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1.
Estimating Pinus palustris tree diameter and stem volume from tree height,crown area and stand-level parameters 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C. A. Gonzalez-Benecke Salvador A. Gezan Lisa J. Samuelson Wendell P. Cropper Jr. Daniel J. Leduc Timothy A. Martin 《林业研究》2014,25(1):43-52
Accurate and efficient estimation of forest growth and live biomass is a critical element in assessing potential responses to forest management and environmental change. The objective of this study was to develop models to predict longleaf pine tree diameter at breast height （dbh） and merchantable stem volume （V） using data obtained from field measurements. We used longleaf pine tree data from 3,376 planted trees on 127 permanent plots located in the U.S. Gulf Coastal Plain region to fit equations to predict dbh and V as functions of tree height （H） and crown area （CA）. Prediction of dbh as a function of H improved when CA was added as an additional independent variable. Similarly, predic- tions of V based on H improved when CA was included. Incorporation of additional stand variables such as age, site index, dominant height, and stand density were also evaluated but resulted in only small improvements in model performance. For model testing we used data from planted and naturally-regenerated trees located inside and outside the geographic area used for model fitting. Our results suggest that the models are a robust alternative for dbh and V estimations when H and CA are known on planted stands with potential for naturally-regenerated stands, across a wide range of ages. We discuss the importance of these models for use with metrics derived from remote sensing data. 相似文献
2.
Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins can cause extensive tree mortality in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Most studies that have examined stand susceptibility to mountain pine beetle have been conducted in even-aged stands. Land managers increasingly practice uneven-aged management. We established 84 clusters of four plots, one where bark beetle-caused mortality was present and three uninfested plots. For all plot trees we recorded species, tree diameter, and crown position and for ponderosa pine whether they were killed or infested by mountain pine beetle. Elevation, slope, and aspect were also recorded. We used classification trees to model the likelihood of bark beetle attack based on plot and site variables. The probability of individual tree attack within the infested plots was estimated using logistic regression. Basal area of ponderosa pine in trees ≥25.4 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and ponderosa pine stand density index were correlated with mountain pine beetle attack. Regression trees and linear regression indicated that the amount of observed tree mortality was associated with initial ponderosa pine basal area and ponderosa pine stand density index. Infested stands had higher total and ponderosa pine basal area, total and ponderosa pine stand density index, and ponderosa pine basal area in trees ≥25.4 cm dbh. The probability of individual tree attack within infested plots was positively correlated with tree diameter with ponderosa pine stand density index modifying the relationship. A tree of a given size was more likely to be attacked in a denser stand. We conclude that stands with higher ponderosa pine basal area in trees >25.4 cm and ponderosa pine stand density index are correlated with an increased likelihood of mountain pine beetle bark beetle attack. Information form this study will help forest managers in the identification of uneven-aged stands with a higher likelihood of bark beetle attack and expected levels of tree mortality. 相似文献
3.
通过对马尾松4种造林密度的定位观测分析结果表明，不同造林密度对胸径、单株村积生长的影响达到显著性差异，对树高生长影响差异不显著，不同密度林分径级分布差异明显，密度为2500株／hm2和1250株／hm2的林分，其胸径≤6cm径阶的株数占57．2％和45．9％，≥8cm径阶的株数占42．8％和54．1％；而密度为10000株／hm2和5000株／hm2的林分，其胸径≤6cm径阶的株数占89．6％和76％，≥8cm径阶的株数占10．4％和24％；不同径级林分的合理密度通过胸径与树冠面积的相关关系，用回归直线方程y=a＋bx分别求得各胸径最低保留株数，作为间伐强度、间伐开始期和间伐重复期的参考依据。 相似文献
4.
该项试验共分2个部分.(1)造林密度试验,小区面积为600
m2,5个处理,即1 667株.hm-2(A)、3 333株.hm-2(B)、4～983株.hm-2(C)、6 633株.hm-2(D)、9967株.hm-2(E);(2)造林密度调控试验,造林设计方法与造林密度试验相同,但在林分生长过程中,按密度管理图的密管线0.5为标准进行间伐,间伐后保留密度要与临近的下一个初植密度较稀植的林分密度基本相同,两者进行比较.试验结果(1)造林密度试验,优势高、平均高、平均胸径均随年龄的增加而递增,随密度的增加而递减,优势高9a、平均高6
a、平均胸径5 a,密度间差异已达显著性水平;林分蓄积量则随年龄增加而递增,5～7
a,密度间差异显著,8～18a,只有A密度与E、D密度差异显著;枝下高随密度、年龄的增加而递增,12～a后,C、D、E密度间的差异很小;冠幅随密度的增加而递减,随年龄的增加而递增,9～10a后,各密度则随年龄增加而缓慢递减.(2)造林密度调控试验,同一指数级,间伐后的林分与其密度基本相同未间伐的林分比较,其优势高、平均高差异不明显;立木蓄积前者小于后者;总蓄积(立木蓄积+间伐蓄积)前者大于后者;同一指数级,初植密度不同的林分,间伐后与密度基本相同未间伐林分的蓄积百分比,初植密度大的大于初植密度小的;指数级不同,而初植密度相同的林分,间伐后与密度基本相同未间伐的林分总蓄积百分比,高指数级的比值大于低指数级的比值. 相似文献
5.
采用随机区组试验设计在广东省郁南县西江林场设置了4种株行距(1.7 m×4 m,2.0 m×4 m,2.5 m×4 m,3.0 m×4 m)试验,分析不同造林密度(1470、1250、1000、833株 ·hm-2)对0.8~7.8 a生尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)人工林保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和林分蓄积量的影响.结果表明:不同造林密度对林分的保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和蓄积量均有显著的影响;除0.8 a生的林分保存率外,其它年龄的林分保存率均随着造林密度的增加而降低,1470株 ·hm-2与其它3种密度间的林分保存率存在显著差异;造林密度对林分平均高有一定的影响,但差异较小;随着造林密度的增加,林分平均胸径和单株材积逐步递减,1470、1250株 ·hm-2与其它两种密度间的平均胸径和单株材积在2.8~7.8 a生时均存在显著差异;在7.8 a生时,以1250株 ·hm-2为造林密度的林分蓄积量最大,达195.0 m3·hm-2,分别比造林密度为1470、1000、833株 ·hm-2的林分高16.28%、5.86%和14.37%.以获得较高的林分蓄积量为目标,初步推荐1000~1250株 ·hm-2的造林密度. 相似文献
6.
Simone Perret Marc Baumgartner Hans Kienholz 《European Journal of Forest Research》2006,125(2):101-110
Rockfall is a major threat to settlements and transportation routes in many places. Consequently, the protective function of mountain forests has recently gained particular interest. However, much is still unknown about the ideal properties of protective forest stands. Therefore the present paper discusses a method for the inventory and analysis of tree injuries in a rockfall-damaged forest stand. With this method, the interrelation between stand geometry and rockfall injuries in a subalpine Polygalo chamaebuxi-Piceetum was examined. The study site of 0.3 Ha is located in the transit zone of frequently passing, small rockfall fragments (~10 cm in diameter) causing healable tree injuries. Tree and injury parameters were recorded and analysed as to injury number, height and size. The spatial distribution of the 157 trees (diameter at breast height dbh>5 cm) in the stand as well as of the 1,704 identified rockfall injuries showed a very uneven pattern. As expected, number, height and size of the injuries generally declined with increasing distance from the cliff as well as due to higher stem densities. In contrast, results indicated that the dbh of trees has no significant influence on the number of injuries per tree. However, this study showed a clear interrelation between tree and injury distribution: in general, large trees close to the cliff and smaller trees with a high density further down the slope seem to be favourable for good protection. At least an uneven-aged, multilayered stand should be sustained. Overall, the combined analysis of stand geometry and injury parameters provides information on the spatial distribution of rockfall and on the influence of tree arrangements. 相似文献
7.
Different methodological approaches from the field of spatial statistics, the index of cluster size (ICS) and quadrat methods such as the two-term and three-term local quadrat variance (TTLQV and 3TLQV) and the new local variance (NLV) were tested to find a simple spatial measure to classify mixed coniferous uneven-aged, even-aged and conversion stands in the central Black Forest area of Germany. Altogether six stands were analysed with regularly distributed sample plots of 0.25 ha (50×50 m), each subdivided into 25 quadrats of 10×10 m. In each of the quadrats, diameter at breast height (dbh) for trees of the overstory (dbh>7 cm) was assessed and classified into three diameter classes. Height measurements were used to develop specific stand height curves for each stand and to calculate the standing volume per tree and per quadrat. The even-aged stands showed a regular distribution of the standing volume, while the conversion and uneven-aged stands were more clustered. This was detected using ICS, which proved to be a simple but very efficient measure for stand structure. The ICS also showed a highly random distribution of small and medium trees and a regular distribution of large trees of the overstory in the uneven-aged stand. Large and medium trees of one even-aged stand were also regularly distributed while conversion stands showed a regular, random or slightly clustered distribution of these trees. The more uneven the ages in the stands were, the larger were the phases detected by the NLV. The findings of the ICS were generally supported by the TTLQV and 3TLQV. The more uneven the ages in a stand were, the less clustered were the trees of different sizes of the understory. Clustering also decreased with increasing height of understory trees. The patterns detected in the investigated stands were related to the effect of different management regimes. Implications for the management of conversions stands based on the findings of the study are given. 相似文献
8.
板栗不同密度林分的生长发育与生物生产力 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对4种不同密度8年生板栗园树体生长发育、生物量、对生物生产力的系统分析，研究了板栗密植园的生长分化机理．栽植密度区显著影响板栗树体的生长发育；它不仅对单株生物量及林分生物量存在显著的影响，同时也影响生物量在枝、叶、果中的分配比例．不同密度林分的净生产量、经济利用系数、太阳能利用率均存在一定的差别，这种差别随林分年龄的变化而变化．高密度林分可获得早期产量的迅速提高．但达到一定年龄阶段（6年生）以后必须进行适时间伐，以保持林分产量的相对稳定． 相似文献
9.
通过对21、22年生的闽中湿地松人工林不同造林密度和不同立地条件的生长效果研究,结果表明:坡位、表土层厚度对优势木树高有显著影响,但对林分平均树高无显著影响;坡向(阴、阳坡)对平均胸径存在显著差异,且阳坡明显优于阴坡。不同经营密度的林分平均胸径、单株材积差异显著,且随密度增大而减少;冠幅随密度增大而减少;在合理密度范围内,单株胸径、材积随密度增大而减少,但蓄积量却随密度增加而增大。 相似文献
10.
11.
根据标准地和解析木调查资料,以樟子松人工林树冠内活枝为研究对象,探讨同一树木的不同龄阶的枝生长规律,同一林分不同大小树木枝生长的规律,以及不同林分条件下枝生长的规律。结果表明:单株树木枝条长度总生长曲线呈"S"形,连年生长在生长初期达到一最大值后随年龄的增加而逐渐减小;在同一林分中,枝条总生长随着枝龄的增加而持续增长;在不同年龄相同密度林分中,年龄较小的林分枝长连年生长要比年龄较大的树林增长快一些;在相同年龄不同密度林分中,密度较小的林分比密度较大的林分枝长总生长及同期连年生长要快一些。 相似文献
12.
Long-term declines in rainfall in south-western Australia have resulted in increased interest in the hydraulic characteristics of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest established in the region's drinking water catchments on rehabilitated bauxite mining sites. We hypothesized that in jarrah forest established on rehabilitated mine sites: (1) leaf area index (L) is independent of initial tree spacing; and (2) more densely planted trees have less leaf area for the same leaf mass, or the same sapwood area, and have denser sapwood. Initial stand densities ranged from about 600 to 9000 stems ha(-1), and trees were 18 years old at the time of sampling. Leaf area index was unaffected by initial stand density, except in the most sparsely stocked stands where L was 1.2 compared with 2.0-2.5 in stands at other spacings. The ratio of leaf area to sapwood area (A(l):A(s)) was unaffected by tree spacing or tree size and was 0.2 at 1.3 m height and 0.25 at the crown base. There were small increases in sapwood density and decreases in leaf specific area with increased spacing. Tree diameter or basal area was a better predictor of leaf area than sapwood area. At the stand scale, basal area was a good predictor of L (r(2) = 0.98, n = 15) except in the densest stands. We conclude that the hydraulic attributes of this forest type are largely independent of initial tree spacing, thus simplifying parameterization of stand and catchment water balance models. 相似文献
13.
Silvopastoral systems in Europe offer the potential of introducing environmental benefits while at the same time increasing the diversity of farm outputs. The establishment of new silvopastoral systems by planting young trees into existing pasture was investigated at a site in North Wales, UK. Two tree species, sycamore (Acer pseudo-platanus L.) and red alder(Alnus rubra Bong.), were planted into pasture at a range of densities and planting arrangements. Growth of trees planted in farm woodland blocks (2500 stems ha–1) was compared with the growth of trees planted at 400 stems ha–1 in clumps and dispersed throughout the plot and at 100 stems ha–1 (dispersed). Over the first six years after planting, alder trees were significantly taller and larger in diameter than sycamore. Sycamore trees planted at close spacing in farm woodland or clumped arrangements were significantly larger in diameter than widely spaced sycamore at 100 and 400 stems ha–1. Livestock productivity was unaffected by the presence of trees during the six-year establishment phase of the system. The planting of trees in a clumped pattern appears to combine silvicultural benefits to tree growth with agricultural benefits of maintaining livestock production while trees are established.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Agustín Merino Carlos Real Juan G. lvarez-Gonzlez Manuel A. Rodríguez-Guitin 《Forest Ecology and Management》2007,250(3):206-214
Managed forests often differ substantially from undisturbed forests in terms of tree structure and diversity. By altering the forest structure, management may affect the C stored in biomass and soil. A survey of 58 natural stands located in the south-westernmost limit of European beech forests was carried out to assess how the C pools are affected by the changes in tree structural diversity resulting from past management. The mean tree density, basal area and the number of large trees found in unmanaged forests were similar to those corresponding to virgin beech forests in Central Europe, whereas large live trees were totally absent from partially cut stands. Analysis of the Evenness index and the Gini coefficient indicated high structural diversity in the three stand types. The results of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test used to compare the diameter distributions of each group revealed significant differences between stand types in terms of distributions of total tree species and of Fagus sylvatica.
The mean C stocks in the whole ecosystem – trees, litter layer and mineral soil – ranged from 220 to 770 Mg ha−1 (average 380 Mg ha−1). Tree biomass (above and belowground), which averaged 293 Mg C ha−1, constituted the main C pool of the system (50–97%). The statistical test (Kolmogorov–Smirnov) revealed differences in the distribution of C pools in tree biomass between unmanaged and partially cut stands. As a consequence of the presence of large trees, in some unmanaged stands the C stock in tree biomass was as high as 500–600 Mg C ha−1. In the partially cut stands, most of the C was mainly accumulated in trees smaller than 20 cm dbh, whereas in unmanaged stands the 30% of tree C pool was found in trees larger than 50 cm dbh. Furthermore, many unmanaged stands showed a larger C pool in the litter layer. The C content of mineral soils ranged from 40 to 260 Mg C ha−1 and it was especially high in umbrisols. In conclusion, the implementation of protective measures in these fragile ecosystems may help to maintain the highly heterogeneous tree structure and enhance the role of both soils and trees as long-term C sinks. 相似文献
15.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):175-183
Development in height, diameter and basal area was studied for beeted and for originally planted Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. The study was carried out as a survey in three unthinned stands in southern Sweden. Beeted seedlings were separated from those originally planted by differences observed in the number of annual rings at stump height. In all stands height and diameter were smaller and growth rates in height and basal area were lower for beeted than for originally planted seedlings. The lower growth rates for beeted seedlings may be explained as effects of inter‐tree competition. The oldest stand was thinned at the time of inventory. 40% of the thinned trees were beeted representing 18% of the thinned volume. 相似文献
16.
九龙江流域杉木大径材生长特性的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用不同的数学模型对九龙江流域不同经营密度 (稀组、密组 )杉木林的生长特性进行分析研究 ,结果表明 :稀组的林分树高、胸径及材积生长量均高于密组 ,可提前达到大径材培育目标 ;密组尚未达到大径材培育目标 ,必须适当延长主伐年龄。最终保留林分株数应定为 1 1 0 0株·hm-2 。 相似文献
17.
Sebastian Hein Aaron R. Weiskittel Ulrich Kohnle 《European Journal of Forest Research》2008,127(6):481-493
The influence of stand density on Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] is conceptually understood, but for wide spacings not well quantified, particularly in Europe. This study
used 41 trees from 7 different locations in south-western Germany to compare important tree- and branch-level attributes across
three different densities, namely 100, 200, and 1,200 stems ha−1. In general, there were only a few tree and branch attributes that were significantly different between the 100 and 200 ha−1 densities. Crown projection area and diameter of the thickest branches were the most important differences between the 100
and 200 ha−1 densities. The most obvious and significant differences in this study were between 100 and 1,200 ha−1 densities, where nearly every examined tree and branch attributes were statistically significant. However, relative sapwood
area, the number of branches, branch angle, and the occurrence of spike knots were insensitive to stand density. Although
the two lowest stand densities in this study represent rather extremely wide spacings, these results still have important
implications for the development of effective thinning regimes for Douglas-fir in south-western Germany. Important management
recommendations from this study include thinned stands should be maintained to at least 200 stems ha−1 to maintain high log quality and stand stability. Furthermore, even at stand densities exceeding more than 1,200 trees ha−1 planted trees, artificial pruning may even be necessary to produce high quality logs. 相似文献
18.
白桦伐根萌芽幼、中龄林生长规律的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对内蒙古乌兰察布市卓资县上高台林场的白桦伐根萌芽幼、中龄林实施长期封禁,通过固定标准地对白桦萌芽林多项生长因子进行定期调查测定,开展白桦萌芽林不同龄级年均生长量和根系生长发育、林木分化和自然稀疏强度以及立地条件变化对生长的影响等的分析研究,结果表明：全封育的白桦萌芽林树高年均生长量最大期在6～15年之间;胸径年均生长量... 相似文献
19.
华北落叶松人工幼林林分密度与生物量的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
华北落叶松（larix principis—rupprechtii Mayr．）是燕山山地的主要树种，生态和经济效益显著。以河北木兰林管局境内13a生华北落叶松人工幼林为研究对象，用样方调查的方法对立地条件相同密度分别为1800、2400和3000株／hm^2的3种林分生物量进行研究，结果表明：林分总生物量随密度的增大而增大，低、中、高3种密度林分总生物量分别为21180．6、26724．6和31352．4kg/hm^2；乔木层生物量最大，占总生物量的98．9％，草本层次之，占0．7％，灌木层最少，仅占0．4％；林木平均木生物量随密度的增大略微减少，密度由低到高其平均木生物量依次为11537．5、11077．3和10357．8g/株；各密度林分乔木层各器官生物量均存在W干〉W枝〉W根〉W叶〉W皮的分布规律；3种密度的林分生物量结构特征基本相同，3000株／hm^2的林分结构合理，更能达到丰产的目的。 相似文献
20.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(4):333-343
Abstract The initial density of a stand influences both the prethinning growth and the quality of the harvested trees. This study investigated the effects of different square spacings (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 m) with thinning from above and thinning from below on stand development and tree characteristics in a 33-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantation in southern Sweden. Before thinning the total standing volume was not significantly different between treatments. Diameter at breast height (dbh) and diameter of the thickest branch were positively correlated. Before thinning, dbh of the trees and their thickest branches were significantly higher in the stands with 3.0 m spacing. After thinning, the dbh and the diameter of the thickest branch did not significantly differ between the 3.0 m spacing with thinning from above and 2.0 and 2.5 m spacing with thinning from below. Spacing did not significantly influence the presence or size of spike knots. The results suggest that a combination of wide spacing with thinning from above may yield timber of similar quality to denser spacing with thinning from below. 相似文献