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1.
The prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in free-ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) was examined in the southeast region of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, using a rapid immunomigration (RIM) test kit. Between April 2007 and March 2010, we examined 108 raccoon dogs rescued and housed by the Kanazawa Zoological Garden. D. immitis infection was found in 8 (7.4%) raccoon dogs. This is the first report to reveal the prevalence of D. immitis infection in living raccoon dogs. The prevalence of the infection was lower than previously reported values obtained on postmortem examination. One reason might be that the present study included young raccoon dogs infected with immature worms. Significant high-risk areas of D. immitis infection in the raccoon dogs were not observed.  相似文献   

2.
Adult mosquito collections using New Jersey light traps and Black-hole light traps were conducted to determine the potential vectors and the relative mosquito infection rates of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces, Republic of Korea, 2005. Dirofilaria spp. were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific primers for D. immitis and D. repens. Minimum field infection rates (MFIR) [MFIR = (number infected pools/total number of mosquitoes) x 1000] of 12 pools/2059 total number mosquitoes (5.8) and 21 pools (10.1) of the wild caught mosquitoes were positive by PCR for D. immitis and D. repens, respectively. Dual infections of both D. immitis and D. repens were detected by PCR in eight pools (3.9). Anopheles sinensis sensu lato (includes An. sinensis s.s., An. pullus, An. kleini, An. belenrae, and An. lesteri), An. sineroides, Aedes vexans nipponi, Culex pipiens and Armigeres subalbatus were found to be infected and are potential vectors of D. immitis and D. repens in Korea. Infections observed in mosquitoes represent potential health risks for domestic animal and human populations.  相似文献   

3.
Argentina is one of the four South American countries where the presence of Dirofilaria immitis is currently confirmed. The objective of this study was to review information on dirofilariasis in the country, and to report our recent findings on mosquito vectors. Since the first report of dogs with unidentified microfilariae in 1926, D. immitis was found in seven provinces and canine prevalence ranged 0-71% at local scale. National prevalence was 8% by the end of the 1980s and current information is available only for Buenos Aires Province. Four pulmonary human infections of D. immitis and one subcutaneous of Dirofilaria sp. were documented. The common coati was the only wild host found, and natural infection in mosquitoes was not previously reported in the country. In our recent mosquito survey in Greater Buenos Aires, we captured and dissected 2380 mosquitoes belonging to 20 species. According to a minimum temperature of 14 degrees C, the potential transmission period (PTP) for D. immitis in Buenos Aires covers 6 months, and the most favourable period (mean temperature above 20 degrees C) takes place from the middle of November to the beginning of April. To identify potential vectors of the parasite, we assessed weekly abundances of mosquito species during those PTP estimated previously. We found two specimens of Culex pipiens and one of Aedes aegypti carrying non-infective stages of D. immitis. These two highly anthropophilic mosquitoes may enhance the role of D. immitis as zoonotic agent in temperate Argentina.  相似文献   

4.
The distribution of canine dirofilariosis in Southern Ticino (Switzerland) and in the neighbouring provinces of Varese and Como (Italy) was investigated. Blood samples were collected from 308 dogs which had remained in the local area and were outdoor-housed, older than 1.5 years and had not been treated previously with preventive or microfilaricidal drugs. Microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens were found in 33 (10.7%) and 17 (5.5%) dogs, respectively. Ten more dogs (3.2%) tested positive for circulating antigens. Four infected dogs lived in Southern Ticino: two harboured D. immitis, one D. repens and one had a mixed infection. In addition, 3887 mosquitoes were captured in five sample sites by means of dog-baited traps. Culex pipiens, Aedes geniculatus and Ae. vexans were the most abundant species. Infective stages of D. immitis were observed in local strains of Ae. geniculatus and Cx. pipiens, following engorgement on a microfilaraemic dog and the successive rearing in laboratory conditions. A chemo-prophylactic scheme in four administrations between July and October is recommended for Southern Switzerland.  相似文献   

5.
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection and to investigate the risk factors related to heartworm disease in dogs from Kayseri, Turkey. Blood samples were collected from 280 dogs from May 2005 to March 2006 and were examined by membrane filtration-acid phosphatase histochemical staining and antigen Elisa techniques to detect circulating microfilariae and antigens of D. immitis, respectively. Of the total of 280 dogs, 27 were positive for D. immitis with a prevalence value of 9.6%. In addition 29.6% of positive dogs determined to have occult D. immitis infections. D. immitis was the only canine filarial parasite present in the study area. The mean number of microfilariae in infected dogs was 4730+/-5479 per ml of blood. The highest heartworm prevalence were observed in 7-10 age group (28.6%) followed by 4-6 (17.1%) and 0.5-3 (4.8%) age groups. The differences between 0.5-3 and other age groups were found significant, whereas no statistically significant difference was observed between 4-6 and 7-10 age groups. The infection was more prevalent in males, larger breeds and the dogs not on prophylaxis. No statistically significant difference was observed between stray and owned dogs. Our results suggest that heartworm treatment and prophylaxis should be considered in Kayseri Province.  相似文献   

6.
A total of 280 dogs in Ankara and vicinity were examined from November 2000 through December 2001 by the PetChek antigen ELISA and polycarbonate filter-acid phosphatase histochemical staining techniques for Dirofilaria immitis infection. Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) infection was found in 26 dogs (9.3%), all of which were kept always outdoors and non prophylacted by their owners. The distribution of heartworm infected dogs was not uniform. Infection with D. immitis was correlated with differences in age and sex. But, no significant association was found.  相似文献   

7.
Hou H  Shen G  Wu W  Gong P  Liu Q  You J  Cai Y  Li J  Zhang X 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,183(1-2):189-193
The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and risk factors of Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs from Dandong, China. A total of 886 dogs were examined for D. immitis infection by microscopic examination and PCR, indicating that the prevalence was 16.6% (213/886) and 24.0% (147/886), respectively. The odds of infection were significantly higher in older dogs and dogs sheltered in outdoor, compared to the younger ones and ones sheltered in indoor. No significant difference of infection was observed in different genders, and between pure breed and cross-breed dogs in the same rearing conditions. These results indicated that the risk of exposure to D. immitis in dogs is high in Dandong, China, and prophylaxis against the parasite is advisable to decrease the incidence of canine dirofilariosis.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection among shelter cats. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 239 cats euthanatized at an animal shelter in southeastern Michigan. PROCEDURE: A gross necropsy focusing on the thoracic cavity, heart, lungs, and pulmonary vessels was performed within 5 hours after cats were euthanatized. Blood was collected directly from the heart of cats found to be infected and tested, using a filter test for microfilariae. Serum was tested for D immitis antigens by use of 2 antigen detection kits and for D immitis-specific antibodies by use of 2 antibody detection kits. RESULTS: Cats ranged from approximately 4 months to 15 years old. Adult D immitis were found in 6 (2.5%) cats. Blood could not be recovered from 1 of the cats with heartworm infection. For the 5 other cats, results of the filter test were negative, and results of both antigen and both antibody tests were positive. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that cats living in an urban area in the northern part of the United States have a low prevalence of adult D immitis infection. However, this is likely to be an underestimate of the true prevalence of infection, because no attempts were made to identify cats infected with larval or juvenile stages of D immitis.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis infection, and to examine the relationship between host factors (gender, age and breed) and D. immitis infection in dogs. The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. A total of 676 dogs were examined for D. immitis infection. Adult worms (necropsy) and blood samples were collected from all animals for diagnosis of D. immitis. Blood samples were examined using a modified Knott's and thick drop techniques. Fifty-six of 676 dogs were diagnosed infected with D. immitis. The odds of infection were 2.85 times higher in female dogs, compared to male dogs (OR = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.5-5.5, P = 0.01). In addition, the odds of infection were 2.11 times higher in > or =3 years old dogs, compared with younger dogs (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.1-4.2, P = 0.03). This information is important for a better understanding of the epidemiology of D. immitis in dogs in Yucatan, Mexico.  相似文献   

10.
A dog with chronic dirofilariasis (Dirofilaria immitis) was given 15 doses of 12 or 24 mg of levamisole/kg of body weight in 6 treatments within 96 days. Concentration of microfilariae in the blood was determined before and after treatment, and Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes were fed on the dog 1 to 5 days after each treatment and examined for D immitis larvae. Several adult worms were recovered from the dog 160 days after the end of the treatments.  相似文献   

11.
A study was conducted in Macon County, Alabama (east-central) during the mosquito breeding seasons of 1978 and 1979 to determine the potential vector(s) of Dirofilaria immitis. Live mosquitoes were collected with CO2-baited, miniature light traps, and small hand aspirators. These mosquitoes were subsequently dissected to determine whether immature stages of the heartworm were present. Specific communities were selected based on their having at least 4 known cases of D immitis infection present in the local dog population. All positive collections were made between the months of May and September. Of 326 Anopheles punctipennis females dissected, 34 were positive, and of 84 Aedes vexans 6 were positive for infective (L3) larvae. Of 520 Culex quinquefasciatus females tested, 14 contained 2nd-stage larvae only. Immature stages of D immitis were collected during most of the mosquito breeding season. Data collected during the survey indicate that An punctipennis and to a lesser extent, Ae vexans are probably the principal vectors of D immitis in Macon County, Ala.  相似文献   

12.
Heart, lung and samples of blood from 230 dogs were examined for infections of filarial parasites. Dirofilaria immitis worms and microfilariae were detected in one dog. Blood samples from a further 1428 dogs were examined for microfilariae and 22 were found to be infected. Eighteen dogs were infected with D immitis microfilariae and four with Dipetolonema reconditum microfilariae. The histories were available for 18 of the dogs infected with heartworm and only seven dogs had not travelled outside South Australia. It was concluded that heartworm infection was endemic in South Australia but the apparent prevalence was only about 1%.  相似文献   

13.
Using antigen capture and filter tests, 6,078 dogs throughout the state of Washington were examined for filariasis between July 1, 1997 and October 31, 1999. In western Washington, 791 males and 901 females examined were outdoors, not on prophylaxis, and had traveled out of the state; 6/791 (0.8%) males and 7/901 (0.8%) females were infected with Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis), and one (0.1%) male and one (0.1%) female were infected with Dipetalonema reconditum (D. reconditum). There were also 392 males and 362 females examined that were outdoors, not on prophylaxis, and had not traveled out of western Washington. One (0.1%) female was infected with D. immitis, and two (0.5%) males and one (0.2%) female were infected with D. reconditum. In eastern Washington, 707 males and 826 females examined were outdoors, not on prophylaxis, and had traveled out of the state; 9/707 (1.0%) males and 4/826 (0.5%) females were infected with D. immitis, and no D. reconditum was found. There were also 376 males and 412 females examined that were outdoors, not on prophylaxis, and had not traveled out of the state. Three (0.8%) males and three (0.7%) females had D. immitis. One (0.2%) female had D. reconditum. Distribution of D. immitis-infected, nontravel dogs in eastern Washington was only found between 120 degrees and 119 degrees west longitude in the communities of Richland, Moses Lake, Okanogan, and Omak. Enzootic transmission of D. immitis and D. reconditum is occurring in both eastern and western Washington.  相似文献   

14.
This study was carried out to investigate the potential vectors and relative mosquito infection rates of Dirofilaria immitis throughout two mosquito seasons (2008-2009) in Kayseri province where is located in Central Anatolian part of Turkey. For this aim, totally 1198 genomic DNA pools, extracted and grouped according to the species and collection site (1-17 specimens/pool) from 6153 mosquito specimens, were examined by PCR using species-specific primers for D. immitis. The captured mosquitoes from 46 focuses were survived under in vitro conditions for 7 days to allow the development of larval stages of D. immitis. DNA extraction was performed individually to both thorax-head and abdomens in order to determine infective and infected mosquito specimens, respectively. The most abundant mosquito species in the study area was determined as Ae. vexans (51.7%) and this was followed by Cx. pipiens (42.1%), Cx. theileri (3.1%), Cs. annulata (1.5%), An. maculipennis (1.0%) and Cx. hortensis (0.6%). The PCR results indicated that 9/312 and 12/312 pools from Ae. vexans abdomens and thorax-heads were positive for filarial DNAs, respectively where as 3/241 pools of each abdomens and thorax-heads from Cx. pipiens were positive for D. immitis DNAs. The minimum infection rates (MIRs) for Ae. vexans and Cx. pipiens were calculated as 0.41 and 0.12, respectively. Although D. immitis DNA's were found in both pools from Ae. vexans and Cx. pipiens, the calculated MIRs provide evidence that Ae. vexans could be the main potential vector of D. immitis in Kayseri.  相似文献   

15.
Clinical records of 6,977 dogs examined at the small animal clinic of the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine from January 1980 through December 1989 were analyzed to determine the prevalence and changing frequency of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum infection. Using the Knott's test on these dogs, 805 (11.54%) tested positive for microfilariae, with D immitis in 430 dogs (6.16%), and Dip reconditum in 375 dogs (5.37%). Statistical analysis confirmed that the prevalence of D immitis and that of Dip reconditum were essentially equal in the population of dogs included in this study. There was a slight decrease in the prevalence of D immitis over the 10 years examined, but the prevalence of Dip reconditum remained constant. The results were not affected by year-to-year variability in the number of examinations performed. On the basis of our findings, in eastern Tennessee, those veterinarians who diagnose heartworm infection by the presence of microfilariae without differentiating the species involved, risk misdiagnosing 50% of the cases. If the patterns of prevalence seen in recent years continue, the chances of error may actually increase.  相似文献   

16.
Blood samples from 331 greyhounds in the Hunter Valley and nearby coastal areas of New South Wales were examined for microfilariae using a filtration technique. Species were identified by histochemical staining; 10.9% of the greyhounds were infected with Dirofilaria immitis and 3.6% with Dipetalonema reconditum. The prevalence of infection of both species was significantly greater in summer than in winter (p = less than 0.05). Infection with D. immitis was correlated with differences in age, sex, bodyweight and coat colour, and a reported lack of stamina and the presence of a cough. No significant association was found. Diethylcarbamazine citrate was used for prophylaxis in 8.8% of all the greyhounds examined.  相似文献   

17.
This study describes a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection and differentiation between Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in dog blood and mosquitoes. Regions of a cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) mitochondrial DNA fragment and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were amplified from microfilariae and adult worm samples, using a sensitive SsoFast? EvaGreen(?) based real-time PCR method coupled with melting-curve analysis. The limit of the real-time PCR in detecting microfilaria and adult worm DNA was also tested both in dog blood and in artificially infected microfilarial. Two peaks at different melting temperatures (T(m)) for D. immitis (mean ± SD=75.7 ± 0.3°C) and D. repens (mean ± SD=70 ± 0.7°C), respectively, were obtained for microfilarial and adult positive controls of both species when examined separately and together. The real-time PCR protocol was also efficient in detecting microfilarial and adult DNA of both species when tested in samples spiked with DNA from Aedes albopictus, in Aedes aegypti experimentally infected by D. repens and in Culex pipiens naturally infected by D. repens and D. immitis. The high sensitivity of real-time PCR confirmed its reliability in detecting small amounts of genomic DNA either in dog blood or mosquitoes (2.5 pg/μl and 3 × 10(-1)pg/μl for D. immitis and D. repens, respectively). This assay is proposed as a tool for the epidemiological surveillance of the two most important Dirofilaria species in areas where they are endemic and sympatric.  相似文献   

18.
Dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, or Borrelia burgdorferi may show nonspecific clinical signs or may be asymptomatic. In Brazil, E. canis and D. immitis infections are frequently diagnosed based on the presence of classical signs; however, serologic tests are seldom performed to confirm the presence of infection. To estimate the seroprevalence of these three canine diseases in Brazil, 2,553 dogs presented at veterinary practices for various tests, routine treatments, or examinations were evaluated by an in-office commercial ELISA test kit (SNAP 3Dx, IDEXX Laboratories). Each dog was examined by the veterinarian, and a whole-blood sample was collected and immediately tested for the simultaneous detection of B. burgdorferi and E. canis antibodies and D. immitis antigen. D. immitis infection was detected in 51 dogs (2.0%) and E. canis antibodies were present in 505 dogs 19.8%). Only one dog tested positive for B. burgdorferi antibodies.  相似文献   

19.
A total of 174 dogs from an area hyperenzootic for Dirofilaria immitis were grouped into 4 age categories and necropsied; information was obtained on adult D immitis infections and on the presence of microfilariae. Serum samples from these dogs were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody to adult D immitis and by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for antibody to microfilarial surface antigens. In dogs less than or equal to 5 months of age, necropsy demonstrated no evidence of infection; however, positive serologic results indicated that some of these dogs had prepatent infections. The percentage of dogs with ELISA titers (positive) increased with age, as did the percentage of dogs with adult D immitis infections. The IFAT results were positive in some dogs in each age category. Sera from all 29 dogs with occult infections were positive by ELISA. Sera from 6 of 20 dogs with occult dual-sex heartworm infections and 1 of 9 dogs with occult single-sex heartworm infections were positive by IFAT. For diagnosing occult dirofilariasis, the ELISA had a positive predictive value which increased with age of the dog to a maximum of 65.0% in dogs greater than or equal to 12 months of age; ELISA had a negative predictive value of 100% in all age groups. In contrast, positive and negative predictive values for the IFAT decreased with age of the dog to 60% and 37.5%, respectively, in dogs greater than or equal to 12 months of age.  相似文献   

20.
Cats are considered a susceptible host for Dirofilaria immitis; however, increased host resistance is reflected by relatively low adult worm burdens in natural and experimental infections; the prolonged prepatent period (8 months); the low level and short duration of microfilaremia; and the short life span of adult worms (2-3 years). From April to September 2006, 212 cats and 608 dogs, all exposed for at least one transmission season, were screened for D. immitis infection in a multi-center study in the Po River Valley in northern Italy. Cats were initially evaluated by antibody testing; positive subjects were followed up by antigen testing and echocardiography (and necropsy if death occurred). The prevalence in dogs was 29% by a modified Knott test and antigen testing compared with a prevalence of 4.7% in cats by an antibody test; six of these infections (2.8%) were confirmed by the follow-up evaluations. This field study demonstrated that the prevalence of heartworm infection in cats in this area is within the expected limits of 9-18% of the prevalence in dogs. Antibody testing likely underestimates the real prevalence of D. immitis infection in cats. These results also emphasize the importance of preventive treatment in cats.  相似文献   

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