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1.
The developing countries of the Pacific Region consist of 27 countries and territories with a total nd area of 542 000 km2 and over 5 million inhabitants. Though highly variable in physical characteristics and land-use pattern, these countries, in general, give a higher priority for production of export crops over other agricultural crops, so that they are net importers of food. Natural forests of the region are luxuriant and floristically rich, but the level of their commercial exploitation is low. Swidden cultivation is the mainstay of subsistence livelihood, but with the increase in population, the system is now causing severe environmental and land-use problems.The major agroforestry systems and practices in the region include various forms of combination of tree crops such as coffee, coconut and cacao with nitrogen fixing trees such as Casuarina, Gliricidia and Leucaena, and food crops (mostly tubers) such as cassava, taro, sweet potato and yams. Additionally, some improvements to swidden (shifting) cultivation are also being tried in several places, the most common being the u use of Casuarina oligodon before abandoning the swidden as in PNG highlands, and intercropping food crops in tree crop stands.Land tenure system in most of the countries is the traditional clan of extended family control over land. This can have either positive or negative influence on the adoption of agroforestry practices depending on the extent and duration of tenancy tenure enjoyed by the assignees of land.Several governments of the region are now promoting the agroforestry approach. In hilly areas with poor access, farmers are forced to produce most of their basic necessities locally. On the other hand, the lack of roads and communication facilities can pose a problem in marketing any surplus products they have.The immediate opportunity in agroforestry in the region lies in making better use of the unexplored potential of a large number of locally available trees and agricultural crops. Intercropping in tree crop stands and the taungya system seem to propromising m methods for the Pacific region.Researh Fellow, July–September, 1984 相似文献
2.
Guddappa M.Devagiri Anil Kumar Khaple Hosuru B.Anithraj Cheppudira G.Kushalappa Amaresh Kumar Krishnappa Shashi Bhushan Mishra 《林业研究》2020,31(3):1005-1015
The purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in tree diversity and above-ground biomass associated with six land-use types in Kodagu district of India's Western Ghats. We collected data on species richness,composition and above-ground biomass(AGB) of trees,shrubs and herbs from 96 sample plots of 0.1 ha. Totals of83 species from 26 families were recorded across the landuses. Tree species richness, diversity and composition were significantly higher in evergreen forest(EGF) than in other land-uses. Similarly, stem density and basal area were greater in EGF compared to other land-uses. Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) yielded three distinct groups along the land-use intensities and rainfall gradient on the first and second axes, respectively. The first DCA axis accounted for 45% and second axis for 35% of the total variation in species composition. Together the first two axes accounted for over 2/3 of the variation in species composition across land-use types. Across the land-uses,AGB ranged from 58.6 Mg ha-1 in rubber plantation to327.3 Mg ha-1 in evergreen forest. Our results showed that species diversity and AGB were negatively impacted bythe land-use changes. We found that coffee agroforests resembled natural forest and mixed species plantation in terms of tree diversity and biomass production, suggesting that traditional coffee farms can help to protect tree species, sustain smallholder production and offer opportunities for conservation of biodiversity and climate change mitigation. 相似文献
3.
In the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, family farmers are adjusting to agroecological principles to reconcile
sustainable agriculture, livelihood improvements and biodiversity conservation. Starting in 1993, experimentation with coffee
agroforestry was gradually initiated on an increasing number of farms (37 in total), resulting in the simultaneous management
of sun coffee (SC) and agroforestry coffee (AF) plots. We aimed (1) to identify factors that determine the farmers’ selection
of trees used in AF; (2) to describe the agroecological farms in transition; and (3) to perform an economic comparison between
AF and SC. These objectives were addressed by combining data from botanical surveys in 1993/1994 and 2007, by interviews with
farmers and by detailed data on the production value and costs of labour and material inputs. The results showed considerable
diversity in farming strategies and management among the farmers. Early adopters of AF had diversified towards production
of different marketable products. The use of native trees in AF for this purpose, and for restoration of soil fertility (e.g.,
leguminous trees), had increased since the start of the experiments, while exotic tree species were eliminated. Over a period
of 12 years AF was more profitable than SC due to the production of a diversity of agricultural goods, despite somewhat higher
establishment costs. Other ecosystem services delivered by AF, such as biodiversity and cultural services are currently not
valorized. Payment schemes for environmental services could further improve the economic benefits of AF for family farmers
and alleviate establishment and learning costs. 相似文献
4.
Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh Tom P. Evans Edwin Castellanos J. C. Randolph 《Agroforestry Systems》2012,86(2):141-157
Tree removal in Latin American coffee agroforestry systems has been widespread due to complex and interacting factors that include fluctuating international markets, government-supported agricultural policies, and climate change. Despite shade tree removal and land conversion risks, there is currently no widespread policy incentive encouraging the maintenance of shade trees for the benefit of carbon sequestration. In facilitation of such incentives, an understanding of the capacity of coffee agroforests to store carbon relative to tropical forests must be developed. Drawing on ecological inventories conducted in 2007 and 2010 in the Lake Atitlán region of Guatemala, this research examines the carbon pools of smallholder coffee agroforests (CAFs) as they compare to a mixed dry forest (MDF) system. Data from 61 plots, covering a total area of 2.24 ha, was used to assess the aboveground, coarse root, and soil carbon reservoirs of the two land-use systems. Results of this research demonstrate the total carbon stocks of CAFs to range from 74.0 to 259.0 Megagrams (Mg)?C ha?1 with a mean of 127.6?±?6.6 (SE)?Mg?C ha?1. The average carbon stocks of CAFs was significantly lower than estimated for the MDF (198.7?±?32.1?Mg?C?ha?1); however, individual tree and soil pools were not significantly different suggesting that agroforest shade trees play an important role in facilitating carbon sequestration and soil conservation. This research demonstrates the need for conservation-based initiatives which recognize the carbon sequestration benefits of coffee agroforests alongside natural forest systems. 相似文献
5.
Since 1985, Ecuador's Ministry of Agriculture has undertaken a demonstration project to promote improved agroforestry practices in already cleared lands of Ecuador's Amazon lowlands to promote regeneration of deforested areas. An important expected outcome of this project is to ameliorate growing population pressures on remaining national forests and natural reserves. These practices include managing natural regeneration of marketable timber trees intercropped to Coffea canephora var. robusta and grass-legume associations, using adequate techniques of coffee pruning, and planting Desmodium ovalifolium CIAT 350 as a ground cover crop or a forage legume in paddocks of the genus Brachiaria. This research was conducted to assess the potential economic impact of such a strategy and to feed back information on research and policy issues.Improved agroforestry practices in this region are not only technically practicable but also economically feasible. Proposed technologies enhance long-term productivity of both land and labor while saving on external inputs and hired labor, making on-going systems more adoptable and sustainable. Future land-use policies should consider on-farm primary forest preservation and controlled natural regeneration of high-value timber in secondary forests as socially efficient land-use patterns. Future research must address germplasm of grass and forage legumes both shade tolerant, and less field management-demanding than current ones.To have a lasting effect this technology should probably be incorporated into a Regional Forest Management Plan, for sustainable production at the secondary forests created with agroforestry technology.in cooperation with Fundación para el Desarrollo Agropecuario del Ecuador, FUNDAGRO, Casilla No. 219, Suc. 16 CEQ, Quito, Ecuador 相似文献
6.
Coffee agroforestry is a conservation strategy that has shown promise to support the diversity of bird, bat, and insect communities, but few studies have focused on non-volant mammals in coffee farms. We assessed mammal diversity within coffee agroforestry systems in Kodagu, India and investigated the impacts of the non-native shade tree species, Grevillea robusta, on mammal diversity. Twenty farms, with varying amounts of G. robusta planted within the coffee farm, were sampled throughout three rainfall zones during the 4-month study period. We captured six species of small mammals, with indirect methods yielding an additional five species, totaling 11 mammal species. Contrary to current ecological thought, we found that increased amounts of G. robusta did not have a negative impact on either abundance or richness of mammals. Small mammal abundances were higher at farms with greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover and larger, mature shade trees, while small mammal species richness was found to increase with an increase in tree species richness as well as greater amounts of herbaceous ground cover. Additionally, small mammal abundance was higher at coffee farms closer to forested areas. Based on these findings, we suggest the maintenance or cultivation of shade tree richness, mature shade trees, and herbaceous ground cover within coffee farms and preservation of forested areas within the landscape to enhance coffee agroforestry habitat for non-volant mammals. We hope that these habitat requirements will be incorporated into conservation strategies for the promotion of biodiversity within coffee agroforestry systems. 相似文献
7.
H. -J. Von Maydell 《Agroforestry Systems》1995,31(2):133-142
Integrated management of natural resources and the multiple use of trees and forests have prevailed in most European societies since prehistoric times. In the Middle Ages, expanding and intensified agriculture resulted in the separation of trees from agricultural fields. During the last century, with the introduction of sustainable and highly productive forest management, the goal of increased wood production has been achieved in most parts of central, northern, and eastern Europe. Today, agroforestry is not considered to be an important land-use option within the region; however, there are many practices that could rightfully be classified as agroforestry. These include tree/crop systems in which trees provide products and/or environmental benefits, and tree/animal systems in which animals are grazed in forests or open woodlands.The future seems to offer some prospects for agroforestry. Large areas, hitherto used for food production, are either marginally suited to agriculture, or will probably be taken out of production due to agricultural policy considerations. Agroforestry may, at least in part, offer alternatives for the use of such lands. The availability of (surplus) fertile soils, capital, and labor may provide incentives for site-adapted forms of agroforestry, including improved fallow management. The focus of such systems would be on maintenance of biodiversity in the landscape, environmental protection, recreation, and product diversification.There are numerous expectations as to what agroforestry might provide for the land holder and for society as a whole. These expectations should be carefully analyzed and evaluated prior to political decisions on future land use. The promotion of agroforestry requires overall investment; agroforestry does not happen by itself. A set of integrated actions — not isolated efforts — must be implemented if agroforestry is to become a successful land-use option. 相似文献
8.
Productivity and profitability of multistrata organic versus conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica
In areas where traditional multistrata coffee systems have been transformed to systems with patchy or no shade at all, often
dependent on high chemical inputs, ecological and socioeconomic degradation has become an increasing issue. During the 1990s,
rising environmental and health concerns have promoted the interest in organic production systems and their environmental
services for natural resource conservation. This study compared productivity, profitability, producer-defined constraints,
and goals and research priorities between ten individually paired organic and conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica. Although
five of the organic farms matched or exceeded the production of their conventional counterparts, the three-year mean yield
of the organic farms as a group was 22% lower than that of the conventional farms. However, excluding organic certification
costs, mean variable costs and net income (NI) were similar for both groups, mainly because organic price premiums received
by the farmers compensated for lower yields. If current organic certification costs are included, the price premiums paid
to organic producers would have to increase to 38% in order to equal the NI from conventional coffee. Conventional farmers
indentified low and unstable prices as the main constraints to sustained production and stated further intensification of
production as their main goal. In contrast, the key issues for future development of the organic group centered on farm diversification,
agroecological self-sufficiency, and agronomic practices that permit organic farm management.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Streuobst: a traditional agroforestry system as a model for agroforestry development in temperate Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
F. Herzog 《Agroforestry Systems》1998,42(1):61-80
The development of agroforestry for industrialised countries can be furthered by an understanding of the history and present
functioning of traditional systems. In temperate Europe, fruit trees were traditionally grown on agricultural land undersown
with crops or managed grassland (Streuobst). The historical evolution of this agroforestry system has been driven by the interaction
of technical progress, market development and intervention by public authorities. Streuobst reached its peak in the 1930s,
but has since been in continuous decline due to the development of intensively managed dwarf-tree orchards. However, even
today, it still occupies approximately one million hectares in 11European countries and has a strong impact on the European
fruit market. The profitability of streuobst is relatively poor due to its low labour productivity, but it has advantageous
ecological and socio-cultural features, particularly in terms of biological diversity and landscape aesthetics. Accordingly,
it finds strong acceptance among the general public, such that subsidised eradication programs have been abandoned and, in
a number of countries, streuobst is now supported by non-governmental organisations and by state conservation policies. Modern
agroforestry in temperate, industrialised countries should be oriented towards the creation of similar ecological and socio-cultural
benefits in order to receive public support as a land-use system.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Gil Gram Philippe Vaast Just van der Wolf Laurence Jassogne 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(6):1625-1638
Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) is economically important for many smallholder farmers in the Mount Elgon region of East Uganda, but its production is increasingly threatened by climate change. However, ecosystem services (ES) provided by companion trees in coffee agroforestry systems (AFS) can help farmers adapt to climate change. The objectives of this research were to develop agroforestry species recommendations and tailor these to the farmers’ needs and local context, taking into consideration gender. Local knowledge of agroforestry species and ES preferences was collected through farmer interviews and rankings. Using the Bradley-Terry approach, analysis was done along an altitudinal gradient in order to study different climate change scenarios for coffee suitability. Farmers had different needs in terms of ES and tree species at different altitudes, e.g. at low altitude they need a relatively larger set of ES to sustain their coffee production and livelihood. Local knowledge is found to be gender blind as no differences were observed in the rankings of species and ES by men and women. Ranking species by ES and ranking ES by preference is a useful method to help scientists and extension agents to use local knowledge for the development of recommendations on companion trees in AFS for smallholder farmers. 相似文献
11.
A. H. Shoga'a Aldeen N. M. Majid A. M Azani Awang Noor Abd. Ghani Shukri Mohamed 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):286-309
Yemen is one of the world's least developed countries and experiences problems of scarcity of natural agricultural resources as well as soil erosion and degradation. Agroforestry systems (AFS) are being promoted as a more appropriate land use system than monocropping systems (MCS) worldwide. Unfortunately, long-term studies on agroforestry and other land use systems (LUS) do not exist in Yemen. Agroforestry in the Rima'a region has started to deteriorate and many farmers turned to (MCS). This study was conducted in the Rima'a Valley, near Alsharq town, Dhamar, Yemen. The study evaluates the soil nutrients, organic matter (OM), and other soil properties such as pH, bulk density, and porosity under AFS and compares it with soil under MCS. Standard procedures for soil sampling and analyzing were used to collect and analyze 36 composite samples from Site 1 and 36 composite samples from Site 2 from six cropping systems (treatments). The results showed that there were significant variations in relation to LUS. Agroforestry practices—mixed trees with coffee (S1), and Cordia africana L. with coffee (S2) have higher nitrogen concentration (0.17–0.26%) as compared to the Ziziphus spina-christi L. with maize (S3) and the monocropping maize (S5), (<0.16% in both Sites 1 and 2). Similar results were seen on the effect of the different LUS on the soil P, K, and OM contents at the two sites (p < .01). While soil N, P, and soil K were higher under agroforestry systems S1, and S2 in both sites, it was the lowest in S5 in both sites. It can be concluded that agroforestry has more favorable effects on soil fertility and other soil properties. The government should establish programs and campaigns to disseminate AFS technology and promote the importance of agroforestry in soil conservation. 相似文献
12.
Syed Ajijur Rahman Terry Sunderland James M. Roshetko Imam Basuki John R. Healey 《Small-Scale Forestry》2016,15(4):433-442
This paper investigates the types of agroforestry system that exist in Gunung Salak Valley, West Java, Indonesia in order to characterize the differences in their basic structure and associated crop plant diversity. Data were collected through rapid rural appraisal, field observation and focus groups, followed by household survey of a sample of 20 agroforestry farmers. Five main agroforestry systems (homegardens, fruit tree system, timber tree system, mixed fruit–timber system, and cropping in the forest understory) exist in the study area, and all of them exhibit a noticeable diversity in terms of both species composition and utilization. Products from farming accounted for an average 24 % of household income. They comprised agroforestry products which contributed IDR 3.25 million/year and other agricultural products contributing IDR 1.66 million/year. The observed agroforestry systems include not only a form of forest dominated by ‘cultivated trees’, but also an anthropogenic vegetation formation derived from agricultural antecedents. In land-use classifications agroforestry systems are not recognized as forestry, but like forests they provide tree products and services. Classification will always be disfunctional if a binary system is applied, thus a more sophisticated approach should be adopted that incorporates the economic and environmental characteristics of a wider range of systems. 相似文献
13.
D. J. Snelder 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,52(3):207-217
Frequent burning and grazing and cultivation of cash crops increasingly threaten forest patches in hilly grassland in Northeast Luzon, yet their importance as a resource with multiple environmental functions and forest products persists. The aim of this study is to identify different types of forest patches, and their condition under present land-use intensification, and discuss prospects for their integration into sustainable local farming systems. Five types of forest patches are distinguished, both natural and planted ones, including rows of trees, woody patches, gallery forests, hill-slope forests and homegarden conglomerations. Natural woody patches and gallery forests in Imperata grassland are subject to degradation and land-use conversion under conditions of agricultural intensification. Woody patches in grassland affected by frequent burning and grazing cover small areas (66% below 50 m2 as opposed to 28% in protected grassland) and contain relatively few woody plant species (25 woody species in total as opposed to 82 where protected). Yet where well managed, they may provide a variety of products for sale and subsistence, covering emergency needs and giving off-season cash income to rural communities. Moreover they serve like the gallery forest various ecological functions, carrying valuable indigenous tree species, retaining soil base nutrients, providing a continuous supply of organic matter and intercepting fine earth soil particles removed from bare surfaces. It is suggested that forest-patch management systems may be developed, taking into account both patch diversity and the diverse needs of rural communities, and to strengthen existing and undervalued functions of forest patches as permanent elements in an agricultural landscape.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
This paper reviews the research themes and methodologies used by CATIE in agroforestry research with shade trees over coffee
(Coffea arabica) and cacao (Theobroma cacao) during the past 20 years. Initially research focused on characterization and production studies (of crop and timber including
border areas) of traditional systems using temporary and permanent sample plots on private farms. The assessment area of traditional
shade-coffee (or cacao) systems should be the whole plot, including the border areas, and not some subjectively selected central
area which supposedly represents unit area productivity. Uncontrolled crop, tree, and management heterogeneity limited extrapolation
of early on-farm research results to other farmers' fields. Replicated case studies of best bet technologies (traditional
or experimental) on different farms are often preferable to the use of formal experimental designs. On-station research included
the use of systematic spacing designs to test extreme shade tree density treatments of coffee. Most nutrient cycling studies
were also carried out on-station, using service and timber shade species over coffee and cacao to evaluate the ability of
these agroforestry systems to maintain nutrient reserves and diversify production. Plot size (even 36 × 36 m) was limiting
for long term research because of inter-plot interference, both below- and above ground, when using fast growing, tall timber
trees as shade. These experiences suggest a minimum plot size of 2,500 m2. Individual tree designs and tree-crop interface studies (e.g. regression analysis of data taken along transects) are promising
experimental/sampling approaches that need further development. The principal research thrusts proposed for the next five
years are bio-physical process research on coffee responses to shade and competition with trees (growth, carbon allocation,
phenology, disease-pest tolerance, yields and coffee quality effects) and socioeconomic analyses of both traditional and new
or improved shade – coffee combinations vs. monocultures.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Jessica L. Bohn Stewart A. W. Diemont James P. Gibbs Stephen V. Stehman Jorge Mendoza Vega 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(2):269-285
Agroforestry for production and ecosystem health is a centuries-old form of ecosystem management used in many cultures indigenous to Mesoamerica, yet implications of such practices for biodiversity conservation are not well understood. Agroforestry systems were studied using interviews of farmers and field surveys of tree and bird diversity in three communities surrounding the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in Campeche, Mexico to examine how differences in forest management practices affect forest biodiversity. Tree diversity and bird species richness were higher in areas surrounding communities that generated a greater variety of forest products and that cultivated “restoration trees,” species planted to aid in regeneration of mature forest. We conclude that traditional ecosystem management methods in areas surrounding natural reserves as practiced by inhabitants who depend on resources in the reserve for survival are compatible with maintaining and perhaps enhancing diversity of bird and tree communities at the site level. 相似文献
16.
Diversity, composition and density of trees and shrubs in agroforestry homegardens in Southern Ethiopia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Diversity of trees and shrubs in agricultural systems contributes to provision of wood and non-wood products, and protects the environment, thereby, enhancing socioeconomic and ecological sustainability of the systems. This study characterizes the diversity, density and composition of trees in the agroforestry homegardens of Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia, and analyses physical and socioeconomic factors influencing diversity and composition of trees in the systems. A total of 144 homegardens were surveyed from 12 sites. In total, 120 species of trees and shrubs were recorded of which, 74.2 % were native to the area. The mean number of tree species per farm was 21. Density of trees varied between sites with mean values ranging from 86 to 1,082, and the overall average was 475 trees ha?1. Four different crop-based enset (Enset ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman)-coffee homegarden types were recognized and they differed not only in the composition of major crops but also in the diversity, density and composition of trees. The composition, diversity and density of trees is influenced by physical and socioeconomic factors. The major physical factors were geographical distance between sites and differences in altitude of farms. The most important socioeconomic factors were farm size and access to roads. Tree species richness and density increased with farm size. Increased road access facilitated marketing opportunities to agricultural products including trees, and lead to a decline in the basic components of the system, enset, coffee and trees. In the road-access sites, the native trees have also been largely replaced with fast growing exotic species, mainly eucalypts. The decrease in diversity of trees and perennial components of the system, and its gradual replacement with new cash and annual food crops could jeopardize the integrity and complexity of the system, which has been responsible for its sustenance. 相似文献
17.
Anaïs de Almeida Campos Cordeiro Sara Deambrozi Coelho Nina Celli Ramos João Augusto Alves Meira-Neto 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(6):1495-1505
The Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB) is one of the largest fragments of Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, and it is relevant for native species conservation. However, monocultures settled around the Park resulted in extensive open areas that facilitate the establishment of alien species on the PESB perimeter, which may threaten native species conservation therein, since biological invasion is the second main cause of global biodiversity loss. In this region, there are also farmers planting agroforestry systems (AFS), characterized by tree-based intercropping, which are structurally more similar to the Atlantic Rainforest reminiscent fragments present in the region and may limit local occurrence of potentially invasive exotic weeds for several reasons, such as the high levels of shade provided by trees, the groundcover that result from loss of tree leaves and the increased competition for belowground resources. This study aimed to test whether AFS limit exotic species establishment when compared to monoculture systems. Accordingly, three coffee monocultures and three agroforestry coffee plantations around the PESB were studied. In each of the six study areas, 30 plots of 1 m2 were established between the lines of coffee plantation, where all species present were surveyed. In both treatments, rarefaction curves were constructed to evaluate native and exotic richness, and diversity of these two categories was estimated through Simpson index inverse (1/D). All 13 sampled exotic species were present in monocultures, but only three of them occurred in AFS. Besides, alien diversity in monocultures (\(1/D\) = 2.173 ± 0.011) was significantly higher than in AFS (\(1/D\) = 1.031 ± 0.001). Such changes in alien plant community between land-use show that AFSs limit invasive species establishment. Therefore, when planted around protected areas, AFS may contribute to the control of biological invasions and to biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
18.
The role of different agroforestry systems in the conservation of plant diversity and forest structure has not been directly
compared in many agricultural dominated landscapes. In this study, we investigated tree diversity and forest structure in
a complex agroforestry landscape traditionally grown for cocoa and mixed food crops and compared these to the natural forest
in southeastern Ghana. The study was carried out using 36 25 m × 25 m plots. There was significant difference [95% Confidence
Interval (95% CI)] in the native forest/non-crop tree species richness between the natural forest and the agroforest farmlands
but species richness was similar between the cocoa and mixed food crops agroforests. The density of native forest/non-crop
trees was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the natural forest but similar between cocoa and mixed food crops agroforest. Similarly, the basal area of native
forest/non-crop trees was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the natural forest but comparable between cocoa and food crops agroforest. Of the 20 most abundant native forest/non-crop
trees recorded, 12 of them showed significant responses (P < 0.05) to land use change with nine of the species significantly abundant in the natural forest relative to the agroforest
systems. Eighteen native forest/non-crop trees species in the agroforestry systems were commonly recorded as being used; 100%
of them being used as fuel wood with 83.3 and 77.8%, respectively, used as medicines and materials. The findings of this study
suggests that although complex agroforestry systems are a poor substitute for the natural forest the heterogeneous mosaic
landscape in which complex agroforestry forms part can be strategically managed to maximize the benefits of both sustainable
agriculture production and conservation of plant diversity by acting as buffer between protected areas and intensively managed
areas. 相似文献
19.
The advantages of associating shade trees in coffee agroforestry systems (AFS) are generally thought to be restricted mostly
to poor soil and sub-optimal ecological conditions for coffee cultivation whereas their role in optimal conditions remains
controversial. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate, under the optimal coffee cultivation conditions of the
Central Valley of Costa Rica, the impact of Inga densiflora, a very common shade tree in Central America, on the microclimate, yield and vegetative development of shaded coffee in comparison
to coffee monoculture (MC). Maximum temperature of shaded coffee leaves was reduced by up to 5°C relative to coffee leaf temperature
in MC. The minimum air temperature at night was 0.5°C higher in AFS than air temperature in MC demonstrating the buffering
effects of shade trees. As judged by the lower relative extractable water (REW) in the deep soil layers during the dry season,
water use in AFS was higher than in MC. Nevertheless, competition for water between coffee and associated trees was assumed
to be limited as REW in the 0–150 cm soil layer was always higher than 0.3 in shaded coffee compared to 0.4 in monoculture.
Coffee production was quite similar in both systems during the establishment of shade trees, however a yield decrease of 30%
was observed in AFS compared to MC with a decrease in radiation transmittance to less than 40% during the latter years in
the absence of an adequate shade tree pruning. As a result of the high contribution (60%) of shade trees to overall biomass,
permanent aerial biomass accumulation in AFS amounted to two times the biomass accumulated in MC after 7 years. Thus provided
an adequate pruning, Inga-shaded plantations appeared more advantageous than MC in optimal conditions, especially considering the fact that coffee
AFS provides high quality coffee, farmers’ revenue diversification and environmental benefits. 相似文献
20.
Lorena Soto Pinto Manuel Anzueto Martínez Pablo Martínez Zurimendi Guillermo Jiménez-Ferrer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(1):103-118
Increasingly, plantations for food, fiber and wood, are necessary to provide a growing world population. Agroforestry systems become more and more important, however these systems usually develop in marginal conditions, limited land, restricted funding, occasional technical support and above this, there is limited documentation and evaluation of innovated traditional systems in indigenous and small-scale contexts, which challenge forest scientists. The aim of this research was to assess the quality of trees in plots managed by Mayan indigenous farmers who planted agroforestry systems with fine wood species to increase the value of land and labor in localities with highly-marginal social conditions in Northern Chiapas, México. Twenty oldest plots were selected within a group of previously established plots (eight with improved fallow, six with shaded coffee and six with maize crop associated to trees) where forest inventories were carried out in nested 100 and 1000 m2-circular plots. In all plots tree diameter, height, quality indicators and the incidence of the pest Hypsipyla grandella were measured. Trees in the maize-associated-to-trees system are favored by the practices applied to annual crop during the first 3rd–5th years, a period in which they are free from the interference of other trees and benefit from favorable light conditions, weeding and a higher intensive care from the farmer while shaded coffee and improved fallow have higher tree densities and a more closed canopy condition than maize associated to trees. In consequence, maize associated to trees shows 68.1 % stems with good form; shaded coffee and improved fallow averaged 40.5 and 39.7 % of good quality stems, respectively; improved fallow exhibited a greater number of suppressed trees than shaded coffee and maize associated to trees (p < 0.0001). In addition, maize associated to trees showed the highest proportion of trees with commercial value with 56.9 %, followed by improved fallow with 28.2 %, and shaded coffee with 11.8 % (p < 0.0001); the rest were trees with domestic uses. However, maize associated to trees significantly result with high incidence of H. grandella probably due to the crown exposure. Timber volume averaged 92.9 ± 68.9 m3 for improved fallow, 77.3 ± 24.8 m3 for shaded coffee, and 52.5 ± 39.7 m3 for maize associated to trees. The value of the fine wood represents increment in income, variety of products and self-employment for households. Nonetheless, improved fallow and coffee plantations might benefit from the elimination of competitors from larger trees to favor promising immature ones and pruning, while maize crop associated to trees might benefit from opportune pruning for controlling the stem borer as well as tree replacement to achieve long term replacement and harvesting. 相似文献