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1.
为明确水杨酸(SA)对人参抗人参锈腐病的诱导作用,本研究首先采用琼脂平板法测定了SA对人参锈腐病菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)生长的影响。然后用SA溶液处理二年生人参移栽苗,温室接种人参锈腐病菌,测定了人参根内防御酶系活性（PAL,CAT,PPO,POD）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的动态变化。结果表明:浓度为0~200 mg·L-1 的SA溶液对人参锈腐病菌无直接抑制作用。但SA溶液处理后,人参锈腐病发病率较直接接种处理的下降30%,人参根系PAL、CAT、PPO、POD活性较对照均表现上升趋势,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性也较对照增强,并且经SA诱导后接种锈腐菌的人参体内上述酶活性比只诱导不接种处理上升速度快。这表明SA处理可以改变人参根部相关防御酶的活性,从而提高人参对人参锈腐病的抗性。 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT Treatment of peach fruit with UV-C light caused a rapid induction of chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities starting 6 h after treatment and reaching maximum levels at 96 h after treatment. By 96 h after UV-C treatment, chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, and PAL activities in UV-C-treated fruit were over twofold above the levels observed for the control. In nontreated control fruit, no apparent increase in chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase activities was detected but a minor increase in PAL activity was seen. The transient increase in chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, and PAL activities in UV-C-treated fruit was preceded by a gradual activation of the corresponding genes. UV-C-treated fruit showed an increase in accumulation of beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase mRNAs at 3 h after treatment, which peaked approximately 96 h posttreatment. A similar induction kinetic pattern was observed for PAL mRNA in response to UV-C treatment, except the induction started 6 h after UV-C treatment. These results show that the response of peach fruit to elicitor treatment is similar to that seen in other plant-elicitors interactions and suggests the involvement of peach biochemical defense responses in UV-C-mediated disease resistance. 相似文献
3.
毒死蜱在梨果实不同部位的残留及消解动态 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为探明毒死蜱在梨果实不同部位的残留及消解规律,以20 a生鸭梨（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.cv.Yali）为试材,于果实生长期在套袋后向整株喷施48%毒死蜱乳油500倍液（有效成分960 mg/L）,分析毒死蜱向果实中的运输及分配规律;于果实成熟期在采收前向果面喷施48%毒死蜱乳油1 000倍液（有效成分480 mg/L）,分析采后毒死蜱在梨果实不同组织中的分布特征。采用乙腈萃取和GC-NPD检测方法,测定不同处理试材中的毒死蜱含量。结果表明,在果实套袋情况下,整株喷施毒死蜱后72 h内果实不同部位（果心除外）毒死蜱含量均呈现先逐渐上升而后下降趋势,其中果柄、果皮和果梗洼中毒死蜱最高含量值及其出现的时间分别为6.66 mg/kg（12 h）、2.42 mg/kg（24 h）和0.09 mg/kg（12 h）,表明套袋果实毒死蜱来源于枝叶运输,经果柄进入果实后易向果皮累积;而未套袋果施药后24和72 h果皮中毒死蜱含量分别为套袋果的12.56和7.29倍,表明套袋可有效降低果实中毒死蜱的残留量。于果实成熟期向果面喷施毒死蜱后7、14和25 d,果皮中毒死蜱残留量分别为15.54、13.70和12.81 mg/kg,占全果含量的100%,而果肉中毒死蜱残留量低于本检测方法的最低检出浓度（0.05 mg/kg）,因此果皮为果实中毒死蜱主要残留部位,且贮藏期果皮中毒死蜱不易向果肉扩散。 相似文献
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5.
Henk J. Schouten 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(1):21-32
Since 1984 when a new Ministerial Regulation on fire blight came into force, there have been 20 protected regions in the Netherlands, where nurseries of rosaceous plants, and pear and apple orchards are extra protected against fire blight. This policy is also necessary to meet the requirements of the European Community (EC) on fire blight. Two of the measures in the protected regions are the prohibition of flowering of the native hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna andC. laevigata), and destruction of blighted plants. In the unprotected regions, flowering is allowed, and destruction of blighted plants is limited to a zone of 500 metres around orchards.For three years, the effectiveness of preventing flowering of hawthorn in protecting pear orchards against fire blight infection was studied in the field. Five test areas of about 3 km × 3 km were chosen with hawthorns and pear orchards. Two of these areas were in protected regions and three in unprotected regions. The more than 50 000 hawthorns in the areas were grouped into 1125 sites of hawthorn. The 126 orchards larger than 0.2 ha contained about 180 000 trees.During the three years light to moderate epidemics of fire blight were observed in the regions. Fire blight occurred in 2.3% of the non-flowering sites and 19.8% of the flowering (or fruiting) sites at least once in 1987, 1988 or 1989. The prohibition of flowering for hawthorn in protected areas was rather well implemented, so that in protected areas a smaller proportion of sites of hawthorns had fire blight (4.1%) than in unprotected areas (14%). Moreover, there were fewer sites per square kilometre in the protected areas (13) than in the unprotected areas (26).In protected areas, 53% and in unprotected areas 59% of the pear orchards had fire blight during 1987, 1988 or 1989. The difference was not significant. The first reason for the ineffectiveness of the preventing of flowering prevention in hawthorn to control fire blight in pear orchards was the inadequate hygiene of the pear orchards in both types of region. If it be assumed that a new focus is most probably initiated by the nearest existing focus, the second reason was that fire blight hardly spread from hawthorn to pear in the period of this study. Spread of fire blight within pear orchards and between pear orchards occurred frequently. 相似文献
6.
A severe crown rot of pear trees of cultivar ‘Kondoula’ grafted on quince rootstock was observed in Greece. Isolations from
the affected tissues repeatadly yielded aPhytophthora sp. that was determined by morphological and physiological characteristics to beP. citrophthora. The pathogenicity of two of theP. citrophthora isolates was tested by inoculating trunks of 2-year-old pear trees by mycelial agar disks. Thirty-two days after inoculation
all inoculated trees were infected. Although the pear isolates could not be differentiated from isolates ofP. palmivora orP. nicotianae based on isozyme profiles of α-esterase or lactate dehydrogenase, RAPD profiles with one selected primer differentiated the
pear isolates from the other species and revealed an electrophoretic banding pattern similar to that of aP. citrophthora standard. This is the first report ofP. citrophthora on pear trees in Greece. 相似文献
7.
马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞镰孢菌果腐病的诱导抗性及相关防御酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索马铃薯糖苷生物碱诱导采后枸杞鲜果抗病性的效应,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了离体条件下马铃薯糖苷生物碱对枸杞鲜果采后主要致腐病原菌镰孢菌Fusarium sp.的抑菌活性;采用浸泡处理法测定了马铃薯糖苷生物碱对采后枸杞鲜果发病病情指数及对果实多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等相关防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度马铃薯糖苷生物碱对镰孢菌均具有一定的抑制作用,EC50为0.11 g/mL;0.05～0.25 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱能显著降低采后枸杞鲜果病情指数,较对照降低了10.18%～38.51%;以0.15 g/mL(提取原料)的马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理后对枸杞鲜果抗果腐病的诱导效果最好,达45.81%;马铃薯糖苷生物碱处理枸杞鲜果后,果实中4种防御酶PPO、POD、PAL、SOD的活性均较对照有不同程度提高,分别于处理后第4、5、2、2天与对照差异达到最大,较对照提高了30.76%、21.34%、31.35%和21.91%。表明马铃薯糖苷生物碱能够诱导枸杞鲜果对采后病害的抗性效应,且采后抗病性可能与枸杞相关防御酶活性的增加有关。 相似文献
8.
Owen Wally Jayaraman Jayaraj Zamir Punja 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(3):331-342
Genes encoding an acidic wheat class IV chitinase (383), an acidic wheat β 1,3-glucanase (638) and a rice cationic peroxidase
(POC1) were introduced into ‘Nantes Coreless’ carrot (Daucus carota) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The genes were introduced singly or in various combinations followed by selection imposed by the
herbicide phosphinothricin. Regenerated plantlets were screened for presence and expression of the three transgenes using
PCR, Southern and Northern hybridisations. Eighteen transgenic lines expressing a single transgene and 2 lines each co-expressing
638/383 and 383/POC1 were assessed for resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Percentage leaf area diseased was measured 4 and 7 days after inoculation (dai) and compared to non-transformed control
plants. Six lines expressing β-1,3-glucanase 638 alone had no enhanced resistance to B. cinerea at 4 dai and only slight resistance to S. sclerotiorum; there was no effect at 7 dai. Two out of the six lines expressing 383 alone had enhanced tolerance to both pathogens with
a 20–50% reduction in disease development at 7 dai. Two lines co-expressing 638/383 had slight reductions in disease by (10–20%)
similar to that of the lines expressing chitinase 383 alone. Highest levels of disease resistance were seen in transgenic
lines expressing POC1, alone or in combination with chitinase 383. Disease symptoms were slower to develop and symptoms were
reduced by up to 90% for B. cinerea and 70% for S. sclerotiorum. The 383/POC1 co-expressing plants developed disease at levels similar to that of POC1 alone. Petioles of plants over-expressing
POC1 had higher levels of lignin accumulation constitutively compared to control plants, which was greatly enhanced following
inoculation with S. sclerotiorum. These results indicate that peroxidase over-expression can lead to significant disease reduction against necrotrophic pathogens
in transgenic carrot plants. 相似文献
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11.
Maryline Magnin-Robert Patricia Trotel-Aziz Daniel Quantinet Sylvie Biagianti Aziz Aziz 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,118(1):43-57
In this study, the biocontrol ability of seven grapevine-associated bacteria, previously reported as efficient against Botrytis cinerea under in vitro conditions, was evaluated in two vineyard orchards with the susceptible cv. Chardonnay during four consecutive
years (2002–2005). It was shown that the severity of disease on grapevine leaves and berries was reduced to different levels,
depending on the bacterial strain and inoculation method. Drenching the plant soil with these bacteria revealed a systemic
resistance to B. cinerea, even without renewal of treatment. Accordingly, this resistance was associated with a stimulation of some plant defense
responses such as chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in both leaves and berries. In leaves, chitinase activity increased
before veraison (end-July) while β-1,3-glucanase reached its maximum activity at ripening (September). Reverse patterns were
observed in berries, with β-1,3-glucanase peaking at full veraison (end-August) and chitinase at a later development stage.
Highest activities were observed with Acinetobacter lwoffii PTA-113 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 in leaves, and with A. lwoffii PTA-113 and Pantoea agglomerans PTA-AF1 in berries. These results have demonstrated an induced protection of grapevine against B. cinerea by selected bacteria under field conditions, and suggest that induced resistance could be related to a stimulation of plant
defense reactions in a successive manner. 相似文献
12.
D. Shtienberg D. Oppenheim Z. Herzog Miriam Zilberstaine G. Kritzman 《Phytoparasitica》2000,28(4):361-374
The pear production area in Israel is 1500 ha, most of which(ca 1200 ha) is located in the northern part of the country. Fire blight (caused by the bacteriumErwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslowet al.) was first observed in Israel in that region (in 1985) and the disease has prevailed there since then. In a comprehensive
survey conducted in Israel in 1996–1999, data were collected and observations were made yearly in one-third to one-half of
the pear production area. The aim was to document the prevalence and intensity of fire blight in commercial orchards and to
use the data to evaluate the efficacy of management measures employed for its suppression. Regionwise, a severe fire blight
epidemic developed in 1996, moderate epidemics developed in 1998 and 1999, and a mild epidemic developed in 1997. The intensity
of fire blight in the preceding season in a specific orchard was more influential on current season severity in a season with
a mild epidemic than in a season with a moderate epidemic. Analysis of disease onset records and weather data revealed that
only a few (1– 3) infection episodes occurred in individual orchards each year. Comparison of fire blight intensity in orchard-plots
treated before green tip with copper hydroxide with nontreated plots revealed that the treatment had no effect on disease
intensity during bloom. The efficacy of bactericide sprays applied during bloom was not related to the number of sprays applied
but to the timing of spraying. Adequate control was achieved in orchard-plots sprayed soon before or after the occurrence
of infection episodes.
Contribution no. 508/00 from the Inst. of Plant Protection, ARO, Bet Dagan, Israel. 相似文献
13.
毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留及消解动态 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探明毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态和最终残留量,于2013-2015年在浙江省临海市进行了毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留消解动态和最终残留量试验。结果表明:于杨梅春梢（幼果）生长期,在树冠均匀喷施48%毒死蜱乳油800倍液1次的施药条件下,毒死蜱在‘东魁’和‘临海早大梅’2个品种果实中的消解动态基本一致,均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为4.60~5.78 d,降解速度较快。综合3年试验结果,施药后23 d,毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留量为0.26~0.45 mg/kg,低于中国（苹果、梨、荔枝和龙眼）及日本（其他浆果）最大残留限量标准（MRL,1 mg/kg）;施药后34 d,毒死蜱在杨梅果实中的残留量为0.074~0.28 mg/kg,低于香港草莓中MRL值（0.3 mg/kg）;但施药后44 d,毒死蜱在果实中的残留量为0.073~0.13 mg/kg,仍高于欧盟蓝莓及桑椹中毒死蜱的MRL值（0.05 mg/kg）。膳食风险评估结果表明,施药后23、27、34和44 d采收的杨梅果实中毒死蜱对2~6岁、7~14岁、18~30岁和60~70岁4类人群的膳食摄入风险商值及急性膳食风险均较低,处于安全水平。 相似文献
14.
Naoki Eguchi Hirofumi Tokutake Naho Yamagishi 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2008,74(5):382-389
Hot water was dripped into the rhizosphere of Japanese pear trees (Pyrus serotina Rehd. grafted on P. betulifolia Bunge.) infested with the white root rot fungus Rosellinia necatrix Prillieux, to destroy the fungus. Isolates of R. necatrix from diseased roots of Japanese pear were vulnerable to water at temperatures above 35°C, and the fungus was eradicated from
the colonized substrate when water at 35°C was provided for 3 days. The time required to eradicate R. necatrix decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. Japanese pear trees tolerated a temperature of 45°C without reduction
in vigor. Field experiments demonstrated the practical use of hot water drip irrigation (HWD). HWD at 50°C completely destroyed
white root rot mycelia on diseased roots, and many rootlets grew after the treatment. HWD at this temperature caused no injury
to the trees. HWD of diseased orchard trees was assessed in Takamori and Iida in southern Nagano, Japan. The fungus recurred
in two of four trees 28 months after treatment in Takamori and in two of ten trees 16 months after treatment in Iida. The
new mycelia emerged on thick roots deep within the soil. Although there is a possibility of recurrence, HWD treatment is a
practical control measure for white root rot. 相似文献
15.
B. Dassi E. Dumas-Gaudot A. Asselin C. Richard S. Gianinazzi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1996,102(1):105-108
Chitinases were studied in an endomycorrhiza-resistant mutant and wild type pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Frisson) in order to characterize plant hydrolases specific to pathogenic (Aphanomyces euteiches andChalara elegans) or mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) root interactions. Stimulation of constitutive and induction of new chitinase activities was detected by native PAGE for acidic proteins in both pea genotypes inoculated with pathogenic fungi. In contrast, a different additional chitinase isoform was induced inG. mosseae-colonized roots. This isoform was also not elicited in chemically-stressed roots, confirming its mycorrhiza-specificity. Investigations of basic chitinase and-1,3-glucanase activities provided further evidence for differential pea responses during pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. 相似文献
16.
Ron Porat Victor Vinokur Batia Weiss Lea Cohen Avinoam Daus Eliezer E. Goldschmidt Samir Droby 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(9):901-907
-Aminobutyric acid (BABA), an inducer of pathogen resistance in plants, induced disease resistance in reproductive parts of the plant, such as grapefruit peel tissue. Application of BABA to specific wound sites on the fruit peel surface induced resistance to Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, in a concentration-dependent manner, being most effective at 20mM, and rather less effective at either higher or lower concentrations. The effect of BABA in inducing resistance to P. digitatum in the fruit peel surface was local and limited to the vicinity (within 1–2cm) of the BABA-treated site. In addition to inducing pathogen resistance, increasing concentrations of BABA (from 1 to 100mM) also exhibited direct antifungal activity and inhibited P. digitatum spore germination and germ tube elongation in vitro. The induction of resistance to P. digitatum by BABA was accompanied by the activation of various pathogen defense responses in grapefruit peel tissue, including activation of chitinase gene expression and protein accumulation after 48h, and an increase in phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity after 72h. 相似文献
17.
BTH诱导花椰菜对菌核病的抗性研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用苯并噻二唑BTH处理菌核病抗性不同的花椰菜品种幼苗, 采用营养生长期活体叶片菌丝块接种鉴定法评价菌核病抗性诱导效果,结果表明经BTH处理的植株菌核病病情指数明显下降, 对感病品种和抗病品种的诱抗效果分别达到81.5%和63.8%。对于花椰菜重要的防御酶活性变化研究结果表明,BTH诱导处理的花椰菜植株过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸酶( SOD )、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和多酚氧化酶( PPO)的活性均有所提高。同时病程相关蛋白几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性也增加。 利用半定量RT-PCR方法检测防御反应基因表达,结果表明BTH诱导首先激发了植株 PR-1等基因参与的水杨酸信号传导防御反应途径的发生,同时PDF1.2 基因的上调表达说明BTH诱导也影响了茉莉酸信号传导途径。 相似文献
18.
Treatments with prohexadione-calcium led to lowered incidence of fire blight, scab and other diseases in pome fruit trees and other crop plants. In addition to acting as a growth regulator, prohexadione-calcium interferes with flavonoid metabolism and induces the accumulation of the 3-deoxycatechin luteoliflavan in shoots of pome fruit trees. Luteoliflavan does not possess any remarkable antimicrobial activity. Therefore luteoforol, its unstable and highly reactive precursor, has been tested in vitro for its bactericidal and fungicidal activities. Luteoforol was found to be highly active against different strains of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, and all other bacterial and fungal organisms tested. Phytotoxic effects were also observed in pear plantlets. The results obtained indicate that prohexadione-calcium induces luteoforol as an active principle with non-specific biocidal properties. It is proposed that luteoforol is released upon pathogen attack from its cellular compartment and inhibits further disease development by destroying pathogen cells as well as by inducing a hypersensitive-like reaction in the host plant tissue. This mechanism would be closely analogous to the one known for structurally related phytoalexins in sorghum. 相似文献
19.
Satoshi Taba Nao Miyahira Kanami Nasu Tetsuya Takushi Zen-ichi Moromizato 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2007,73(5):374-376
Strawberry pear (pitahaya, pitaya) [Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. and Rose] postharvest fruit rot was found at an agricultural products store in Itoman city, Okinawa Prefecture
in 2006. The symptoms included depressed, water-soaked lesions with olive to black powdery spots coalescing into a soft rot.
The causal fungus was identified as Bipolaris cactivora (Petrak) Alcorn. This is the first report of strawberry pear fruit rot caused by B. cactivora. 相似文献
20.
Geoffrey O. Furness 《Pest management science》1981,12(6):603-608
Petroleum oils sprays are used as pesticides on citrus in South Australia to control California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), but may have phytotoxic effects on trees and fruit. As part of a programme to establish improved specifications for spray oils for South Australia, three oils with different 50 %-distillation temperatures were applied to trees each month from October to May for two seasons in order to observe their effects on fruit quality. The 50 %-distillation temperatures of the three oils were 211, 224 and 240°C at 10 mmHg (in order of increasing molecular weight) and the oils are subsequently referred to as the 211, 224 and 240 oils. The 224 and 240 oils significantly reduced the amounts of sugar and acid in the juice, and delayed and inhibited colouring. These effects increased in severity, the closer to harvest the trees were sprayed and the higher the distillation temperature of the oil. The 240 oil prevented full colour development, and caused ‘re-greening’ if sprayed later than February. Oil sprays applied to the same trees in the following season caused similar effects. However, if oil sprays were omitted in the following season, there was no residual effect, of the previous season's spray, on the sugar and acid contents or the colour of the fruit. Individual fruit weight was not affected in the first spraying season, but there was an increase in the average individual fruit weight in the second season, regardless of whether a second spray was applied that season or not. The effect was more severe, the closer to harvest the trees were sprayed and the greater the distillation temperature of the oil. The effects on yield resulted from a change in the number of fruit per tree. 相似文献