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1.
东北地区亚洲玉米螟越冬幼虫抗寒性时间动态   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
为检测东北地区亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis滞育幼虫在越冬期间生理指标的变化情况以及各地理种群间抗寒能力的差异,采用热电偶法于2013年11月—2014年4月对北至黑龙江省黑河市、南到辽宁省瓦房店市的12个地理种群滞育幼虫的过冷却点、冰点、虫体含水量和脂肪含量进行了测定。结果表明,不同地理种群亚洲玉米螟过冷却点在-5~-25℃、冰点在-2.5~-15℃范围内,随着环境温度的变化,过冷却点呈先下降后上升的趋势,最低点出现在1、2月且随地理纬度的升高而降低。不同种群的虫体含水量在50%~70%之间,时序上呈先下降后上升的趋势,与环境温度、过冷却点变化趋势一致;最高含水量出现在4月,最低含水量随着地理纬度的降低而升高。不同种群的虫体脂肪含量在45%~70%之间,时序上呈先上升后下降的趋势;最高脂肪含量随着地理纬度的降低而降低。幼虫最低过冷却点、最低冰点与虫体最低含水量和最高脂肪含量均显著相关,相关系数分别为0.733、-0.736、0.643和-0.636。表明亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫的抗寒性存在明显的地理分化,高纬度地区种群抗寒力强于低纬度地区种群,幼虫减少体内含水量、增加脂肪积累是提高其抗寒能力的重要生理变化。  相似文献   

2.
本文用丁香假单胞菌Pseudomonas syringae处理亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)幼虫,使用过冷却仪测定过冷却点,分析该菌株对参试幼虫耐寒能力的影响。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟5龄非滞育幼虫抗寒能力比其他龄期非滞育幼虫强。亚洲玉米螟滞育5龄幼虫抗寒能力比非滞育5龄幼虫强。使用丁香假单胞菌处理亚洲玉米螟5龄非滞育和滞育幼虫,24 h后非滞育幼虫的过冷却点和结冰点分别提高了5.14和2.83℃。5龄滞育幼虫过冷却点和结冰点分别提高了11.25和4.65℃。丁香假单胞菌菌悬液(浓度为8×108 cfu/m L)对亚洲玉米螟具有较好的杀虫效果,非滞育5龄幼虫在(15±1)℃条件下处理24 h后平均死亡率39.1%。  相似文献   

3.
亚洲玉米螟抗寒及低温生存对策   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  
为了明确亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guen e)的抗寒及低温生存对策,分别测定了来自吉林省的敦化一化型(DH1)、公主岭一化型(GZL1)、公主岭二化型(GZL2)和洮南二化型(TN2)4个亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫田间种群的过冷却点和结冰点,以及各种群经超过冷却低温处理后的存活率及滞育后发育历期等。结果显示,亚洲玉米螟滞育幼虫的过冷却点为-28.5~-27.0℃,最低个体可达-36.4℃,不同种群间存在显著差异,以GZL1最低,其次是TN2和DH1,GZL2最高。在超过冷却点低温下,各种群的存活率分别为45.6%、58.8%、41.8%和58.3%,且GZL1和TN2显著高于DH1和GZL2,在超过冷却低温处理下存活的幼虫其滞育后发育历期与未经过处理的同种群对照间没有显著差异。这表明亚洲玉米螟具有很强的过冷却能力,同时还具有很强的耐结冰能力。  相似文献   

4.
对草地螟幼虫过冷却点和冰点测定的结果表明,光照、温度、幼虫滞育的深度以及虫体含水量均可以影响草地螟幼虫的抗寒能力。长光照(16 h)条件下发育成的非滞育幼虫过冷却点、冰点均显著低于短光照(10 h)发育而成的滞育幼虫;无论是非滞育幼虫还是滞育幼虫,经低温处理后抗寒能力都会上升。经4℃处理1 d的非滞育幼虫冰点为-2.28℃,而处理25 d的则降低到-4.76℃,过冷却点可从-13.97℃降低到-21.47℃;经4℃处理25、35 d的滞育幼虫,其过冷却点分别为-25.82、-26.79℃,冰点分别为-5.59-、9.13℃。滞育幼虫的过冷却点、冰点与其体重不相关,但与其体内的含水量显著相关。  相似文献   

5.
为明确柑桔大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)老熟幼虫和蛹的抗寒能力,对柑桔大实蝇老熟幼虫、滞育蛹和滞育解除蛹的过冷却点和结冰点进行了测定。结果显示,同一虫态不同个体间其过冷却点和结冰点具有不同程度的变异,但其变异范围均符合正态分布。柑桔大实蝇不同发育状态间的过冷却点和结冰点均具有显著差异,其中,已解除滞育进入发育状态的蛹的过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为-11.15℃和-9.76℃;其次为滞育蛹,分别为-8.93℃和-7.63℃;而老熟幼虫最高,分别为-7.09℃和-3.43℃。此外,老熟幼虫的结冰点和过冷却点之间的差值最大为3.24℃,显著高于滞育蛹(1.30℃)和滞育解除蛹(1.39℃)。表明,倒春寒对已进入发育状态的柑桔大实蝇蛹不会造成不利影响。  相似文献   

6.
旋幽夜蛾各虫态的过冷却点测定   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
［目的］ 探明旋幽夜蛾（Scotogramma trifolii Rottemberg）各虫态的耐寒性。［方法］利用过冷却点测定仪对旋幽夜蛾1~5龄幼虫、蛹（滞育、非滞育）和雌雄成虫分别进行过冷却点和结冰点测定。［结果］各龄幼虫过冷却点随龄期的增加逐渐升高,1龄幼虫（-13.63 ℃）<2龄幼虫（-12.50 ℃）<3龄幼虫（-11.08 ℃）<4龄幼虫（-11.05 ℃）<5龄幼虫（-10.04 ℃）。相邻龄期幼虫的过冷却点均未呈现出显著性差异,但低龄幼虫和高龄幼虫间存在显著性差异。其余虫态过冷却点滞育蛹（-24.94 ℃）显著低于非滞育蛹（-21.91 ℃）,雌蛹（-23.84 ℃）<雄蛹（-23.52 ℃）,雌成虫（-15.75 ℃）<雄成虫（-15.44 ℃）,但雌雄蛹和雌雄成虫之间均未呈现显著性差异。［结论］ 旋幽夜蛾各虫态过冷却点变化为蛹（-23.67 ℃）<成虫（-15.60 ℃）<幼虫（-11.48 ℃）,三者之间有显著性差异。研究结果为旋幽夜蛾的越冬区划提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

7.
采用测定昆虫过冷却点和结冰点的方法,研究了室内饲养劳氏黏虫不同发育阶段幼虫和蛹的抗寒能力。结果表明,劳氏黏虫不同发育阶段的过冷却点和结冰点都存在一定程度的差异。其中,蛹期的过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为-16.33℃和-11.67℃;幼虫期中,6龄幼虫的过冷却点最低(-10.45℃),各龄期幼虫的结冰点不存在显著差异;预蛹期的过冷点和结冰点最高,分别为-5.79℃和-3.45℃。蛹期的过冷却点和结冰点在日龄和性别上均不存在显著差异。研究表明,劳氏黏虫蛹的抗寒能力强于幼虫,幼虫期3龄和6龄幼虫的抗寒能力较强。  相似文献   

8.
甜菜夜蛾的抗寒力研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文
抗寒力的强弱决定了甜菜夜蛾的分布范围及越冬存活情况,并直接影响下一代的种群数量.通过测定甜菜夜蛾三个地理种群(河北隆尧、湖南衡阳和江苏南京)的过冷却点和结冰点及田间埋蛹越冬试验,以明确甜菜夜蛾的抗寒能力.研究结果表明,在各虫态中甜菜夜蛾蛹的过冷却点最低(-16.61～-15.18 ℃),其次为成虫、卵和幼虫.蛹的过冷却现象也最明显,因而蛹是其最适宜越冬的虫态.三个地理种群中,以湖南衡阳的抗寒能力最强,其次为河北隆尧和江苏南京.在2001和2002连续两年的田间埋蛹越冬试验表明,甜菜夜蛾的越冬死亡率均为100%.分析南京多年的冬季气温,表明某些年份甜菜夜蛾不大可能在南京越冬.因此甜菜夜蛾的常年越冬区范围应在南京以南的区域.  相似文献   

9.
通过比较不同温度下红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg蛹、雌蜂、雄蜂以及不同日龄的滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点,以明确红颈常室茧蜂蛹、成虫和滞育蛹耐寒能力的差异。结果表明:蛹的过冷却点和结冰点均显著低于成虫、滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点均显著低于非滞育蛹;相同温度下,雄蜂和雌蜂之间的过冷却点、结冰点差异不显著;滞育蛹的过冷却点和结冰点随着滞育时间延长而逐渐降低,在滞育150d时,其过冷却点和结冰点最低,分别为(-23.36±0.60)℃与(-22.92±0.65)℃。该研究结果有助于推测此蜂在我国的越冬分布区,并对其大规模繁殖和滞育蛹的保存具有重要的实用价值。  相似文献   

10.
为明确灰茶尺蠖（Ectropis grisescens）的抗寒能力,利用过冷却点测定仪测定其过冷却点和结冰点,并分析频次分布。结果表明,不同虫态的灰茶尺蠖间过冷却点差异显著,雄成虫的过冷却点最低,为-12.73℃,5龄幼虫的过冷却点最高,为-5.06℃;不同虫态的灰茶尺蠖间结冰点的差异也显著,1龄幼虫的结冰点最低,为-9.85℃,5龄幼虫的结冰点最高,为-0.78℃;雌蛹的过冷却点为-11.93℃,显著低于雄蛹的-10.09℃;雄成虫的过冷却点为-12.73℃,显著低于雌成虫的-11.07℃。同一虫态不同个体过冷却点和结冰点的变异均符合正态分布。幼虫从低龄期（1～2龄）发育至高龄期（3～5龄）,其过冷却点逐渐升高,抗寒能力逐渐下降。灰茶尺蠖雌蛹的抗寒能力强于雄性,但雌性成虫的抗寒能力弱于雄性。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

19.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

20.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

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