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国外地下储气库发展综述 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
提出了世界石油和天然气储运领域出现的两个变化:一是世界天然气管道的总长度首次超过原油管道总长度;二是地下储气库的建设有了明显发展。而在一些国家解除了对天然气运销市场的管制(如美国),这些都刺激了地下储气库的建设及其工艺技术的现代化。介绍了地下储气库的一般类型:枯竭油气田、地下含水层、岩盐洞穴和废煤矿型。比较了这四种类型储气库的优缺点、发展现状及其现代化进程。建议国内油气储库要借鉴国外地下储库建设经验,学习其先进技术,缩小与国外差距。 相似文献
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全面提高我国油气储运事业的整体水平 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
回顾了我国近年来能源结构的调整情况,预测了我国原油管道、天然气管道和成品油管道的建设与发展前景,阐述了我国尽快建立石油战略储备的必要性和重要性.为全面提高我国油气储运事业的整体水平,提出了在五个方面应借鉴国外大型企业的管理经验和习惯做法的建议. 相似文献
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自盐渍化地区(黄河三角洲)采集4种不同石油污染程度的土壤样品,从中筛选出高效降解石油烃的4个菌系和8个单菌株.分别以原油、柴油、烷烃和多环芳烃(PAHs)为底物进行培养,测定降解菌的生物量和降解率,研究其对不同底物的耐受浓度和降解潜力.结果表明,获得的石油烃降解菌为轻度嗜盐菌;不同菌株对不同底物的耐受浓度不同,混合菌系对不同底物的降解能力强于单菌株,对单一组分底物的降解优于复杂组分的底物;单菌株1-2、3、5、7能较好地降解PAHs并且对原油的降解能力高于柴油,单菌株1-1、4、6、8能够利用烷烃且对柴油的降解能力要比原油高;降解菌对柴油和原油的最高降解率分别可达78.4%和70.7%,对正十六烷和菲的生物降解率分别高达87.7%和88.1%,表现出较强的降解能力.研究结果表明黄河三角洲盐渍化土壤中土著菌对石油烃污染土壤具有较强的生物修复潜力. 相似文献
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Torres Galvis HM Bitter JH Khare CB Ruitenbeek M Dugulan AI de Jong KP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6070):835-838
Lower olefins are key building blocks for the manufacture of plastics, cosmetics, and drugs. Traditionally, olefins with two to four carbons are produced by steam cracking of crude oil-derived naphtha, but there is a pressing need for alternative feedstocks and processes in view of supply limitations and of environmental issues. Although the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis has long offered a means to convert coal, biomass, and natural gas into hydrocarbon derivatives through the intermediacy of synthesis gas (a mixture of molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide), selectivity toward lower olefins tends to be low. We report on the conversion of synthesis gas to C(2) through C(4) olefins with selectivity up to 60 weight percent, using catalysts that constitute iron nanoparticles (promoted by sulfur plus sodium) homogeneously dispersed on weakly interactive α-alumina or carbon nanofiber supports. 相似文献
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我国管道工业的发展，有着美好的前景，也面临着严峻的挑战。东部油区进入低产阶段，为了“稳定东部”，对东部管道需要进一步改造，即加强管道内检测，维护或更换防腐层，进行管道优化运行的研究，灵活运用现有管网完成进口源油的输送。随着成品油需求的增长，发展成品油管道是最佳选择。建设成品管道的关键技术包括：减少混油段的长度；混油界面的检测；混油段的处理及快速切换装置内容。天然气的开发和城市煤气化的兴起，输气和这 相似文献
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以大庆外输含蜡原油为实验介质,利用自行研制的高压流变特性测试系统,测试了实验油样在氮气和天然气两种气质加压条件下,油气两相和油气水三相在不同剪切速率、含水率及压力下的粘温特性,探讨了氮气和天然气的溶解度对含蜡原油析蜡点和溶蜡点的影响。结果表明：在氮气和天然气两种气质加压条件下,油气两相和油气水三相混合物的视粘度均随剪切速率的增大而减小,且温度越低剪切稀释性越明显。在相同的压力条件下,原油含水率低于20%时,油样视粘度随着含水率的增大而增大。在低于泡点压力的条件下,当以天然气加压时,油气水三相和油气两相混合物的溶蜡点和析蜡点均随压力升高而降低,而以氮气加压时的变化规律与此相反,说明天然气溶解于原油有利于改善原油的流动性。 相似文献
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Baker EG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1959,129(3353):871-874
A relationship exists between the composition of crude oil and the solubility of the component hydrocarbons in dilute colloidal electrolyte solutions, suggesting that crude oil consists of hydrocarbons that were once solubilized in formation waters. It is not solubility in ordinary water or solubility in complete soap solution that correlates with the composition of oil but, rather, solubility in soap micelles. Because it implies a possible unloading mechanism, this concept is attractive, for it follows that when a soap solution is diluted with water, the soap micelles disperse and the hydrocarbons solubilized therein appear as discrete, filterable oil droplets. Thus, it would seem that crude oil originates during the compaction of a sedimentary basin by virtue of the fact that sediment hydrocarbons dissolve in waters containing natural solubilizers and then come out of solution as oil droplets. The composition of crude oil as now understood is consistent with this hypothesis. And-most important-it is now possible to formulate meaningful questions, the answers to which, upon investigation in both field and laboratory, will go far toward enabling us to assess the validity of the mechanism presented here. In addition to the implications regarding the composition of crude oil that are inherent in the hypothesis that crude oil collects from aqueous colloidal electrolyte solutions, there are several interesting implications from the geological viewpoint. To mention one, such a mechanism would lend credence to the suggestion that the source beds of petroleum are not necessarily unique accumulations of hydrocarbons in a limited area but, rather, may generally be coincident with the area from which water is expressed into the porous strata that eventually form the reservoirs. 相似文献
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Geologic reasons indicate that the dominant position of the Middle East as a source of conventional petroleum will not be changed by new discoveries elsewhere. The share of world crude oil production coming from the Middle East could increase, within 10 to 20 years, to exceed 50 percent, under even modest increases in world consumption. Nonconventional resources of oil exist in large quantities, but because of their low production rates they can at best only mitigate extant trends. Increased production of natural gas outside the United States, however, offers an opportunity for geographically diversified energy supplies in the near future. 相似文献
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研究了3种石油烃（船舶燃油（L.D.O.）、沙特阿拉伯轻质原油（沙轻原油）和船用润滑油（润滑油））溶液对孔石莼Ulva pertusa的生长和光合作用的影响。L.D.O.和沙轻原油石油烃的浓度分别设置为0、5、10、15、25、50 mg/L,润滑油石油烃浓度分别设置为0、5、10、20、25、50、100 mg/L。结果表明：孔石莼在3种石油烃较低的浓度下均可存活,但当石油烃浓度升高到一定量时（L.D.O.=50 mg/L;沙轻原油=50 mg/L;润滑油=100 mg/L）,96 h内全部死亡;在3种石油烃不同浓度的溶液中,孔石莼的叶绿素含量、光合速率及呼吸速率总体趋势是随着石油烃浓度的升高而降低,叶绿素含量及光合速率的变化基本呈波浪式,但在润滑油石油烃各浓度溶液中,孔石莼的光合速率则随着油浓度的升高呈现逐渐下降的趋势。 相似文献
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Osborn EF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,183(4124):477-481
To summarize, we must make greater use of coal, an energy resource that the nation has in great abundance, if we are to approach our former position of self-sufficiency in energy production. The first step is to move immediately to replace the oil and gas used in electric generating plants with coal and to require that coal be used in fossil fuel electric plants planned or under construction in the next few years. The technology to remove sulfur and particulates from the stack gases is at hand, and therefore environmental regulations can be met. Producing and transporting the required increased tonnages of coal are problems that can be met with appropriate incentives to the coal and transportation industries. Improved mining technology would be helpful but is not a requiremlent. Oil and gas from coal should be in significant commercial production in about a decade. Underground, or in situ, gasification of coal, now in field tests, looks promising as a practical process for recovering the energy from coal, especially in deep or thick beds that cannot be mined efficiently. Recoverable methane occurs in coal beds in the United States in an amount approximately equal to the total reserves of natural gas-about 260 trillion cubic feet. This large reserve of natural gas should be exploited as quickly as possible. Only minor investments in exploration and modest advances in technology are required. Finally, as coal production is expanded. adequate planning and the most modern technology should be used to ensure that coal is extracted with maximum recovery and with minimum damage to the environment. 相似文献
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土壤的石油污染研究进展 总被引：45，自引：0，他引：45
当今土壤的石油污染是一种较为普遍的现象。土壤石油污染的治理是学术界研究的热点领域，从石油污染的微生物降解。在土壤中的吸附，解吸与迁移。对作物的影响及生物修复方面介绍了国内外的有关研究现状及其发展趋势。 相似文献
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苏南某焦化厂场地土壤和地下水特征污染物分布规律研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以苏南某焦化厂为研究对象,在对污染区域初步识别的基础上,采集了0～4.5 m深的22个土壤样品和2个地下水样品,利用GC/MS等检测了多环芳烃类、总石油烃、苯系物、重金属,总氰化物、挥发酚、硫化物的含量,并研究了其在不同功能区土壤和地下水中的特征分布。结果表明:(1)该焦化场土壤和地下水受到了不同程度的污染,其中炼焦炉周边、焦油和洗油储罐区、焦油和粗苯加工车间是污染最严重的区域;(2)土壤中主要超标污染物是多环芳烃、总氰化物、总石油烃、单环芳香烃、二苯呋喃、苯胺、硫化物、挥发酚和一些苯酚类化合物;(3)地下水重点污染区域粗苯车间受到总氰化物、苯胺、苯酚类、萘、总石油烃、单环芳香烃的严重污染,污水处理站区域地下水主要污染物包括总氰化物、萘、总石油烃、苯。 相似文献
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通过对魏荆线两台不同型号燃油加热炉改烧天然气前后工艺参数分析和炉效进行了比较,阐述了加热炉"油改气"节能降耗产生的巨大经济效益和清洁排放产生的良好社会效益,并对加热炉"油改气"中出现的问题提出了建议和改进措施。 相似文献
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油品储运过程中油气挥发问题的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
介绍了油品在储运过程中对环境造成污染的三种情况,即溢油事故泄漏的油品污染、含油污水污染以及排入到大气中的烃类气体污染.分析了油品储存、灌装过程的挥发损耗,指出应制订可行的油气排放法规,根据油品储运的各个环节的特点,采取相应的措施,有效地降低油气的挥发量,以减少对环境的污染. 相似文献
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为符合国际石油贸易市场的计量要求，在石油贸易计量中应掌握不同的标准条件，以进行合理的石油贸易。介绍两种国际上使用的原油静态和动态计量方法，阐述了这两种方法在实际应用中应遵循的有关国际标准。 相似文献