource exploitation and utilization by surrounding cities.Consequently,T.taklamakanensis showed distinct water use strategies among the different habitats and primarily depended on the relatively stable water sources(deep soil water and groundwater),reflecting its adaptations to the different habitats in the arid desert environment.These findings improve our understanding on determining the water sources and water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert. 相似文献
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为了研究樟子松人工固沙林林分密度对土壤理化特性的影响,在章古台地区选取林分密度分别为625（P1）、775（P2）、1 025（P3）、1 175（P4）株·hm-2和1 250（P5）株·hm-2的樟子松中龄林（林龄为23~27 a）为研究对象,对0~100 cm深度的樟子松林地土壤按0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm进行分层,分析其理化特性。结果表明：0~10 cm土层全氮和20~40 cm土层土壤容重随密度增加呈上升趋势,P5显著高于P1（P <
0.05）;0~80 cm土层全钾和0~60 cm土层pH随密度增加先升高后降低,P3最高,且P3样地全钾在10~60 cm土层显著高于P1（P < 0.05）;pH在0~40 cm土层显著高于其他样地（P <
0.05）;0~10 cm土层全磷随密度增加而减小,P1显著高于P3~P5（P < 0.05）;P4或P5样地有效钾在0~40 cm土层显著高于P1、P2样地（P < 0.05）,在40~100
cm土层显著高于P3样地（P < 0.05）;P2~P4样地的土壤孔隙度在40~100 cm土层低于P1和P5样地。综合考虑林分密度对樟子松中龄林土壤理化特性的影响,章古台地区樟子松林的合理林分密度为1 025~1 175株·hm-2,可采取间伐等营林管理措施调节林分密度,确保樟子松固沙林生长具有良好的土壤条件。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Heterodera schachtii-suppressive soil at a rate of either 1 or 10% (dry wt/wt) transferred suppressiveness against the beet cyst nematode to fumigated field plots when mixed into the upper 10-cm soil layer. Soil suppressiveness was established after 1 month of moist fallow and 77 days of Swiss chard cropping in the 10% transfer treatment and after 230 days in the 1% transfer treatment. The number of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. schachtii, monitored initially at 150 degree-day intervals and later at 300 degree-day intervals, indicated the status of suppressiveness in the different treatments during the cropping period. In a greenhouse experiment, amending fumigated field soil with 0.1, 1.0, or 10% suppressive soil, suppressed multiplication of H. schachtii when soils were infested with an additional 5,000 J2. In a second greenhouse experiment, a fumigated sandy loam amended with 10 or 25% suppressive soil and a fumigated loam amended with 25% suppressive soil had significantly fewer eggs per cyst than the nonamended fumigated treatments when 1,000 J2 were added. 相似文献
19.
樟子松固沙林土壤理化特性对林分密度的响应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了研究樟子松人工固沙林林分密度对土壤理化特性的影响,在章古台地区选取林分密度分别为625(P1)、775(P2)、1 025(P3)、1 175(P4)株·hm^-2和1 250(P5)株·hm^-2的樟子松中龄林(林龄为23~27 a)为研究对象,对0~100 cm深度的樟子松林地土壤按0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80、80~100 cm进行分层,分析其理化特性。结果表明:0~10 cm土层全氮和20~40 cm土层土壤容重随密度增加呈上升趋势,P5显著高于P1(P <0. 05);0~80 cm土层全钾和0~60 cm土层pH随密度增加先升高后降低,P3最高,且P3样地全钾在10~60 cm土层显著高于P1(P <0. 05);pH在0~40 cm土层显著高于其他样地(P <0. 05);0~10 cm土层全磷随密度增加而减小,P1显著高于P3~P5(P <0. 05);P4或P5样地有效钾在0~40 cm土层显著高于P1、P2样地(P <0. 05),在40~100 cm土层显著高于P3样地(P <0. 05);P2~P4样地的土壤孔隙度在40~100 cm土层低于P1和P5样地。综合考虑林分密度对樟子松中龄林土壤理化特性的影响,章古台地区樟子松林的合理林分密度为1 025~1 175株·hm^-2,可采取间伐等营林管理措施调节林分密度,确保樟子松固沙林生长具有良好的土壤条件。 相似文献