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1.
太湖地区直播稻田氮素渗漏损失试验研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
在太湖流域丹阳地区,通过田间试验研究了旱直播稻田氮素的渗漏损失特征。结果表明,在当地正常的水肥管理模式下,旱直播稻田氮素的渗漏主要发生在水稻生长前期,施入的基肥不易迅速水解,部分仍滞留在表层土壤,灌溉或强降水时增大了氮素渗漏流失的风险。稻田40 cm深度土壤硝态氮和铵态氮浓度平均值分别为5.79和0.49 mg/L,硝态氮浓度最大值出现在苗肥施入后的第7 d,达到21.8 mg/L。以土壤深度40 cm为界面计算的氮素渗漏通量表明,铵态氮和硝态氮在整个稻季的平均渗漏量为N 3.8和28.4 kg/hm2,氮素渗漏的形式主要为硝态氮。直播水稻萌芽至幼苗期对氮素的吸收量少,应适当减少前期基肥或苗肥的施用量,充分利用基肥与苗肥的叠加效应,减少前期氮素渗漏流失。 相似文献
2.
以田间试验为基础,对所建立的简化土壤水氮联合运移模型进行了验证。将条件模拟方法所得到的表层土壤饱和导水率(Ks)的随机场与该联合模型相结合,随机地模拟了冬小麦地1999年3月15日至6月10日这一时段的硝酸盐淋失情况。在总来水量为353.8 mm、施N量为86.25 kg hm-2的情况下,2 m土体硝酸盐淋失量最小值为N 15.04 kg hm-2,最大值为N 26.04 kg hm-2,分别占此段施肥量的17.4%和30.2%。以传统方法(Ks平均值)所得到硝酸盐淋失量作为对照,发现硝酸盐淋失量超过该值且概率大于70%的面积约占到田块总面积的20%左右。说明由于田间空间变异的作用,造成了硝酸盐淋失的巨大差异,故不能用传统的方法来代替,因为这样做就掩盖了地下水可能造成硝酸盐污染的风险性。 相似文献
3.
基于三维Copula函数的滴灌硝态氮淋失风险评估方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
硝态氮淋失是滴灌系统设计和运行管理需要考虑的重要因素。该研究构建了滴灌条件下的水氮运移模型,利用HYDRUS-2D软件进行了求解,模拟分析了田间尺度砂壤土饱和导水率和初始含水率空间变异对NO3--N淋失率的影响,并利用三维Gumbel-Hougaard Copula函数构建了土壤饱和导水率、初始含水率和NO3--N淋失率的联合分布函数,分析了给定土壤饱和导水率和初始含水率条件下NO3--N淋失率超过某一阈值的条件概率。结果表明,NO3--N淋失率概率密度函数可用指数函数表示;土壤饱和导水率和初始含水率的空间变异会明显增加NO3--N淋失风险;NO3--N淋失率超过给定阈值（6.4%,均质土壤条件下的NO3--N淋失率）的条件概率基本随土壤饱和导水率和初始含水率的增大而增大。构建田间尺度土壤特性参数（如饱和导水率、初始含水率等）与NO3--N淋失率的联合分布函数为研究多变量空间变异条件下NO3--N淋失风险评估提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
A stochastic-empirical approach to modelling nitrate leaching 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abstract. Techniques for determining the probability density function (pdf) of travel times of solute molecules through a defined volume of soil, following a pulse or step-change input to the soil surface, are described. A stochastic transfer function model (TFM) based on the pdf of nitrate travel times works satisfactorily when the nitrate originates from a pulse input of soluble fertilizer to the soil surface. However, a TFM based on the pdf of a surface-applied tracer, such as chloride or tritiated water, is less satisfactory for simulating the leaching of indigenous soil nitrate. The main problems seem to be the difficulty of estimating mean nitrate concentrations because of the spatial variability of nitrate in field soils, accounting for denitrification during leaching, and the uncertain reproducibility of the soil's transport characteristics, as embodied in its operationally defined fractional transport volume, θ st , Nevertheless, for many practical applications, a simplified empirical model which treats the soil's transport volume as a well mixed reactor of average initial concentration C, can provide satisfactory predictions of the quantity of nitrogen leached over extended periods. Irrespective of which model is used, a comprehensive treatment of nitrate leaching, particularly for soil generated nitrate, requires a detailed knowledge of transfers of labile nitrogen within the transport volume, and across its boundaries other than those monitored at the input and output surfaces. 相似文献
5.
亚热带红壤丘陵典型区土壤全氮的空间变异特征 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：18
在GIS支持下,运用地统计学方法分析了耕层土壤全氮的空间变异特征,并在此基础上利用Kriging插值方法绘制了土壤全氮的空间分布图。结果表明,在步长间隔60 m下,土壤全氮具有较强的空间相关性,其相关距离为208 m。在NE30°、NE120°两个方向上具有典型的几何异向性结构特点;在NE60°、NE150°两个方向上具有典型的带状异向性结构特点。Kriging插值结果表明,研究区土壤全氮的空间分布表现为条带状和斑块状分布。土壤全氮高值斑块区的分布与地势相对低洼的地形部位相吻合。地形是影响土壤全氮空间变化的主要因素。 相似文献
6.
应用土壤质地预测干旱区葡萄园土壤饱和导水率空间分布 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
田间表层土壤饱和导水率的空间变异性是影响灌溉水分入渗和土壤水分再分布的主要因素之一,研究土壤饱和导水率的空间变化规律,有助于定量估计土壤水分的空间分布和设计农田的精准灌溉管理制度。为了探究应用其他土壤性质如质地、容重、有机质预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的可行性,试验在7.6 hm2的葡萄园内,采用均匀网格25 m×25 m与随机取样相结合的方式,测定了表层(0～10 cm)土壤饱和导水率、粘粒、粉粒、砂粒、容重和有机质含量,借助经典统计学和地统计学,分析了表层土壤饱和导水率的空间分布规律、与土壤属性的空间相关性,并对普通克里格法、回归法和回归克里格法预测土壤饱和导水率空间分布的结果进行了对比。结果表明:1)土壤饱和导水率具有较强的变异性,平均值为1.64 cm/d,变异系数为1.17;2)表层土壤饱和导水率60%的空间变化是由随机性或小于取样尺度的空间变异造成;3)土壤饱和导水率与粘粒、粉粒、砂粒和有机质含量具有一定空间相关性,而与土壤容重几乎没有空间相关性;4)在中值区以土壤属性辅助的回归克里格法对土壤饱和导水率的预测精度较好,在低值和高值区其与普通克里格法表现类似。研究结果将为更好地描述土壤饱和导水率空间变异结构及更准确地预测其空间分布提供参考。 相似文献
7.
Heterogeneity of Nitrate Contents in an Eroded Soil profile at the Beginning of Spring The aim of this study was to determine the variability of nitrate in a soil. Before the spring a homogeneous soil (1U from Loess, Alfisol) was sampled at 16 points in a 4 × 5 m grid. One soil probe was taken in 6 increments to a depth of 100 cm. The sum of nitrate-nitrogen in the depth increments covered a range from 99 to 166 kg NO3-N/ha, the mean was 123 ± 20 kg NO3-N/ha. On this basis the derived number of required cores was 9 probes. 相似文献
8.
One of the characteristics of soils located within the cores of stockpile storage mounds at opencast mine sites is their accumulation of ammonium-nitrogen. Two areas of restored land were constructed from soil stockpiled for 3 years; one consisted of mound-surface (‘aerobic zone’) soil, and the other of deeply buried (‘anaerobic zone’) soil. In that constructed from mound-surface soil, concentrations of both ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen remained fairly stable throughout the first 6 months of restoration at about 12–20 μg g?1, but in the site constructed from deeply buried soil, concentrations of ammonium-N decreased from an initial high of 160 to 14 μg N g?1 soil after 14 weeks, and increased again to 42 μg N g?1 soil by week 29. In contrast, concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen at the latter site increased from an initial 9 μg to a maximum recorded level of 77 μg N g?1 soil by week 14, before subsiding to 9 μg N g?1 soil by week 29. Nitrate was considered to have been lost from the restored soils by a combination of leaching and denitrification, as no vegetation was established at these sites. After a short-term stimulation following restoration, soil microbial biomass levels remained fairly constant, though soils (up to 3 years after restoration) were characterized by a very small ratio of biomass C: organic C. 相似文献
9.
pH is known to be a primary regulator of nutrient cycling in soil. Increasing soil acidity in agricultural systems has the potential to slow down N cycling and reduce N losses from leaching thereby enhancing sustainability and reducing pollution. We conducted a field experiment to investigate the impact of acidity on N leaching in arable and grassland agricultural systems. The results showed that nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in soil water were greater under arable than under grassland. Soil acidification significantly lowered NO3− concentrations in soil water over winter and spring under grassland, whilst in cereal plots a similar effect was only observed in spring. Our results suggest that soil acidification decreased nitrification causing an accumulation of NH4+ which was not subject to leaching. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in soil water were significantly greater under arable than grassland. Soil acidification lowered concentrations of DON in soil water, usually to a greater extent in grassland than in arable plots. It was concluded that it may be possible to use careful soil pH management as a tool to control NO3− leaching without compromising the quality of drainage water, and that this may be more effective on grassland than on arable crops. 相似文献
10.
稻米和土壤微量元素的空间变异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Consumption of rice is the main source of micronutrients to human in Asia. A paddy field with unknown anthropogenic contamination in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province, China was selected to characterize the spatial variability and distribution of micronutrients in rice grain and soil. A total of 96 paired soil and rice grain samples were collected at harvest. The micronutrients in the soil samples were extracted by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). The mean micronutrient concentrations in rice grain were 3.85 μg Cu g-1, 11.6 μg Fe g-1, 39.7 μg Mn g-1, and 26.0 μg Zn g-1. The mean concentrations were 2.54 μg g-1 for DTPA-Cu, 133.5 μg g-1 for DTPA-Fe, 30.6 μg g-1 for DTPA-Mn, and 0.84 μg g-1 for DTPA-Zn. Semivariograms showed that measured micronutrients in rice grain were moderately dependent, with a range distance of about 110 m. The concentrations of the DTPA-extractable micronutrients all displayed strong spatial dependency, with a range distance of about 60 m. There was some resemblance of spatial structure between soil pH and the grain Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. By analogy, similar spatial variation was observed between soil organic matter (SOM) and DTPA-extractable micronutrients in the soil. Kriging estimated maps of the attributes showed the spatial distributions of the variables in the field, which is beneficial for better understanding the spatial variation of micronutrients and for potentially refining agricultural management practices at a field scale. 相似文献
11.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1674-1687
Spatial variability in soil tests for essential plant nutrients influences how well producers accurately sample their fields for fertilization and compliance with environmental regulations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spatial variability on soil tests in a pasture system. Soil samples were collected from a 6‐ha and a manured 4‐ha pasture (study sites 1 and 2, respectively). Samples were analyzed for soil pH, organic matter, and plant‐available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Semivariance parameters from a geographical information system (GIS) were used to quantify spatial variability, and “R” computer program was used to optimize the number of soil subsamples sufficient to form a representative composite sample. Spatial variability was obtained in some of the soil properties, and approximately 22 soil subsamples were sufficient to form a representative composite sample in a pasture system. 相似文献
12.
Leaching of plant nutrients from vineyard soils Leaching of plant nutrients particularly of nitrate from vineyard, arable, and forest soils of the Middle-Mosel have been investigated over a two-year period. Nitrate concentration in the leachate of vineyards amounted to an average of 326 mg NO3/l and was about 10 to 20 times higher than the nitrate concentration in the leachate of arable and forest soils. According to the hydro-dynamic model assumptions on groundwater flow in the slates of the Rhenish Massif, the data obtained for the groundwater recharge (158-180 mm/year as gained in spring) and leaching of nitrate (144 kg N/ha/year) must be considered as minimum values. Hydrodynamic model assumptions suggest nitrate leaching rates of about 200 kg N/ha. Main reasons for the high leaching of nutrients are heavy fertilizer application and high mineralization rates in the vineyard soils favoured by relatively high soil temperatures and a high soil permeability. 相似文献
13.
S. Parry P. Renault J. Chad&#;uf C. Chenu & R. Lensi 《European Journal of Soil Science》2000,51(2):271-281
Existing mechanistic models of denitrification in clods of soil describe the anaerobic activity in the centres of the clods, but they neglect the role of particulate organic materials. We therefore studied the effect of particulate organic matter on denitrification in soil both under pasture and in arable cultivation. Clods were separated into two compartments: (i) particulate organic matter and adhering soil exceeding 200 μm (coated POM), and (ii) the matrix (the rest of the soil). Potential denitrification and production of CO2 were then estimated on coated POM, matrix and unfractionated soil. The quantity and the quality of coated POM were assessed individually in 100 clods from the pasture and 100 from the arable land. The rate of potential denitrification was similar in unfractionated soil from these treatments. However, it was 70 times greater in the coated POM than in the matrix from the arable soil. Production of CO2 was nine times greater in the coated POM than in the matrix from the pasture soil and 33 times greater in the arable soils. These observations were the basis for a mechanistic model of denitrification, taking into account contributions from coated POM and the matrix. Denitrification rates in a computerized representation of clods from both pasture and arable soil had approximately the same distribution as experimental data both in the matrix and coated POM contributions in the cropped soil and in the matrix alone in the pasture soil. Coated particulate organic matter can explain more than half of the denitrification and most of the variation in denitrification when it increases microbial activity sufficiently and the soil structure limits the supply of O2. 相似文献
14.
Abstract. Leaching losses of nitrate-nitrogen were measured from a set of eight hydrologically isolated plots on a clay loam soil over the period from September 1987 to February 1990. Variable drainflow recovery from the plots hampered accurate estimation of nitrate loading, but results suggest that, when inorganic nitrogen fertilizer is applied up to the recommended amount, there is little influence of the amount applied on the amount leached. We did, however, observe the following effects on nitrate leaching: leguminous green manure incorporated in autumn increased leaching of nitrate-nitrogen by 10–15 kg per hectare during the winter; autumn cultivation caused some increase in leaching compared with no cultivation in one year; some systematic variations in nitrate leaching occurred between years and between plots, but were unrelated to treatments.
From the results we conclude that green manuring does not provide sufficient nitrogen for organically grown crops on this soil but contributes significantly to nitrate leaching, and that growing spring cereals, with the land remaining in stubble as long as possible in autumn, may be the best strategy to minimize nitrate leaching. 相似文献
From the results we conclude that green manuring does not provide sufficient nitrogen for organically grown crops on this soil but contributes significantly to nitrate leaching, and that growing spring cereals, with the land remaining in stubble as long as possible in autumn, may be the best strategy to minimize nitrate leaching. 相似文献
15.
Nitrate leaching from short-rotation coppice 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the UK, short‐rotation coppice (SRC) is expected to become a significant source of ‘bio‐energy’ over the next few years. Thus, it is important to establish how nitrate leaching losses compare with conventional arable cropping, especially if SRC is grown in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. Nitrate leaching was measured using porous ceramic cups in each of the three phases in the lifespan of SRC, establishment, harvest and removal and was compared with conventional arable cropping. Nitrogen concentrations were increased in drainage water as soon as the crop cover was destroyed to plant the SRC (peak 70 mg L?1 nitrate‐N) and increased further (peak 134 mg L?1 nitrate‐N) on cultivation. Once the coppice crop was established, concentrations returned to a smaller level (average 18 mg L?1 nitrate‐N). Concentrations were not affected by the harvesting operation, and annual applications of nitrogen (40, 60 and 100 kg ha?1 N in the first, second and third years, respectively) had little effect. By contrast, concentrations in the arable rotation showed a regular pattern of increase in the autumn, and the average peak value over the 4 years was 54 mg L?1 nitrate‐N. When the SRC was ‘grubbed up’ and roots removed, the soil disturbance resulted in a flush of mineralization which, combined with a lack of crop cover, led to increased nitrate‐N in leachate (peak 67 mg L?1 nitrate‐N). In a normal life‐span of SRC (15–30 years), the relatively large nitrate losses on establishment and at final grubbing up would be offset by small losses during the productive harvest phase, especially when compared with results under the arable rotation. 相似文献
16.
采用室内土柱模拟的方法,研究河北省太行山片麻岩新成土中不同肥料、不同施氮量对硝态氮垂直运移的影响。结果表明,尿素、有机无机混合肥、氮磷复合肥中硝态氮淋失总量比值为1∶0.87∶0.94。中等施氮量下,有机无机复混肥可以降低氮素淋失。尿素硝态氮淋失率平均为29%,氮磷复合肥平均为27.8%,有机无机混合肥平均为23.7%。60 cm和90 cm处硝态氮淋失量比值为1∶1.03,差异不显著。淋溶结束后,有机无机混合肥在不同土层各处理中硝态氮含量最高,尿素硝态氮含量最低。 相似文献
17.
典型干旱荒漠绿洲区耕层土壤养分空间变异 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
[目的]对干旱荒漠绿洲区耕层土壤养分空间特征进行研究,为绿洲土地资源的合理开发利用,以及土壤施肥方案的科学制定提供理论依据。[方法]基于GIS与地统计学方法对新疆维吾尔自治区精河县耕层土壤养分空间变异特征及影响因素进行分析。[结果](1)研究区内有效磷的空间变异性较强(变异系数Cv为67.45%),速效钾的空间变异性最弱(Cv为40.76%)。(2)有机质、碱解氮和有效磷存在较强的空间自相关性,其空间变异主要由地形、土壤质地和土壤类型等结构性因素所引起;速效钾为中等程度的空间自相关性,其空间变异不仅受结构性因素的影响,还与随机因素(即施肥和种植结构)有关。(3)各土壤养分元素在绿洲内部具有较高含量的片状和斑块状分布,而在绿洲外缘,其含量相对较低,且呈大面积的片状分布。[结论]精河县耕层土壤养分总体呈现出有机肥含量缺乏,磷钾肥相对丰富的特点。 相似文献
18.
Abstract. Large nitrogen (N) inputs to outdoor pig farms in the UK can lead to high nitrate leaching losses and accumulation of surplus N in soil. We investigated the residual effects of three contrasting outdoor pig systems as compared to an arable control on nitrate leaching and soil N supply for subsequent spring cereal crops grown on a sandy loam soil during 1997/98 and 1998/99 harvest seasons. Previously, the pig systems had been stocked for 2 years from October 1995 and were designated current commercial practice (CCP, 25 sows ha?1 on stubble), improved management practice (IMP, 18 sows ha?1 on undersown stubble) and best management practice (BMP, 12 sows ha?1 on established grass). Estimated soil N surpluses by the end of stocking in September 1997 were 576, 398, 265 and 27 kg ha?1 N for the CCP, IMP, BMP and continuous arable control, respectively. Nitrate leaching losses in the first winter were 235, 198, 137 and 38 kg ha?1 N from the former CCP, IMP and BMP systems and the arable control, respectively. These losses from the former pig systems were equivalent to 41–52% of the estimated soil N surpluses. Leaching losses were much smaller in the second winter at 21, 14, 23 and 19 kg ha?1 N, respectively. Cultivation timing had no effect (P>0.05) on leaching losses in year 1, but cultivation in October compared with December increased nitrate leaching by a mean of 14 kg ha?1 N across all treatments in year 2. Leaching losses over the two winters were correlated (P<0.001) with autumn soil mineral N (SMN) contents. In both seasons, spring SMN, grain yields and N offtakes at harvest were similar (P>0.05) for the three previous pig systems and the arable control, and cultivation timing had no effect (P>0.05) on grain yields and crop N offtake. This systems study has shown that nitrate leaching losses during the first winter after outdoor pig farming can be large, with no residual available N benefits to following cereal crops unless that first winter is much drier than average. 相似文献
19.
县域农田土壤有机质空间变异及其影响因素分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
研究县域农田空间变异特征可以为培肥地力,增加作物产量提供指导。本文运用地统计学和 GIS相结合的方法,研究了四川省双流县土壤有机质的空间变异特征及其影响因素。结果表明： ①研究区域土壤有机质含量处于中等偏高水平,平均值为 29.72 g/kg,变异系数为 30.11%,属中等变异强度。②有机质变异函数的理论最佳模型为球状模型,块金值与基台值之比为12.67%,表明有机质含量具有强烈的空间相关性,空间相关距离为 91.10 km,普通Kriging插值表明土壤有机质含量呈现北部向东南部减少的趋势。③影响有机质空间变异的主要因素为土壤类型、地貌类型等结构性因子,而土地利用方式、施肥等随机性因子也对有机质空间变异产生重要影响,其中秸秆还田是有机质含量普遍升高的原因。 相似文献
20.
Agricultural nitrogen balance and water quality in the UK 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Abstract. Nutrient balance calculations have been advocated as indicators of the risk of nitrate loss from agricultural land. To explore this concept, a spatially distributed UK agricultural nitrogen balance was derived using annually updated statistics. The mean UK N surplus for 1995 was 115 kg N ha–1 , made up of 51 kg ha–1 for arable land, 140 kg ha–1 for agricultural grassland (excluding rough grazing) and an additional 14 kg N ha–1 for agricultural land from pig and poultry units. Nitrogen surpluses were greater in lowland grassland (mainly in western, wetter areas) than in arable areas. However nitrate concentrations in rivers were generally greater in arable areas. The relationship between N balance and nitrate leaching was very different for grassland and arable systems, and was also sensitive to climate, level of inputs and management practices. Nitrogen surplus was therefore weakly or even negatively correlated with river nitrate concentrations or loads. A positive correlation was found only where the comparison was restricted to grassland-dominated catchments. Nitrogen surplus calculations identified areas of very high livestock densities, which would be associated with increased risk of pollution. However their use in isolation as indicators of N leaching, or of progress towards mitigation, could be misleading especially if comparing areas differing in land use, climate or soil type. 相似文献