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1.
The colonization and lignin decomposition of pine (Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora) needle litter by an endophytic fungus, Lophodermium pinastri, was examined with field observations, a field experiment and laboratory experiments. In pine needles collected from the field, needle mass per length and lignin content were lower in needle portions bearing Lophodermium fruiting bodies than in the remaining needle portions, whereas total carbohydrate content was not different between them. Total and live hyphal lengths were greater in needle portions bearing Lophodermium fruiting bodies than in the remaining needle portions. Lophodermium fruiting bodies were not formed on sterilized needles after a 6‐month incubation on the forest floor, whereas they formed on 20% of non‐sterilized needles, indicating that this fungus can only colonize live needles on the branch. In pure culture decomposition tests, mass loss of lignin was detected for several isolates of L. pinastri, but was variable among isolates and between the needles of two pine species. A comparison of the rDNA‐internal transcribed spacer sequences between L. pinastri isolates of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora indicated that the two groups were phylogenetically separated. This study is the first to show that L. pinastri has the ability to decompose lignin in dead pine needles. 相似文献
2.
3.
When pine trees are invaded by pine wilt diseases, the severely infected pine trees will die and fall down, or they will be
removed when found to be damaged by the disease. It gives rise to the invasion of other species in these empty niches originally
occupied by pine trees, i.e., competing surrounding trees or understory shrubs will invade the empty niches during the following
years. As a result, the spatial distribution and pattern of the main tree species in a pine forest will change, and a niche
variety in the main population will occur. In the end, the direction of the succession and restoration of the pine forest
ecosystem will be affected. In our study, a Pinus massoniana forest with the dominant shrub, Pleioblastus amarus, was invaded by pine wood nematode and was clear cut. Selecting this community as our research object, we studied the effect
of the invasion of the pine wood nematode on the growth of the dominant shrub, P. amarus, in this Pinus massoniana forest. Our results show that, after the attacked pine trees were removed, the niche was occupied by Pleioblastus amarus and other shrubs, which benefited the growth of P. amarus to its climax. Growth of P. amarus at the climax stage was greater compared with the unhealthy pine forest and the control group. 相似文献
4.
Y. Q. Hu X. C. Kong X. R. Wang T. K. Zhong X. W. Zhu M. M. Mota L. L. Ren S. Liu C. Ma 《Forest Pathology》2011,41(2):165-168
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, leads to serious losses to pine forestry around the world. Pinus massoniana, which is vulnerable to be attacked by the PWN, is the dominant species used in pine forestry in China. The objective of this study is to develop a direct PCR‐based method for detecting B. xylophilus in the wood of P. massoniana without a separate nematode extraction step. A simple procedure was first developed for isolating B. xylophilus DNA in 5 mg pine wood tissue samples harbouring PWN for detection by PCR amplification. A B. xylophilus‐specific amplicon of 403 bp (DQ855275) was generated by PCR from the infested wood tissue. The entire procedure can be completed within 5 h with one pair of primers. This assay can serve as a rapid, cheap and environmentally friendly method to detect B. xylophilus in samples of P. massoniana. 相似文献
5.
Six‐week‐old seedlings of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) were inoculated with sporidia of Cronartium strobilinum, which is the cause of southern cone rust disease, by wounding the apical tips of the seedlings. Pycnial sori developed abundantly within 1 month of inoculation on the epicotyl and primary needles. The progress of the pathogen was confirmed histologically within the cells of the stem and haustoria were observed near the nucleus of the cells. In the needles, pycnial pustules developed and the fungus was abundant in the mesophyll. 相似文献
6.
Z. Jánošíková ‐ Hečková E. Ondrušková M. Barta R. Ostrovský M. Kádasi‐Horáková K. Pastirčáková M. Kobza K. Adamčíková 《Forest Pathology》2018,48(3)
The occurrence and distribution of Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) were studied in 2014–2017 around Slovakia. A total of 84 localities, both native and planted, were investigated, and the presence of DNB was confirmed in 73 of them. In all positive locations, symptoms typical of DNB were observed and the Dothistroma species was confirmed using species‐specific primers either from fungal cultures or directly from needles. Both Dothistroma species—D. septosporum and D. pini—were identified. Both species occurred together in 29 locations, only D. septosporum in 42 and only D. pini in two locations. The host range of D. septosporum included 10 pine species and two spruce species. The host range of D. pini comprised the same number of pine hosts but only one spruce species. Five pine hosts, P. aristata, P. coulteri, P. densiflora, P. jeffreyi, P. × schwerinii, and one spruce host P. abies are new hosts species of D. pini. P. densiflora and Picea pungens have earlier been reported to be susceptible for DNB. In this study, D. septosporum was found from both tree species. 相似文献
7.
From January 2003 to June 2005, samples from 3416 batches of wooden packaging material were inspected for the presence of nematodes in the Ningbo Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, China. Bursaphelenchus spp. were detected in 202 batches from 25 different countries. The following species were identified on the basis of their morphology and their intergenic transcribed spacer‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (ITS‐RFLP) patterns: B. xylophilus, B. fungivorus, B. rainulfi, B. hylobianum, B. thailandae, B. mucronatus, B. aberrans, B. lini, B. singaporensis, B. doui, B. conicaudatus, B. vallesianus, B. pinasteri, B. hofmanni and B. arthuri. The most frequently found species were B. mucronatus (57 batches), B. xylophilus (40 batches), B. fungivorus (21 batches), B. rainulfi (19 batches) and B. thailandae (nine batches). The pine wood nematode B. xylophilus was not only found in packaging wood imported from areas where it is known to occur (i.e. The United States of America, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong and Taiwan), but also from countries considered to be free of this dangerous pest (i.e. Brazil, Thailand, Belgium, The Netherlands, Italy and Spain). The occurrence of B. xylophilus in packaging wood from countries regarded as being free of the nematode can most likely be explained by the global circulation of wooden packaging material among infested and non‐infested countries. Our findings emphasize the need to fully implement international standards on phytosanitary treatment of packaging wood, in order to prevent further spread of the pine wood nematode, and the need for careful re‐examination of the current heat treatment measures. 相似文献
8.
Francois S Malan 《Southern Forests》2015,77(4):269-276
This paper discusses family differences in the stiffness of young Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea wood and how these differences relate to differences in growth rate and altitude. Trees for measurement were obtained from three 5?year?old progeny trials established at three diverse sites on the estate of Komatiland Forests (Pty) Ltd. The trials included the following controls: P. elliottii, P. patula, P. taeda, P. patula×P. tecunumanii and P. tecunumanii. Diameter at breast height and sound velocity (which has a direct relationship with wood stiffness) were measured on all healthy trees. Virtually all of the species and hybrids exhibited marked decreases in growth rate and velocity (stiffness) with increasing altitude; the effect on velocity was most likely partly due to the inverse relationship that normally exists between wood density and altitude in most pines. Differences in growth rate explained only a small proportion of the total variation in velocity. The average sound velocities of P. patula, P. patula×P. tecunumanii and P. tecunumanii surpassed the velocity values of most of the P. elliottii×P. caribaea crosses at all three sites. Results of Spearman rank correlations of average treatment velocity between sites suggested only some similarity in the ranking orders among sites. The inverse effect of altitude on wood stiffness suggests that trees grown at increased altitudes are likely to yield wood with higher proportions of wood not meeting the minimum stiffness requirement for structural lumber at final harvest. The wood of some P. elliottii×P. caribaea crosses would be particularly vulnerable. Considering the large variation found, presumably largely genetic, there can be little doubt that a good opportunity exists for the development of genotypes more suitable for planting at higher altitudes. 相似文献
9.
Seiichi Kanetani Mitsuteru Akiba Katsunori Nakamura Koichiro Gyokusen Akira Saito 《Journal of Forest Research》2001,6(4):307-310
The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii var.amamiana, was monitored on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island from 1994 to 1998. There are 163 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana over 1.3 m in height. They are distributed on steep ridges and rocks with a thin soil layer mostly consisting of friable
granite. During the monitoring period, 21 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana died and the mortality rate was 12.9%. Dead trees were categorized into three types: standing, uprooted and landslide. The
uprooted- and landslide-typed dead trees were found only after a severe typhoon struck Yaku-shima Island. This suggests that
the combination of fragile site conditions and severe typhoons play an important role in the process of decline ofP. armandii var.amamiana. The standing-typed dead trees were presumed to have been killed by pine wilt disease, accounting for 71.4% of the dead trees.
However,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease, was not detected from any of the wood chips or branch samples from the standing-typed dead
trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana. This might indicate that some factor(s) other than pine wilt disease could be responsible for the standing-typed death ofP. armandii var.amamiana in natural habitats.
A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society. 相似文献
10.
Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii, native to Japan, are highly susceptible to pine wilt disease caused by infection with a pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Trees of these susceptible species have occasionally been found surviving in forests that are extensively damaged by this disease. Seedlings from a part of surviving trees that were selected as resistant families indicate lower mortality rates after the infection. The factors that prevent the symptoms from developing in resistant families of a susceptible species, P. densiflora, as based on the analysis of the pathogens behavior in the tree tissue and the anatomy of the resistant families, are presented in this paper. Nematode populations remained lower in the stems of seedlings from resistant families of P. densiflora than in the stems of non-resistant families. Areas dysfunctional in water transport developed in the stems of resistant families, but did not reach a size large enough to seriously block the ascent of sap. These results suggest that there are systems within the seedlings that prevent nematode migration and reproduction. The 2-year-old seedlings from resistant families of P. densiflora, however, did not suppress the pathogen activity. Numerous branches are a visible characteristic in the seedlings of some resistant families. The arrangement of the resin canals, the only channels in the tree to the pathogen migration, was disoriented at the joints between the branches and the main stem. Such a structure may be effective as a barrier to nematode dispersal. 相似文献
11.
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed to examine the chemical emissions from the glued wood
samples at elevated temperatures (150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500°C). Two wood species, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and southern pine (Pinus palustris), one structural adhesive, phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde (PRF), PRF-bonded Douglas-fir, and PRF-bonded southern pine were
evaluated. The volatile compounds with a mass range of 35–300 m/z emitted from the pyrolysis samples were separated by gas
chromatography (GC) and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). The results indicated that compared to neat wood and resin film
samples, several additional pyrolysis products were observed for the PRF-bonded wood samples including (1) acetaldehyde and
butanedial for PRF-bonded Douglas-fir and (2) acetaldehyde, furfural, 2-furanmethanol, butanedial, 2,3-butanedione, cyclopropyl
carbinol, 1,2-benzenediol, and 1-(acetyloxy)-2-propanone for PRF-bonded southern pine. These additional compounds were possibly
associated with the interaction between wood and PRF resin. The results also indicated that bonded wood products would be
less thermally stable than those of neat wood and PRF resin samples. 相似文献
12.
Stig Lande Sander van Riel Olav Albert Høibø Marc Henry Schneider 《Wood Science and Technology》2010,44(2):189-203
The use of furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a wood modification agent has been known for decades. An independent and reliable analytical
method to determine the level of furfurylation is not available. This article reports the use of near infrared spectroscopy
(NIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to make partial least square prediction models for determining the furfurylation
level (the percentage of FA polymer formed within the wood structure). A total of 115 individual samples of furfurylated Scots
pine (Pinus sylvestris) originating from 115 production batches were used for modelling. As much as 81 samples were randomly selected for the calibration
set and 34 samples for the validation set. Both NIR and TGA gave good predictions when validated by a separate test set. The
r
2 for NIR and TGA are 0.93 and 0.94, respectively, and the root mean square errors of predictions are 1.025 and 0.958, respectively.
However, the number of principal components for the NIR and TGA models is two and six, respectively. The NIR method is preferred
because only two principal components are used and sampling is fast. 相似文献
13.
Pine plantations in Argentinian Patagonia cover ca. 95,000 ha in Chubut, Río Negro and Neuquén provinces. Exotic bark beetles (Orthotomicus laricis, Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda) commonly occur in freshly cut logs, stumps and slash. These beetles are vectors of “ophiostomatoid” fungi which include primary tree pathogens as well as important agents of blue stain. The aim of this study was to identify these beetle‐associated fungi. Sawing mills and pine plantations were surveyed three consecutive years. Fungal isolates from stained logs, processed wood and insect galleries were identified based on morphological and DNA sequence comparisons of ITS and β‐tubulin gene regions. Two Grosmannia, one Graphilbum and three Ophiostoma species were identified. Ophiostoma piliferum and O. peregrinum sp. nov. were the most frequently isolated taxa. O. peregrinum occurred in all provinces, colonizing different conifer species and, interestingly, also the native broadleaved species Nothofagus dombeyi. Pine plantation forestry in southern South America includes Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Emerging data from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay revealed some coincidences between these countries, but also several differences, probably, as a result of multiple introduction events. 相似文献
14.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
15.
In 2017, severe symptoms of brown spot needle blight, similar to those caused by Lecanosticta acicola, were observed on needles of non‐native Pinus mugo var. Hesse planted in an arboretum in southern Sweden. Microscopic characterization and molecular diagnostics of isolates obtained from diseased needles confirmed the identity of L. acicola. This is the first report of the quarantine pathogen L. acicola in Sweden. Subsequent surveys are urgently needed to assess the presence and extent of the L. acicola invasion in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in Sweden and other Scandinavian countries. 相似文献
16.
introductionWaterbornepreservativesareamajorcomponentofthewood-treatingindustrybecauseoftheireaseofapplication,lowcost,andthecleanappearanceofthewoodattertreatment.Theuseofchromatedcopperarsenate(CCA)preservativesintheUSAhasgrownfroma14%shareofthewoodpreservativesmarketin1977to73%in1987(Micklewright1993).ThisismainlyduetotheincreasinguseofCCAtreatedwoodasdecksandoutdoorstructures.ThewaterbornepreservativeCCAhasbecomeoneofthemosteffectivetreatmentsforNorthAmericanwoodproduCts,usedinapplic… 相似文献
17.
Jiangming Mo Hua Fang Weixing Zhu Guoyi Zhou Xiankai Lu Yunting Fang 《Annals of Forest Science》2008,65(4):405-405
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):180-184
Selection of winter feeding trees by capercaillie Tetrao urogallus was studied by sampling of needles of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris trees browsed by capercaillie and closely situated unbrowsed trees in 5 localities situated in the southern half of Norway. Browsed trees contained higher concentrations of N than unbrowsed trees but no differences in P were found among browsed and unbrowsed samples. Needles eaten by capercaillie were significantly lower in resin content than needles from unbrowsed trees. For tannin, no differences between browsed and unbrowsed trees were found. Results give evidence that capercaillie select needles richest in N when the resin content is low, but when high, the birds select needles low in resin. Thus, both N and resin play an important role in selection of winter browse by capercaillie. 相似文献
19.
Futoshi Ishiguri Imam Wahyudi Masae Takeuchi Yuya Takashima Kazuya Iizuka Shinso Yokota Nobuo Yoshizawa 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(3):241-246
The relationships between growth characteristics and wood properties were investigated for a threatened species, Pericopsis mooniana, to promote the establishment of plantations of this species in the tropics. Growth characteristics (diameter and height)
and stress-wave velocity (SWV) of trees were measured for 22-year-old P. mooniana trees planted in Indonesia. The trees were categorized into three groups, fast-growing, middle-growing, and slow-growing
trees, to investigate the effect of growth rate on the wood properties. In addition, radial variation of anatomical characteristics
and wood properties were determined. No significant correlation was found between growth characteristics and SWV. The values
for the vessel diameter, cell wall thickness of wood fibers, wood fiber length, basic density, modulus of elasticity, and
modulus of rupture from wood at the bark side were higher than those at the pith side. On the other hand, vessel frequency
gradually decreased from pith to bark. These results suggested that low-quality wood, such as juvenile wood, existed near
the pith area. 相似文献
20.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):247-257
Abstract This study assessed variation in modulus of elasticity of trees and logs of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees. The study used 192 sample trees (c. 90–150 years) selected from 24 clear-felling forests in central and southern Sweden. Modulus of elasticity (MOE) assessed with transit-time technology on standing tree stems at 0.5–2.0m on the southern and northern side of each tree varied from 8.6 to 17.6 GPa. No systematic MOE difference was found between the southern and northern side of tree stems. The sometimes large MOE variations seen in some individual trees are probably a result of wood variation and wood defects. MOE assessed with resonance-based technology varied between 7.4 and 14.1 GPa for logs cut at similar height (<6.0 m). Models of MOE variation were derived from factors related to growth conditions at stand and tree level, with an R 2 adj of c. 0.46–0.62. The models indicate that growth and tree attributes associated with and/or creating less stem taper would yield trees with higher MOE. 相似文献