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1.
The accumulation pattern of the pesticide aldicarb [2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde O-(methylcarbamoyl)-oxime] and of its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites was studied in field-grown cotton, following soil treatments at various intervals from planting. Control of the tobacco whitefly(Bemisia tabaci) was determined and correlated with the concentration of aldicarb and of its metabolites in cotton leaves. The main constituent found in the leaves was aldicarb sulfoxide, which reached its maximum concentration there at about 22 days post-treatment. Late application of the insecticide (mid-July) resulted in higher concentrations toward the end of the growing season and so gave improved control of the pest. Results are presented for residues in young and mature leaves and in the seeds. 相似文献
2.
The in-row application of aldicarb granules at 2 lb active ingredient (a.i.)/acre (2·24 kg/ha) at sowing gave complete control of Aphis fabae Scop. on broad beans (Vicia faba L. cv. Seville) up to 7 days before harvest and resulted in a three-fold increase in yield compared with a similar thionazin treatment. Bean plants grown from seeds which were soaked in a gamma-BHC solution at 20 ppm for 24 h prior to planting were protected from this aphid for most of the growing season almost as effectively as with the thionazin treatment. A thin-layer chromatography method was developed for the determination in plants and soil of aldicarb and its two major toxic metabolites, the sulphoxide and sulphone. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to monitor the declining levels of gamma-BHC and thionazin, and simultaneous bioassays were made with Aphis fabae on excised leaf discs from the crop. Analysis of the bean seeds and pods at harvest 90 days after sowing indicated no detectable gamma-BHC, less than 0·01 ppm of thionazin and approximately 0·09 ppm total residue of aldicarb sulphone and sulphoxide. Approximately 22% and 13% of the applied aldicarb, in the form of sulphone and sulphoxide but not the parent compound, remained in the top 6 in (152 mm) of soil at the end of 2 and 4 months respectively. Toxicity studies with Aphis fabae, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris, and Megoura viciae Buck showed an increasing sensitivity in that order to gamma-BHC at 1 ppm in bean plants. Acute toxicity investigations with feeding Aphis fabae indicated an increasing sensitivity in the order of gamma-BHC < aldicarb sulphone < aldicarb sulphoxide < thionazin < aldicarb. Despite the high acute toxicity of thionazin to Aphis fabae it gave low protection against aphids, possibly owing to its relatively short persistence in both plants and soil when compared with aldicarb. 相似文献
3.
Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in-furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha?1) at planting. Some plants (the growing plants) were harvested 99 days after sowing and the rest (the ripe plants) 196 days after sowing. The percentages of the weights of [14C]aldicarb equivalents (the total aldicarb plus aldicarb sulphoxide and sulphone, plus all the other metabolites of [14C]aldicarb which contain 14C, expressed as aldicarb equivalents) incorporated into the beet plants, relative to the weight applied to the soil, were 2.8 and 1.8, respectively for the growing and ripe plants. The concentrations of [14C]aldicarb equivalents (mg kg?1 fresh weight) in the growing and ripe plants, respectively were: blades of the external leaves, 3.16 and 0.93; blades of the internal leaves, 0.63 and 0.68; petioles of the external leaves, 0.51 and 0.26; petioles of the internal leaves, 0.15 and 0.05; crowns, 0.14 and 0.15; roots, 0.16 and 0.13. The proportions of the extractable aldicarb plus aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone determined by gas-liquid chromatography (expressed as aldicarb equivalents) relative to [14C]aldicarb equivalents, in the external and internal leaf blades of the growing beets, were 56 and 60%, respectively; these values declined to 25 and 19%, respectively in the ripe plants. The proportion was 21 % or less in all other parts of the growing and ripe plants. 相似文献
4.
为明确李树上新纪录害虫北亚脉扁蜂Neurotoma sibirica的生物学特性，通过田间调查和室内饲养观察，记述该虫的形态特征、生活史及生物学特性。结果表明，北亚脉扁蜂在吉林省吉林市1年发生1代，以老熟幼虫在树下5~15 cm深的土层中做土室越冬。每年4月中旬幼虫开始化蛹，5月上旬成虫羽化出土，5月中旬为成虫盛期，成虫产卵从5月上旬持续到5月下旬，单雌产卵量为13~43粒，卵期5~9 d。6月上旬为北亚脉扁蜂幼虫为害盛期，幼虫为6龄或7龄，幼虫期14~21 d，6月中、下旬老熟幼虫陆续入土越冬。北亚脉扁蜂幼虫在李、紫叶李、杏、榆叶梅4种寄主上均可完成发育，在自然条件下李树受害率可达100%，紫叶李树受害率为40%，杏树受害率为20%。北亚脉扁蜂天敌有龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、斯马蜂Polistes snelleni、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus、2种姬蜂及1种病原菌。 相似文献
5.
In Israel, narcissus bulb flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are serious pests of cultivated flower bulbs of the families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The large narcissus fly(Merodon eques) is the major pest, whereas the small narcissus fly (a new species in the genusEumerus, yet to be described) is only a secondary pest. The large narcissus fly is also considered a quarantine pest by the U.S.A. authorities. Narcissus bulbs,Narcissus tazetta (var. ‘Ziva’), were planted in an experimental field at Bizzaron during November 1995 and harvested during June 1996. Currently aldicarb (Temik) is recommended for the control of narcissus fly larvae. We compared the control efficacy of imidacloprid (Confidor) and isazofos (Miral) with that of aldicarb. These latter insecticides were applied to the soil in February, in April, or on both dates. The mean level of damaged bulbs in the untreated plots was 32%. Two applications of aldicarb, one in February and one in April, reduced the damage to the lowest level of 0.5%. A single application of aldicarb in February, and two applications of imidacloprid—one in February and one in April—reduced the damage to 5-10%. Treatments with imidacloprid in February or in April, reduced the damage to 12-13%. Neither one application of aldicarb in April, nor any of the treatments with isazofos, was effective. In all treatments, larvae of the large narcissus fly were found in only approximately one-third of the damaged bulbs. The level of infestation with the small narcissus fly in the untreated bulbs was only approximately 2%. The effects of the insecticide treatments on the small narcissus fly were similar to those recorded for the large narcissus fly . 相似文献
6.
Detection and quantitative estimation ofXanthomonas campestris pv.campestris (XCC) from soils were done on Kritzman’s selective medium (KSM). The composition of KSM, its selectivity and the recovery of 64 isolates ofXCC obtained from Israel, Holland, Taiwan, the USA, and Germany are given in detail.XCC was isolated from soil in Israel 22 months after infected cauliflower residues were incorporated into the soil. Metham-sodium (MES) at 16 ml/kg (32.7% active compound) of air-dried soil killed more than 99.9% and 99% ofXCC in soil in laboratory and field tests, respectively. MES applied at this ratevia the irrigation system in a field infested withXCC, significantly reduced counts of the pathogen in stems, siliques and seeds, and the incidence of plants with black rot symptoms. The treatment was more successful in reducing disease incidence when applied to the soil at a depth of 30 or 40 cm rather than 20 cm. It is recommended that a seed treatment be combined with fumigation of soil with MES for the production of seeds free ofXCC. 相似文献
7.
为了解甘肃省河西走廊棉区5种常见害虫的田间种群消长动态,明确防治适期并提出以植物源药剂为主的棉花害虫绿色防控技术,于甘肃省敦煌市和瓜州县棉田连续3年采用人工调查和性诱剂诱捕器监测棉蚜Aphis gossypii、棉叶螨、棉蓟马Thrips tabaci、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci及棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的发生动态,同时开展以植物源农药为主的不同类型杀虫剂的田间药效筛选试验,建立科学防控用药技术流程。结果表明,棉蚜全年有6月中旬和7月中下旬2个发生高峰期,建议防治适期为7月上中旬;棉叶螨全年有7月上旬和7月下旬（2017年除外）2个发生高峰期,建议防治适期为6月下旬和7月中旬;烟粉虱全年只有8月中旬至9月中下旬1个高峰期,建议防治适期为8月上中旬;棉蓟马全年只有7月上旬至8月上旬1个高峰期,建议防治适期为7月上旬;棉铃虫1年发生3代,幼虫在7月下旬、9月上旬和9月中旬各有1个发生高峰期,成虫在7月上中旬、8月中下旬和9月中旬各有1个高峰期,建议防治适期应为7月上旬。软皂水剂、藜芦碱、苦参碱、啶虫脒和吡虫啉可用于防控棉蚜,药后14 d防效达76.93%~91.25%;藜芦碱、苦参碱、矿物油、软皂水剂、松油、阿维菌素、阿维·哒螨灵、螺螨酯和硅藻土+有机硅助剂可用于防控棉叶螨,药后10 d防效达72.39%~92.81%;软皂水剂、藜芦碱、印楝素、硅藻土+有机硅助剂、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪可用于防控烟粉虱,药后7 d防效达65.84%~84.29%;除虫菊素、苦参碱、多杀霉素、噻虫嗪和吡虫啉可用于防控棉蓟马,药后14 d防效达72.92%~90.93%。表明在该地区棉田主要害虫防治适期,建立以植物源农药替代传统化学药剂的防控技术,可用于我国河西走廊棉区棉花害虫的绿色防控。 相似文献
8.
9.
L. Benjamini 《Phytoparasitica》1981,9(1):3-9
The cotyledons and stems of sugar beet sprouts from seeds each treated with 8 mg Temik granules containing 0.8 mg aldicarb, were noxious to adult Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix) and to 3-week-old chickens of domestic fowl. Mortality rate, intensity of poisoning situation, and the time interval between feeding and appearance of poisoning signs, corresponded with the number of sprouts fed. The taste of aldicarb residues in the sprouts was discriminable by the birds as well. 相似文献
10.
Abstract Wodlly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum (Hsm.) is widely distributed in India. It reproduces all year round on apple and crab apple. Alates are produced from July to November and lay nymphs with degenerate mouth parts. The infestation is spread by nursery plants and air currents. The pest is controlled in the nursery either by dip-treatment with fenitrothion (0.025%) or dichlorvos (0.088%) or by soil application of phorate granules (2.5–3.0 g a.i.) during spring. Subterranean populations can be controlled with granules of dimethoate (15 g a.i.), aldicarb (5.0 g a.i.) or carbofuran (3.0 g a.i.). Aerial populations are controlled by autumn sprays of fenitrothion + dichlorvos + demeton-methyl (0.05%), vamidothion (0.025%), phosophamidon (0.035%) or dimethoate (0.03%). Banding of the trunk base with granules has been found useful in reducing reinfestation by checking the first instar nymphs, which migrate between the aerial and subterranean parts. Resistant root stocks of the ‘M.M.’ series are recommended against the pest. 相似文献
11.
Elizabeth C. Whiting Ronald W. Roncadori Bruce C. Bongarten Katherine L. Reynolds 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(3):213-219
From 1989 through to and including 1994 extensive premature defoliation of black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was observed in a progeny test plantation in Greene County, in the Georgia Piedmont. During July 1991 and 1992, all observed trees suffered greater than 50% defoliation. Leaflets of black locust showing symptoms of leaf spotting began abscising as early as mid-June following wet springs. Onset and progress of defoliation was followed on 50 trees in two plots in 1993 and 1994. In both years, sample trees were cut at the base and allowed to regrow from sprouts. A protectant fungicide, chlorothalonil (Daconil WDG 1.5 g/l water) was applied to run-off weekly to one-half of the growing sprouts beginning 17 April through 22 August 1994 by backpack sprayer. Air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and leaf wetness were monitored. Abscission of unprotected leaflets in 1993, a dry, hot year, began in mid-July and averaged 36% by late August; abscission of unprotected leaflets in 1994, a wet, cool year, began in mid-June and averaged 80% by late August; whereas, abscission of protected leaflets in 1994 began in late June and averaged 70% by late August. The Gompertz model described the increase of leaflet abscission with time. The estimated rate of leaflet abscission for unprotected leaflets in 1993 was significantly slower ( k = 0.056/wk) compared to the rate of abscission of unprotected leaflets in 1994 ( k =0.070/wk). Estimated rates of leaflet abscission were not significantly different between protected ( k = 0.063/wk) and unprotected trees ( k =0.070/wk) in 1994. Cumulative hours of leaf wetness of 600 h were associated with initial leaf spotting and defoliation in 1993 and in 1994. Delay in leaflet abscission of protected trees indicates that fungal infection may have contributed to premature defoliation of black locust with onset related to moisture conditions favourable for infection. 相似文献
12.
Charles Martins de Oliveira Alexei de Campos Dianese Marina Regina Frizzas Tadeu Graciolli Guimarães Gustavo Azevedo Campos 《Phytoparasitica》2014,42(5):677-680
The genus Passiflora L. has more than 400 species, most of which occur natively in tropical and subtropical regions of South America. The fruit of Passiflora tenuifila Killip, one of the native species of Brazil, has great potential for commercial use by pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, due to its high content of phenolic compounds, which are natural antioxidants. The study was conducted in two areas located in Tocantins and in the Federal District, Brazil. The presence of globose lumps and thickening of the stems on plants of Pa. tenuifila was observed on plants in these areas. Injured samples taken from both locations were analyzed and showed the presence of larvae and pupae of a Curculionidae, which completed their life cycle in the laboratory. The adults were identified as Philonis crucifer (Brèthes) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In Tocantins, 100% of the plants in the trial area were infested, while in the Federal District trial the incidence of infestation was 20.3%. This is the first report of an insect on Pa. tenuifila, indicating the need to develop management strategies for this pest to be applied in commercial crops of this Passiflora species. 相似文献
13.
Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in-furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha?1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the blades and petioles of the leaves were analysed separately. In the whole leaves, 15% of the 14C (all the percentages of 14C are relative to the total 14C incorporated into the whole leaves) was insoluble in ethanol+ water (1+1 by volume), 31% was organo-soluble (and thus unconjugated in the leaves), and 54% was water-soluble (mainly conjugated to plant constituents). The weights and concentrations (as aldicarb equivalents) of various identified metabolites of aldicarb, incorporated into the leaves, were determined; no aldicarb, as such, was detected. 相似文献
14.
J. W. Seinhorst H. den Ouden 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1980,86(3):147-158
The effect of 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.4 and 2 g aldicarb/m2, applied at planting time, on the multiplication of small densities ofGlobodera rostochiensis on potato was investigated in an experiment on sandy loam. The chemical was applied broadcast to the soil and rotavated into the top 15 cm on half the plots of each treatment. The plots were ridged three times, the first time immediately after the planting of the potatoes. Nematodes multiplied at the same rate in the top 20 cm of the soil on rotavated and non-rotavated plots treated with the same dosage of the chemical. The relation between log dosage and probit reduction of the multiplication rate in the top 20 cm after the plots had been levelled was linear between 0.35 g and 1.4 g aldicarb/m2. The dosage-increase efficiency was 0.3 probit units per doubling of the dosage and the reduction of the multiplication rate at 0.5 g aldicarb/m2 76%, whereas 2 g aldicarb/m2 was not more effective than 1.4 g. However, multiplication rates in the centre of the ridges of rotavated plots were reduced by 96.5% at 1 to 2 g aldicarb/m2 but only by about 60% below the furrows and by 60% to 80% below the ridges. The latter reduction was the greater the larger the dosage of the chemical.The observations were in accordance with the supposition that multiplication of nematodes was totally inhibited in the top 20 cm of plots treated with 1.4 g and 2 g aldicarb/m2 and that postharvest populations there consisted entirely of non-hatched eggs of the pre-plant population. The poor performance of the chemical in the deeper layers of the soil makes application less effective in reducing population build-up than in preventing yield losses.Samenvatting Het effect van 0,35, 0,5, 0,7, 1, 1,4 en 2 g aldicarb/m2, toegediend vlak voor het poten, op de vermenigvuldiging vanGlobodera rostochiensis op aardappel werd onderzocht in een veldproef op zavel. Het middel werd breedwerpig over de oppervlakte van de grond verdeeld. Daarna werd de helft van de met elke dosis behandelde en van de onbehandelde veldjes gefreesd tot 15 cm diepte. Er werd drie maal aangeaard. Er was geen verschil in de vermenigvuldiging van de aaltjes in de bovenste 20 cm van de grond tussen wel en van het middel van probit vermindering van het vermenigvuldigingsgetal van het aaltje ten opzichte van onbehandeld in de bovenste 20 cm van de grond was rechtlijnig tussen 0,35 g en 1,4 g aldicarb/m2. Het effect van dosisvergroting was 0,3 probit eenheid per verdubbeling van de dosis en de vermindering van het vermenigvuldigingsgetal bij 0,5 g aldicarb/m2 77%. Het effect van 1,4 g en 2 g aldicarb/m2 was gelijk. De resultaten zijn in overeenstemming met de veronderstelling, dat in de met 1,4 en 2 g aldicarb/m2 behandelde veldjes de vermenigvuldiging van de aaltjes in de bovenste 20 cm van de grond geheel was verhinderd. Met een voor praktische toepassing aanvaardbare dosis aldicarb kon een sterke vermeerdering van aardappelcystenaaltijes beneden 20 cm onder de oppervlakte van de grond niet worden voorkómen. Daardoor is de bruikbaarheid van dit systemische nematicide (en van overeenkomstige middelen) in een bestrijdingssysteem, dat streeft naar het (zeer) laag houden van dichtheden van aardappelcystenaaltjes, problematisch. 相似文献
15.
Over 20 insecticides were screened against the tobacco whitefly,Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), on cotton. AsB. tabaci feeds only on live plants, a suitable laboratory test method incorporating young cotton plants was developed. Both cover sprays and systemic insecticides applied to the soil were tested. Triazophos, pyridaphenthion, azinphos-methyl, bendiocarb and flucythrinate were found to be effective and persistent. The best of the systemic insecticides was aldicarb, followed by butocarboxim. 相似文献
16.
Sugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in-furrow application of [14C]- aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha?1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the roots were analysed. The roots were fractionated according to a procedure similar to the normal beet-sugar manufacturing process. Expressed as a proportion of the total radioactivity incorporated into the root, the pulp contained 29.7%, the lime cake 9.7%, the crystallised sugar 17.7% (which gave, with the radioactivity found in the sugar in the molasses, a total of 20.7% of the radioactivity in the total sugar), and the molasses, 42.9%. A part of the labelled carbon from the radio- active aldicarb and its metabolites had thus been metabolised and incorporated into sugar molecules. Except for the radioactivity in the sugar and in the lime cake from the processing, the proportion of radioactive non-conjugated organosoluble compounds was very low (2.6%), and perhaps partially corresponded to the very low amount of aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) in the root (less than 0.001 mg of [14C]-aldicarb equivalents kg?1 fresh weight). Hydrolysis of the molasses yielded free radioactive 2-methyl-2-(methylsulphinyl)propan-1-ol (3.1%), 2-mesyl-2-methyl-propan-I-ol (8.9%) and 2-mesyl-2-methylpropionic acid (12.0%) which had been conjugated to plant constituents in the root. The corresponding concentrations (expressed as mg of [14C]aldicarb equivalents kg?1 fresh weight of root) were 0.004, 0.011, and 0.016, respectively. No aldicarb, aldicarb sulphoxide or aldoxycarb (nor the corresponding nitrile, generated from aldicarb during the fractionation procedure) was liberated by the hydrolysis, indicating the absence of conjugates of these compounds in the root. 相似文献
17.
The residues of aldicarb and of its main metabolites (aldoxycarb, 2-mesyl-2-methylpropionitrile, and 2-mesyl-2-methylpropan-1-ol) were measured, by a gas-liquid chromatographic procedure, in the leaves of ripe sugar beet plants from cultures made by several farmers. The sugar beet plants had been grown in normal fields and treated at sowing with aldicarb at the usual rate of 1 kg ha?1 in the form of ‘Temik’, the commercial formulation of aldicarb which contains 10% by weight of aldicarb. The samples of sugar beet plants were taken from three fields of different soil types. The residue concentrations, ranged in order of soil type, were: sandy loam > silt loam > clay. 相似文献
18.
燕麦孢囊线虫在河北冬麦区的种群动态 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为明确河北省燕麦孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae在自然环境下的侵染与发育特点,于2009-2012年分别采用漂浮法、浅盘法和酸性品红染色法在3个不同区域对土壤中孢囊和2龄幼虫(J2)以及根系内线虫进行了系统调查,并对孢囊内卵的发育动态进行检测.在土壤中除6月上中旬未检测到J2外,周年均分离到J2.冬前J2出现小高峰,种群密度为12.3 ～18.6条/100mL土样;在4月上中旬J2大量发生,种群密度为52 ～ 65条/100 mL土样.冬前J2侵入小麦后能够发育至3龄幼虫,3龄幼虫发生高峰在4月下旬至5月上旬,4龄幼虫的发生高峰在5月中下旬,白雌虫形成高峰期在5月下旬,且1年后孢囊内卵孵化率达到86.5％.研究表明,燕麦孢囊线虫在河北省小麦上1年发生1代,关键侵染期在3月下旬至4月中旬. 相似文献
19.
The in vitro effects of four systemic nematocides, i.e., aldicarb, carbofuran, oxamyl, and phorate, on the α-amylase and protease activities in Cicer arietinum has been revealed. All four nematocides markedly inhibited the activities of both the enzymes, with a general tendency of increased inhibition with corresponding increase in the concentrations of the nematocides. There was complete inhibition of α-amylase activity by the highest concentration (500 μM) of aldicarb and carbofuran, while oxamyl at the same concentration showed the same effects on protease activity. The lowest concentration (10 μM) was almost ineffective. 相似文献
20.
为明确2019年四川省草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的虫源地分布及迁入路径,利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台模拟草地贪夜蛾的迁入及迁出轨迹,并利用GrADS气象图形处理软件进一步分析其迁飞期间的天气背景。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾最早于2019年4月下旬迁入川西南及川南地区,其虫源主要来自云南省;5月上中旬进入大规模迁入和向北扩展期,四川盆地大部分地区见虫,最远可达川东北32.087° N;川西南及川南虫源来自我国云南省和缅甸,川东虫源来自我国贵州省,而川西、川中虫源多为川内虫源扩散而至;6月中旬本地的草地贪夜蛾进一步向北迁飞,到达四川盆地西北地区,甚至进入陕西省,除川西高原外,四川省各地均可见虫。草地贪夜蛾在四川省的整体迁飞路径表现为由南向北,再由东北向西北扩展。结合迁飞轨迹与水平风场分析发现,由孟加拉湾而来的西南暖湿气流可为草地贪夜蛾迁飞提供运载气流。 相似文献