首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
全膜双垄沟播技术使玉米成为陇中旱农区主栽作物之一,但该技术下玉米的高产导致土壤养分和水分耗竭,影响玉米生产的可持续性,依托2012年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,研究4种耕作方式(CT:传统翻耕,RT:旋耕,SS:深松耕,NT:免耕)和4种施氮水平(N1:不施氮,N2:施纯氮100kg·hm~(-2),N3:施纯氮200kg·hm~(-2),N4:施纯氮300kg·hm~(-2))对粮饲兼用玉米光合特性、干物质积累量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:深松耕和免耕显著增强玉米光合性能,且随着施氮量的增加玉米光合性能也增强;各生育时期干物质积累量均表为SSNTRTCT、N4N3N2N1,成熟期时SS较CT显著增加37.4%,N4较其他处理增加15.0%~85.0%;与传统耕作相比,深松耕和免耕可以提高玉米籽粒产量,2014年SS和NT较CT分别增加33.0%、18.8%,2015年分别增加19.7%、11.6%,且深松耕处理生物量显著高于传统耕作;施纯氮300kg·hm~(-2)和200kg·hm~(-2)均可以提高玉米籽粒产量、生物量和水分利用效率,但施纯氮200kg·hm~(-2)与300kg·hm~(-2)无显著差异,施纯氮200kg·hm~(-2)处理下籽粒产量、生物量和水分利用效率较不施肥处理分别增加68.4%、63.5%、52.2%,较施氮100kg·hm~(-2)分别增加40.2%、31.7%、30.5%。因此,在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植粮饲兼用玉米,覆膜前深松耕或免耕,施氮200kg·hm~(-2)左右比较适宜,既有利于粮饲兼用玉米籽粒产量、饲料产量的提高,也可以提高水氮利用效率,促进玉米生产的可持续发展。  相似文献   

2.

Grassland silage management is generally semi-organised with no conscious attempt to re-use wheel ways as with arable fields. The total number of machine passes can be 15 or more with normal traffic (NT) systems resulting in potentially large areas of a field suffering from direct damage to the crop and soil. Literature suggests there can be grass dry matter yield reductions of 5 to 74% under NT through compaction and sward damage, with a mean of 13% in the UK. Commercially available grass forage equipment with widths of 3 to 12 m set up for controlled traffic farming (CTF) could reduce trafficked areas (which is typically 90% to 80% for NT) to 40% to 13% for CTF. This study compared grass dry matter yield between CTF and NT for a three-cut silage system based on a 9 m working width in a permanent silage field in the southwest of Scotland, UK in 2015. Results showed a 13.5% (0.80 t ha?1) increase in yield for CTF for the 2nd and 3rd cuts combined. The CTF trafficked area covered was 57% less than the NT system (30.4% compared to 87.4%) over the three silage cuts. An economic analysis based on a 13% increase in dry matter yield (for 2- and 3-cut systems) and a reduction in trafficked area from 80% (for NT) to between 45% and 15% (for CTF), increased the yield by between 0.53 t ha?1 and 1.36 t ha?1 for 2- and 3-cut systems, respectively with an equivalent grass value of between £38 ha?1 and £98 ha?1. Introducing CTF for a multi-cut grass silage system is cost-effective by increasing yields due to a reduction in compaction and sward damage.

  相似文献   

3.
Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.  相似文献   

4.
Understanding tillage system interaction with landscape variability is important in prescribing appropriate tillage systems that are profitable and environmentally sound. A three-year (1997–1999) study was conducted on a gently sloping, poorly drained lacustrine landscape to evaluate tillage, landscape, and soil interactions on grain yield. Tillage systems investigated were a reduced tillage (RT) system [no-tillage after soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr), fall chisel plowing after corn (Zea mays (L.) var. mays)], and a conventional tillage (CT) system (fall chisel plowing after soybean and fall moldboard plowing after corn). Fall primary tillage was followed with a pre-plant field cultivation in the spring. Runoff and pollutant losses from the two tillage systems were also measured under a 63 mm h–1 simulated rainfall. Runoff and pollutant (total solids, chemical oxygen demand, total P, dissolved molybdate reactive P) losses were similar, or lower (6.6, 8.0, 7.7, 5.5, and 4.1 times, respectively) in the RT than the CT system. Tillage system, landscape elevation, and soil type interactions on crop yield varied depending upon whether it was a wet or dry growing season. Using the interactions, soybean yield differences among the modeled fixed-RT, fixed-CT, and variable tillage (VT) systems in a wet year were less than 0.1 Mg ha–1. During a dry year, corn yield was higher in the RT and the VT systems than in the CT system. When no new purchase of tillage equipment(s) is necessary to implement the RT, VT, or CT system, the modest yield benefits during relatively dry years, plus the improved runoff water quality by using reduced tillage system in all or part of the landscape, would justify the use of RT and VT systems over the CT system in the lacustrine landscape.  相似文献   

5.
Conservation tillage may improve yield of cotton in addition to improvement in soil quality if practiced for longer period. However, the practice may not be productive in short-term particularly when severe weeds are infesting the crops such as Cynodon dactylon, Conyza canadensis, Tribulus terrestris, and Cyperus rotundus, etc. Recent studies indicate that conventional tillage (CT) is more productive than zero tillage (ZT)/reduced tillage (RT). Performance of cotton under three tillage systems, viz., ZT, RT and CT; and five herbicides, i.e., haloxyfop-R-methyl 10.8 EC (108 g a.i. ha?1), lactofen 24 EC (168 g a.i. ha?1), haloxyfop 10.8 EC + lactofen 24 EC, hand weeding, and weedy check were evaluated during 2010-2011 at Gomal University, D.I. Khan, Pakistan, to explore the best management option for effective weed control, enhanced yield and quality of cotton grown after wheat. The results revealed that hand weeding and Haloxyfop as post emergence alone or in combination with Lactofen reduced weed density to the minimum irrespective of the tillage systems. Excessive rainfall and cooler temperature limited cotton growth and yield in 2010. The adverse weather conditions had more adverse effect on boll weight under ZT and RT than CT. Haloxyfop + lactofen produced higher seed cotton yield in RT than ZT, however, it could not exceed CT. Broad-spectrum herbicides × CT produced the highest number of bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield. Fiber quality and net returns were also the highest in broad-spectrum herbicides × CT. In conclusion, broad-spectrum herbicides under CT were more productive in wheat based cropping system on silty clay soil of D.I. Khan.  相似文献   

6.
土壤耕作和施肥方式对夏玉米干物质积累与产量的影响   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11  
【目的】改善土壤耕作方式和氮肥施用技术是进一步提高玉米产量和氮肥利用效率的重要措施。本研究拟通过分析浅旋、免耕和条带深松3种耕作方式下缓释肥和常规施肥对夏玉米干物质积累、转运及光合特性的影响,阐明其产量及氮肥效率差异形成的生理过程。【方法】试验于2013—2014年在河南新乡进行。采用裂区设计,耕作方式为主区,设浅旋耕作(rotary tillage,R),免耕直播(no-tillage,N)和条带深松(sub-soiling,S)3种耕作方式;肥料类型为副区,设缓释肥(slow release fertilizer,SRF)和常规施肥(conventional compound fertilizer,CCF)2个处理。【结果】与传统施肥和土壤耕作方式比,施用缓释肥与条带深松耕作均能维持植株开花后较高的叶面积指数和光合速率,且条带深松与缓释肥耦合处理的值最大。成熟期,3种耕作方式下,缓释肥处理叶面积指数降幅两年平均分别低于常规施肥处理7.5%(N)、9.7%(R)和11.8%(S);缓释肥处理净光合速率降幅两年平均分别低于常规施肥处理7.3%(N)、11.5%(R)和16.8%(S)。条带深松耕作下缓释肥处理LAI高于其他处理16.0%—47.9%,穗位叶光合速率较其他处理高14.5%—52.3%。花后较高的叶面积指数和光合速率可促进玉米中后期干物质积累速率及积累持续期的增加,从而显著提高花后光合产物的积累量及同化量。3种耕作方式下,缓释肥处理花后干物质同化量较常规施肥处理两年平均分别提高1.5%(N)、21.4%(R)和24.4%(S);缓释肥处理花后干物质积累量较常规施肥处理两年平均分别提高11.0%(N)、12.2%(R)和17.0%(S)。其中条带深松耕作与缓释肥耦合处理花后干物质积累量和同化量显著高于其他处理,两年平均增幅分别为13.4%—28.9%和17.4%—39.6%。玉米花后干物质积累及同化量的增加是玉米籽粒产量提高的主要原因。因此,施用缓释肥通过增加千粒重,条带深松耕作通过增加收获穗数分别显著提高夏玉米产量;条带深松与缓释肥耦合处理产量显著高于其他处理,增幅为9.2%—23.2%。【结论】条带深松满足了作物对氮素的空间要求,缓释肥满足了作物对氮素的时间要求,施用缓释肥并结合条带深松,可有效调控土壤的养分供应状况,提高土壤氮素供应与作物需氮的时空吻合度,有利于实现黄淮海区夏玉米高产高效及生态安全生产的目标。  相似文献   

7.
In 2010, Chinese maize yields increased from 961.5 kg ha?1 in 1949 to 5 453.8 kg ha?1. This increase is the result of genetic improvements, an increase in nitrogen application, and refinement of planting densities. The objective of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for maize production research by analyzing the maize yield gain characteristics. Six varieties of maize were selected for the study; each selection is representative of a typical or commonly used maize variety from a specific decade, beginning from the 1950s and continuing through each decade into the 2000s. The selections and their corresponding decade were as follows: Baihe, 1950s; Jidan 101, 1960s; Zhongdan 2, 1970s; Yedan 13, 1980s; Zhengdan 958, 1990s; and Xianyu 335, 2000s. Each variety was planted under four different densities (37 500, 52 500, 67 500, and 82 500 plants ha?1) and four different nitrogen applications (0, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha?1) to study the effects on yield gain characteristics. The obtained results demonstrated that there was a maize yield increase of 123.19% between the 1950s variety and the 2000s variety. Modern Chinese maize varieties had a higher yield advantage. They also displayed the additional potential to acquire higher yield under increased planting densities and nitrogen applications. At the present cultivation levels (planting at 67 500 plants ha?1 with 225 kg ha?1 nitrogen application), the contribution types and corresponding yield increase percentages were as follows: genetic improvement, 45.37%; agronomic-management improvement, 30.94%; and genotype× agronomic-management interaction, 23.69%. At high-yielding cultivation levels (planting at 82 500 plants ha?1 with 300 kg ha?1 nitrogen application), the contribution types and corresponding yield increase percentages were as follows: genetic improvement, 31.30%; agronomic-management improvement, 36.23%; and genotype × agronomic-management interaction, 32.47%. The contribution of agronomic-management and genotype × agronomic-management interaction to yield increase would be larger with the corresponding management improvement. To further increase maize grain yield in China, researchers should further examine the effects of agronomic-management on maize yield and the adaptation of variety to agronomic-management.  相似文献   

8.
Crop residue retention has been considered a practicable strategy to improve soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN), but the effectiveness of residue retention might be different under varied tillage practices. To evaluate the effects of residue management on the distribution and stocks of SOC and TN under different tillage practices, a bifactorial experiment with three levels for tillage practices(no-tillage, rotary tillage, and conventional tillage) and two levels for residue managements(residue retention and residue removal) was conducted in the North China Plain(NCP). Results showed that after a short experimental duration(3–4 years), concentrations of SOC and TN in the 0–10 cm layer were higher under no-tillage than under conventional tillage, no matter whether crop residues were retained or not. Residue retention increased SOC and TN concentrations in the upper layers of soil to some degree for all tillage practices, as compared with residue removal, with the greatest increment of SOC concentration occurred in the 0–10 cm layer under rotary tillage, but in the 10–30 cm layer under conventional tillage. The stocks of SOC in the 0–50 cm depth increased from 49.89 Mg ha–1 with residue removal to 53.03 Mg ha–1 with residue retention. However, no-tillage did not increase SOC stock to a depth of 50 cm relative to conventional tillage, and increased only by 5.35% as compared with rotary tillage. Thus, residue retention may contribute more towards SOC sequestration than no-tillage. Furthermore, the combination between residue retention and no-tillage has the greatest advantage in enhancing SOC and TN in the NCP region.  相似文献   

9.
Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers' fields.To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density(HPD), we studied 60 farmers' fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density(ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers' fields was 59 699 plants ha~(–1), which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density(MSD; 67 962 plants ha~(–1)) and theoretical plant density(TPD; 67 467 plants ha~(–1)). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore,the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds,and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers' limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.  相似文献   

10.
Incorporation of compost in soil will not only protect the environment, but also take advantage of the nutrients and organic matter contained in the compost to enhance soil fertility and crop production. Field experiments were carried out during the 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 growing seasons at the College of Food and Agriculture Farm, United Arab Emirates University. The experiments were established in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The plot dimension was 3.2m×2.8 m, with four rows per plot. The treatments were designed to study the effect of compost rates on the potato production and soil fertility properties. Five rates of compost were investigated (control, 40, 80, 120 ton compost per hectare; and inorganic fertilizers (250 kg N·ha−1, 250 kg P2O5·ha−1 and 300 kg K2O·ha−1)). Results of the first growing season 2006/2007 showed that marketable tuber yield, plant height and specific gravity were greater in compost amended soil than in non-amended soil even if inorganic fertilizers were added. Application of 120 ton compost per hectare gave the highest total tubers number, marketable tuber yield, height and specific gravity.  相似文献   

11.
[目的]明确不同耕作方式对糜子的水分利用效率及产量的影响.[方法]采用深耕、传统耕作、免耕、旋耕4种耕作方式,以晋黍9号为材料,研究不同耕作方式对糜子干物质积累量、土壤含水量、水分利用效率以及产量的影响.[结果]深耕、免耕、旋耕这3种耕作措施的干物质积累速度和积累量要明显高于传统耕作,且深耕最为明显;深耕在0～100 cm处的土壤含水量高于其它耕作方式,且土壤贮水量最大,水分利用效率排序依次为深＞旋＞免＞传;穗粒重、千粒重和产量都以深耕处理的最大,传统耕作方式的最小.表明在4种耕作方式中,深耕有利于糜子产量和水分利用效率的提高.[结论]该研究为糜子主产区提高水分利用效率提供了科学依据.  相似文献   

12.
The influence of agricultural management practices, such as organic fertilisation and plant densities on soil properties, root growth, and sesame yield were investigated. Soil samples (depth of 0–20 cm) were taken from a field study with sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivated on a Chromic Luvisol, which was conducted to explore the effects of six fertilisation systems [Non-fertilisation (Control); Mineral fertilisation (Min); Organic fertilisation with 2 (Org-1) and 3 Mg ha–1 (Org-2) of commercial organic fertiliser Organus B; and with 1 (Tak 1) and 2 Mg ha–1 (Tak-2) of commercial organic fertiliser Takamix] and two plant densities [111111 (Pdens1) and 55555 (Pdens2) plants ha–1), in a factorial design (6 × 2) with four blocks. The highest values of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, root density and sesame yield were found in the Org-2 fertilisation and Pdens1 treatments. We found that organic fertilisation combined with Pdens1 significantly increased root growth. Organic fertilisation treatments were able to maintain 80% of sesame roots distributed at a soil depth of 0–10 cm, whereas the last 20% were distributed at a soil depth of 10.1–20 cm. In conclusion the utilization of commercial organic fertilisers as an organic matter source enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and root density that contributed to increase sesame yield. Our findings also suggest that inputs of organic matter source with a correct plant density might change positively soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, root growth, root distribution and sesame yield.  相似文献   

13.
【目的】 研究连续旋耕下深耕对不同优质粳稻生长动态、光合物质生产及产量形成过程的影响,为寒地优质粳稻高产高效栽培提供技术支撑。【方法】 2018—2019年以绥粳18、垦稻12和三江6为供试材料,在秸秆还田条件下,前茬连续2年旋耕基础上,设置深耕和旋耕2种耕作方式,研究耕作方式对优质粳稻生长动态及花后物质生产特性的影响。【结果】 年份间产量差异不显著,而耕作方式对寒地优质粳稻生长发育、花后光合物质生产特性及产量性状存在显著影响。与旋耕相比,深耕显著增加了每平方米分蘖数和有效穗数,剑叶展开时间晚且持续时间长,抽穗晚但持续时间无变化;增加了生物量和茎鞘干物质转运能力,其中齐穗期生物量和茎鞘干物质分别增加8.34%和5.36%;输出量、输出率及转化率增幅分别为13.19%、6.70%和9.17%,差异显著（P<0.05）;提高了齐穗期与成熟期叶面指数,延长了绿叶面积持续时间,增加了群体生长速率;促进了主茎倒3、4节位的节间长度、叶片长度和宽度,增加了株高和穗长;每穗粒数和粒重分别增加7.05%和3.37%,收获指数增加1.90%,实现产量平均增幅12.78%。同一耕作方式条件下,在茎蘖数、光合物质生产能力、茎鞘干物质积累量及转运能力、产量及其构成上均以垦稻12表现最佳,绥粳18次之;而三江6花后叶面积指数、成熟期每穗粒数和粒重虽然较高,但并不能弥补其干物质转运能力、有效穗数和千粒重低的不足。在互作效应上,深耕×垦稻12处理表现出较高的每平方米有效穗数,花后光合物质生产及转运能力强,粒叶比和群体生长速率高,千粒重与收获指数高,增产9.15%—27.47%。【结论】 在连续旋耕稻田上搭配一次深耕的耕作方式是利于提高本区域优质粳稻产量的耕作制度。  相似文献   

14.
【目的】探讨耕作覆盖对旱作土壤团粒结构、马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【方法】于2013—2016年进行连续3个作物生长季定位试验,通过设置3种耕作方式（深松、免耕、翻耕）和3种覆盖措施（秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和不覆盖）,研究耕作结合覆盖对土壤团聚体数量、土壤蓄水量及马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用可显著增加0—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量,深松覆盖秸秆处理0—20 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年（2016）和相对欠水年（2014）分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高14.2%、16.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年（2015）较翻耕不覆盖显著提高8.5%;20—40 cm土层>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量在欠水年以深松覆盖秸秆、相对欠水年深松覆盖地膜和平水年免耕覆盖秸秆处理最高,分别较翻耕不覆盖显著提高18.2%、21.5%、18.7%。耕作方式、覆盖措施及二者交互作用对0—200 cm土层蓄水量影响显著,深松覆盖秸秆处理休闲期土壤蓄水量分别在相对欠水年、欠水年和平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高29.6%、9.3%、11.4%;其关键生育时期平均土壤蓄水量分别在欠水年和相对欠水年较翻耕不覆盖显著增加21.9%、28.9%,而免耕覆盖秸秆处理在平水年较翻耕不覆盖处理显著增加17.1%。在相对欠水年,耕作方式对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率无显著影响,而覆盖措施及耕作与覆盖交互作用对其有显著影响,以免耕覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高51.8%和50.5%;在平水年和欠水年,耕作方式、覆盖措施及其二者交互对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,产量、水分利用效率均以深松覆盖秸秆处理效果最佳,平均较翻耕不覆盖处理显著提高56.9%和44.8%。【结论】耕作结合覆盖措施可改善耕层土壤团粒结构,显著增强休闲期和生育期土壤蓄水保墒能力,从而显著提高马铃薯产量和水分利用效率,在平水年和欠水年采用深松结合秸秆覆盖、相对欠水年采用免耕结合秸秆覆盖模式可实现宁南旱作马铃薯增产。  相似文献   

15.
旱地保护性耕作对土壤理化性状和冬小麦生理特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
本研究结果表明,与传统旋耕相比,旱地实行保护性耕作后,土壤容重和土壤温度得以改善,土壤含水率显著增加,土壤有机质含量提高,养分状况改善。对小麦生理特性的研究表明,采用保护性耕作种植的小麦单株分蘖力强,生育后期叶面积系数较高,干物质生产能力较强,公顷穗数显著高于传统旋耕,最终产量较传统旋耕增产27.4%。对比小麦当季水分生产效率,保护性耕作高于传统旋耕39.5%,达14.35 kg.mm-1.h-1。  相似文献   

16.
【目的】针对东北春玉米主产区秸秆处理的突出矛盾,优化秸秆还田方式对促进该区农业绿色可持续发展意义深远。本文研究了耕作和秸秆还田方式对春玉米根系形态及分布特征、干物积累和产量的影响,旨在为该区域耕作措施调整、实现秸秆还田维持耕地农业生产提供理论依据。【方法】2017—2018年在辽宁沈阳进行田间试验,采用二因素随机区组设计,分别设置秸秆全层翻耕还田（PTS）、秸秆条带翻耕还田（PSS）、秸秆全层旋耕还田（RTS）和秸秆条带旋耕还田（RSS）4个处理。分析不同耕作和秸秆还田方式下春玉米根长、根干重及其空间分布、植株地上部干物质积累动态和产量性状的差异。【结果】耕作和秸秆还田方式对吐丝期春玉米根长及其分布、根干重和比根长影响显著。在0—30 cm垂直土层,PTS处理根长2017年和2018年分别高出其他处理7.9%—43.2%和17.3%—41.5%;在30—60 cm垂直土层,秸秆条带还田（PSS和RSS处理）根长较秸秆全层还田（PTS和RTS处理）平均高出20.1%和20.3%;以植株为中心,PTS处理距植株0—10 cm的根长分布最高,RTS处理最低。根干重在0—10 cm土层表现为RTS处理最低,PTS、PSS、RSS处理2年平均高出36.5%、59.6%和17.3%。PTS处理在0—20 cm土层2年均具有最高比根长,2017年和2018年较其他处理分别高出8.7%—73.8%和14.3%—44.7%。不同处理根表面积的空间分布差异明显,PTS和RSS处理在0—30 cm土层具有较高的根表面积,在水平和垂直方向具有更广的根表面分布。耕作和秸秆还田方式对拔节期、吐丝期和成熟期春玉米地上部干物质积累的影响差异显著,RTS处理较其他处理降低了拔节期茎鞘和地上部总干物重,平均达15.5%—19.2%;PTS处理成熟期果穗和地上总干物重比其他处理提高3.6%—12.3%和2.7%—12.4%,其次为PSS和RSS处理,RTS处理最低。耕作和秸秆还田方式处理显著影响春玉米穗数和籽粒产量,与RTS处理相比,PTS、PSS和RSS处理2年产量平均高出8.3%、7.9%和5.8%;RTS穗数2017年和2018年较其他处理显著降低2.9%—9.1%和7.0%—9.7%。【结论】适当的耕作和秸秆还田方式有利于促进作物根系形态发育及耕层空间分布,促进干物质积累和分配特征优化及成熟期干物质向果穗的分配,达到提高春玉米产量的目的,在本研究区域中推荐秸秆条带翻耕还田方式。  相似文献   

17.
Understanding of how combinations of agronomic options can be used to improve the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of winter wheat is limited. A three-year experiment involving four integrated management strategies was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Tai'an, Shandong Province, China, to evaluate changes in grain yield and NUE. The integrated management treatments were as follows: current practice(T1); improvement of current practice(T2); high-yield management(T3), which aimed to maximize grain yield regardless of the cost of resource inputs; and integrated soil and crop system management(T4) with a higher seeding rate, delayed sowing date, and optimized nutrient management. Seeding rates increased by 75 seeds m~(–2) with each treatment from T1(225 seeds m~(–2)) to T4(450 seeds m~(–2)). The sowing dates were delayed from T1(5 th Oct.) to T2 and T3(8 th Oct.), and to T4 treatment(12 th Oct.). T1, T2, T3, and T4 received 315, 210, 315, and 240 kg N ha~(–1), 120, 90, 210 and 120 kg P_2O_5 ha~(–1), 30, 75, 90, and 45 kg K_2O ha~(–1), respectively. The ratio of basal application to topdressing for T1, T2, T3, and T4 was 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 4:6, respectively, with the N topdressing applied at regreening for T1 and at jointing stage for T2, T3, and T4. The P fertilizers in all treatments were applied as basal fertilizer. The K fertilizer for T1 and T2 was applied as basal fertilizer while the ratio of basal application to topdressing(at jointing stage) of K fertilizer for both T3 and T4 was 6:4. T1, T2, T3, and T4 were irrigated five, four, four and three times, respectively. Treatment T3 produced the highest grain yield among all treatments over three years and the average yield was 9 277.96 kg ha~(–1). Grain yield averaged across three years with the T4 treatment(8 892.93 kg ha~(–1)) was 95.85% of that with T3 and was 21.72 and 6.10% higher than that with T1(7 305.95 kg ha~(–1)) and T2(8 381.41 kg ha~(–1)), respectively. Treatment T2 produced the highest NUE of all the integrated treatments. The NUE with T4 was 95.36% of that with T2 and was 51.91 and 25.62% higher than that with T1 and T3, respectively. The N uptake efficiency(UPE) averaged across three years with T4 was 50.75 and 16.62% higher than that with T1and T3, respectively. The N utilization efficiency(UTE) averaged across three years with T4 was 7.74% higher than that with T3. The increased UPE with T4 compared with T3 could be attributed mostly to the lower available N in T4, while the increased UTE with T4 was mainly due to the highest N harvest index and low grain N concentration, which consequently led to improved NUE. The net profit for T4 was the highest among four treatments and was 174.94, 22.27, and 28.10% higher than that for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Therefore, the T4 treatment should be a recommendable management strategy to obtain high grain yield, high NUE, and high economic benefits in the target region, although further improvements of NUE are required.  相似文献   

18.
以三系杂交组合金优253和中优315为试验材料,在两种土壤耕作方式和三种栽培密度下,研究了强化栽培水稻的生长发育与产量形成。结果表明,耕作方式和栽培密度对强化栽培水稻的生长发育和产量产生明显影响。相同耕作方式不同密度下,单株分蘖数随株行距的增加而增加,单位面积分蘖数随株行距的增加而下降;抽穗期最大叶面积指数及其衰减率随株行距的增加而下降;抽穗前的群体干物质积累量随株行距的增加而下降,抽穗至成熟期的群体干物质积累量以中等密度的最大,但成熟期群体干物质积累量仍随株行距的增加而下降;茎叶干物质表观输出率随株行距的增加而下降;单位面积有效穗数随株行距的增加而显著下降,每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重随株行距的增加而增加。免耕条件下的强化栽培水稻产量随株行距的增加而下降,常耕条件下的产量则以中等株行距处理的最高。  相似文献   

19.
Field experiments were carried out in split plot design during the dry and wet seasons for two years(two seasons each in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018) with two genotypes(SH4 and SUIN053), two plant geometry(30×15 cm and 45×15 cm main plots) and three levels of NPK(20 kg N ha~(–1), 40 kg P ha~(–1) and 40 kg K ha~(–1); 20 kg N ha~(–1), 60 kg P ha~(–1) and 60 kg K ha~(–1); 20 kg N ha~(–1), 80 kg P ha~(–1) and 80 kg K ha~(–1)) with an objective to study the relationship between fibre yield of sunhmep and thermal indices. The results indicated that the thermal units such as cumulative heat unit(CHU), photo thermal unit(PTU) and helio thermal unit(HTU) were the highest during dry seasons, while relative temperature disparity(RTD) was the highest during wet seasons irrespective of the genotypes, plant geometry and fertilizer levels. The combined analysis of variance showed that the suitability of sunnhemp genotypes for obtaining fibre and seed yields varied with season. The results further indicated that sunnhemp grew during dry seasons with longer photoperiod and higher values of growing degree days(GDD), HTU and PTU resulted in a higher fibre yield, while a higher seed yield and relatively longer, finer and stronger fibres were obtained during wet seasons with higher RTD values. Regression analysis indicated that CHU was positively related to fibre yield, while RTD was positively related to seed yield. CHU beyond 2 000 °C d reduced seed yield and favoured fibre production. In contrary to CHU, RTD values were positively related to seed yield and negatively related to fibre yield. Similarly, HTU had an inverse relationship with fibre yield while PTU had a positive relationship with fibre yield. The genotype SH4 produced a seed yield of 1 361 kg ha~(–1) during wet seasons, which was significantly higher than SUIN053, while a fibre yield of 990 kg ha~(–1)(significantly higher than that of SH4) was obtained for SUIN053 that required less CHU to attain the phenological events during dry seasons. The per unit area yields of seed and fibre with the closer spacing(30 cm×15 cm) by virtue of higher plant density were 17.0 and 14.9% higher than those with the spacing of 45 cm×15 cm, respectively. Higher doses of P and K resulted in higher seed and fibre yields.  相似文献   

20.
Excessive nitrogen(N) fertilization with a high basal N ratio in wheat can result in lower N use efficiency(NUE) and has led to environmental problems in the Yangtze River Basin, China. However, wheat requires less N fertilizer at seedling growth stage, and its basal N fertilizer utilization efficiency is relatively low; therefore, reducing the N application rate at the seedling stage and postponing the N fertilization period may be effective for reducing N application and increasing wheat yield and NUE. A 4-year field experiment was conducted with two cultivars under four N rates(240 kg N ha–1(N240), 180 kg N ha–1(N180), 150 kg N ha–1(N150), and 0 kg N ha–1(N0)) and three basal N application stages(seeding(L0), fourleaf stage(L4), and six-leaf stage(L6)) to investigate the effects of reducing the basal N application rate and postponing the basal N fertilization period on grain yield, NUE, and N balance in a soil-wheat system. There was no significant difference in grain yield between the N180 L4 and N240 L0(control) treatments, and the maximum N recovery efficiency and N agronomy efficiency were observed in the N180 L4 treatment. Grain yield and NUE were the highest in the L4 treatment. The leaf area index, flag leaf photosynthesis rate, flag leaf nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake post-jointing under N180 L4 did not differ significantly from those under N240 L0. Reduced N application decreased the inorganic N content in the 0–60-cm soil layer, and the inorganic N content of the L6 treatment was higher than those of the L0 and L4 treatments at the same N level. Surplus N was low under the reduced N rates and delayed basal N application treatments. Therefore, postponing and reducing basal N fertilization could maintain a high yield and improve NUE by improving the photosynthetic production capacity, promoting N uptake and assimilation, and reducing surplus N in soil-wheat systems.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号