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引言台湾省的对虾养殖业已得到世界各国养殖专家们的高度赞扬,其养殖品种有斑节对虾(台湾称草对虾)Penaeus monodon,刀额新对虾Metapenaeus ensis,日本对虾P.japonicus和长尾对虾P.penicillatus,其中斑节对虾年产已超过18000吨。台湾省对虾养殖业的成功在于:1、已具备了幼虾养殖技术,且幼虾价格合理;2、已研制并能生产供应28种 相似文献
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对虾白斑综合征病毒是对虾养殖业危害最为严重的病毒,每年给对虾养殖造成很大经济损失,已成为对虾养殖业可持续发展的严重障碍.在过去的十几年中,人们采取各种方法防止白斑综合征病毒的传播.中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)是我国主要的对虾养殖品种,也是白斑综合征病毒的敏感宿主.按照煮沸-乙醇沉淀法快速、简便提取市售30只中国明对虾、28只凡纳滨对虾、29只日本囊对虾DNA,然后用地高辛标记的核酸探针进行斑点杂交检测白斑综合征病毒,从而了解市场中养殖对虾携带白斑综合征病毒的情况.检测结果显示,所有样品均未感染白斑综合征病毒,说明目前白斑综合征病毒在一定程度上得到了有效控制. 相似文献
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对虾养殖业是我国水产养殖业的关键性产业,20世纪70年代到80年代初,我国的对虾养殖种类主要是以养殖中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus Chinensis)为主。80年代中后期以及90年代,随着斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)工厂化育苗技术的突破,斑节对虾养殖在我国南方兴起,尤其是1992～1993年对虾白斑综合症(white spot syndrome,WSS)在我国暴发后,斑节对虾养殖得到迅速恢复并成为90年代我国南方对虾养殖的主要品种。凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei),俗称南美白对虾,是我国近年来养殖面积最大、产量最高、养殖范围最广的品种。2000年以后,凡纳滨对虾养殖在全国范围内得到大力推广,养殖面积以及养殖产量在我国占居主导地位,从南方的海南省到北方的辽宁省,从沿海到内陆,共有24个省市自治区养殖。但是随着对虾养殖面积的不断扩大、对虾单产面积的不断提高,对虾养殖的快速发展过程中凸显出4个安全问题,即养殖安全、食品安全、生物安全和生态安全。 相似文献
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海水养殖与低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾生长性能、酶活及RNA/DNA比值的差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以初始体重为4.04d:O.14 g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,分别在盐度1.5和30的水体中用同一种配合饲料喂养50d,探讨海水养殖和低盐养殖对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、碱性磷酸酶及酸性磷酸酶和RNA/DNA比值的影响.结果显示,海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的成活率、特殊增长率(SGR)高于低盐养殖对虾(P＜O.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾的饲料系数(FCR)明显低于低盐养殖对虾(P＜O.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均明显高于低盐养殖对虾(P＜O.05);海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉RNA/DNA比值明显高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P＜O.05). 相似文献
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中国对虾人工养殖生态环境的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
<正> 随着对虾人工养殖业的迅速发展,对虾养殖生态环境的研究越来越被人们所关注。中国对虾(P.orientalis laishinouye)生存所需要的基本因素大致分属于物理学、化学及生物学等三方面。物理因子通常指温度、透明度、光照、深度和底质等。化学因子主要包 相似文献
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随着我国对虾养殖规模的不断扩大和精养程度的逐年提升,对虾养殖的自我污染和病害的传播蔓延也日益加剧,严重危及对虾养殖业的健康发展.因此,探索和开发可操作性强、效果显著的养殖水质综合调控技术,通过优化和改善池塘养殖环境,减少对虾养殖废水的排放,提高对虾养殖生产的经济效益和生态效益,对推动我国对虾养殖业的可持续发展具有重要的意义.臭氧是一种强氧化剂,具有极强的氧化能力,能快速分解水中有机物,杀菌力较强.臭氧在水产养殖中的应用,可通过其氧化反应起到灭菌、分解有机物和提高水体溶解氧浓度的作用,从而净化和改善池塘养殖水质.近几年,臭氧在水产养殖生产中的应用研究越来越广泛.孙广明等(2000)曾采用臭氧处理水进行海胆育苗及单细胞藻类培养试验;陈淑琴等(2001)曾利用臭氧处理水开展虾、蟹幼体培育试验;柳超等(2009)将臭氧水处理技术应用于凡纳滨对虾的养殖生产;他们的试验研究均取得明显的效果,为臭氧在水产养殖生产中的应用积累大量的有用数据.本试验通过在凡纳滨对虾的精养池塘中通入微量臭氧,监测养殖水质的变化情况以及对虾摄食生长状况,探讨臭氧水处理技术的应用对养殖水质和对虾养殖效果的影响,为臭氧在水产养殖的应用和推广提供参考. 相似文献
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3种市售养殖对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的核酸探针检测 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对虾白斑综合征病毒是对虾养殖业危害最为严重的病毒, 每年给对虾养殖造成很大经济损失, 已成为对虾养殖业可持续发展的严重障碍。在过去的十几年中, 人们采取各种方法防止白斑综合征病毒的传播。中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis )、凡纳滨对虾( Litopenae vannamei)、日本囊对虾(Marsup enaeus jap onicus)是我国主要的对虾养殖品种, 也是白斑综合征病毒的敏感宿主。按照煮沸- 乙醇沉淀法快速、简便提取市售30 只中国明对虾、28只凡纳滨对虾、29只日本囊对虾DNA, 然后用地高辛标记的核酸探针进行斑点杂交检测白斑综合征病毒,从而了解市场中养殖对虾携带白斑综合征病毒的情况。检测结果显示, 所有样品均未感染白斑综合征病毒, 说明目前白斑综合征病毒在一定程度上得到了有效控制。 相似文献
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对虾白斑综合症病毒(wssv),又称对虾杆状病毒或皮下造血组织坏死杆状病毒,是迄今为止危害对虾养殖最为严重的一种病害.发病期一般在幼体期到生长期,死亡率可达100%,该病毒的流行给我国对虾养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失,成为对虾养殖业可持续发展的主要障碍之一. 相似文献
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Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna. 相似文献
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In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg. 相似文献
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Liping Li Rui Wang Wanwen Liang Xi Gan Ting Huang Yan Huang Jian Li Yunliang Shi Honglin Luo Ming Chen 《广西水产科技》2014,(1)
Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China. 相似文献
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Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Florence Le Gac Odile Blaise Alex Fostier Pierre-Yves Le Bail Maurice Loir Brigitte Mourot Claudine Weil 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,11(1-6):219-232
Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations. 相似文献
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Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL?1 (1.25 ng well?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation. 相似文献
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Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 G Sharon M Pimenta‐Leibowitz M C L Vilchis N Isakov D Zilberg 《Journal of fish diseases》2015,38(1):67-74
Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality). 相似文献
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William King V David L. Berlinsky Craig V. Sullivan 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1995,14(6):489-500
Plasma estradiol-17 (E2), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E2 and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E2 and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass. 相似文献
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Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response. 相似文献
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Sandra García‐Garrido Ismael Hachero‐Cruzado Carlos Rosas Pedro Domingues 《Aquaculture Research》2013,44(11):1741-1751
Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting. 相似文献