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1.
Antioxidants in potato   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The content of compounds in potato that may act as antioxidants in the human diet is not widely appreciated. Carotenoids are present in the flesh of all potatoes. The contents mentioned in the literature range from 50 to 100 μg per 100 g fresh weight (FW) in white-fleshed varieties to 2000 μg per 100 g FW in deeply yellow to orange-fleshed cultivars. The carotenoids in potato are primarily lutein, zexanthin, and violaxanthin, all of which are xanthophylls. There is just a trace of either alpha or beta-carotene, meaning that potato is not a source of pro-vitamin A carotenes. In potatoes with total carotenoids ranging from 35 to 795 μg per 100 g FW, the lipophilic extract of potato flesh presented oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values ranging from 4.6 to 15.3 nmoles α-tocopherol equivalents per 100 g FW. Potatoes contain phenolic compounds and the predominant one is chlorogenic acid, which constitutes about 80% of the total phenolic acids. Up to 30 μg per 100 g FW of flavonoids are present in the flesh of white-fleshed potatoes with roughly twice the amount present in red and purple-fleshed potatoes. The predominant flavonoids are catechin and epicatechin. Red and purple potatoes derive their color from anthocyanins. The skin alone may be pigmented, or the flesh may be partially or entirely pigmented. Whole unpeeled with complete pigmentation in the flesh may have up to 40 mg per 100 g FW of total anthocyanins. Red-fleshed potatoes have acylated glucosides of pelargonidin while purple potatoes have, in addition, acylated glucosides of malvidin, petunidin, peonidin, and delphinidin. The hydrophilic antioxidant activity of solidly pigmented red or purple potatoes is comparable to brussels sprouts or spinach. In red and purple potatoes with solidly pigmented flesh with levels of total anthocyanin ranging from 9 to 38 mg per 100 g FW, ORAC ranged from 7.6 and 14.2 umole per g FW of Trolox equivalents. Potato contains on average 20 mg per 100 g FW of vitamin C, which may account for up to 13 % of the total antioxidant capacity. Potatoes should be considered vegetables that may have high antioxidant capacity depending on the flesh composition.  相似文献   

2.
Haploids were extracted from 66 differentSolanum tuberosum Group Andigena introductions usingS. tuberosum Group Phureja clone 1.22 as pollinator. The overall frequency of haploids was 13 per 100 fruit, with a high of 106. The overall average number of seeds per fruit was 1.4. Some Group Andigena clones produced primarily haploid, others primarily triploid, and still others primarily tetraploid progeny. The “triploid block” is still evident in these materials even though some clones produce primarily triploid progeny. It is suggested that the ploidy level of progeny produced in 4x - 2x crosses may be under relatively simple genetic control.  相似文献   

3.
Fifty-nine clones (cultivars and advanced selections) ofSolanum tuberosum Group Tuberosum were pollinated with two Group Phureja-haploid Tuberosum hybrids, which produce FDR 2n pollen (ps/ps) and are heterozygous for a dominant gene (Ms/ms) which interacts with Tuberosum cytoplasm to result in male sterility. Twenty-eight and thirty-four plants from each family were transplanted to the field in two different locations, respectively. Pollen samples were collected from each plant and stained with acetocarmine glycerol jelly. Plants with over 95% unstainable pollen were considered male sterile. The families could be put into distinct classes according to the ratio of male sterile to male fertile plants; 3 sterile: 1 fertile (23 clones), 2 sterile: 3 fertile (24 clones), 1 sterile: 5 fertile (3 clones), and 0 sterile: 1 fertile (3 clones). Four families deviated significantly from any expected ratio. The variation for male fertility among families resides in the tetraploid parent, since the male parents have the same genotype (Ms/ms) for theMs locus. The locus of this gene is very distal to the centromere such the 2n gametic output is 1 Ms/Ms : 2 Ms/ms : 1 ms/ms. The variation in male sterility is explained by the presence or absence of a dominant allele of a restorer gene (Rt) in tetraploid Tuberosum. This locus is also very distal to the centromere. The frequency of theRt gene was estimated to be 0.20 in Tuberosum. The finding ofRt gene explains some of the conflicting results in male fertility of haploid Tuberosum x 2x cultivated and wild species hybrids. It also provides an opportunity to partially circumvent this male sterility. Haploids (2n = 2x = 24) extracted from 4x clones withRt genes would have male fertile progeny in crosses with species carrying theMs gene.  相似文献   

4.
The identification of diploid(2x), Tuberosum haploid × wild species hybrids (HS) which produce high frequencies of 2n eggs and have good tuber appearance is important for obtaining 4x progeny from 2x × 2x crosses in potato. More than 1700 HS clones were screened for the occurrence and frequency of 2n eggs through 2x × 4x crosses during two pollination periods. The resulting seed/fruit provides an estimate of 2n egg frequency. About 650 HS clones produced 2n eggs; 63 had 10–114 seeds/fruit; and 27 were selected for good tuber type. There was a large variation in seed set after 2x × 4x crosses, both within and between clones. Comparison of fruit and seed set between the two pollination periods using the same 595 clones indicated that environmental factor significandy affected 2n egg frequency. The mode of 2n egg formation was mainly due to omission of the second meiotic division controlled by a recessive gene (os). The gene frequency foros varied from 0.28 to 0.76 among six, 2x taxa. Both additive and dominance variance were significant for seed set after 2x × 4x crosses. Narrow sense heritability was estimated as 0.24. The average degree of dominance was equal to 1.66 which could indicate overdominance. Alternatively, this could be due to linkage disequilibrium,i.e. pseudooverdominance. However, dominance variance was greater than the additive variance indicating recurrent selection can be useful for improving the frequency of 2n egg production in the 2x population. The selected individuals, based on their phenotypic performance, should be progeny tested to identify the best parents for use in the next cycle of recombination.  相似文献   

5.
Ten clones ofSolanum stoloniferum Schlechted (2n — 4x — 48) were selected from seedling populations that were produced by self-pollinating five introductions from the Commonwealth Potato Collection. These clones were used to produce S1, F1, F2, and testcross populations. Clones and their progeny were scored for anthocyanins and flavonol glycosides in their corollas, stems, and leaves. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was used to separate and identify polyphenol compounds. No segregation for eight traits was observed within S1 and F1 families. Segregation was observed in F2 and testcross populations for anthocyanins (derivatives of delphinidin and cyanidin, inhibited when the geneF is homozygous recessive); and flavonol glycosides (Q4 = quercetin 3-glucosyl-rhamnosylglucoside, controlled by the geneG1; and L1 = luteolin 7-glucoside, controlled by the geneL1) extracted from corollas. Observed ratios fitted ratios expected for disomic inheritance, differed from expected tetrasomic ratios, and provided additional evidence that the parental clones are homozygous. GenesF, G1, andL1 were genetically independent in dihybrid and trihybrid F2 crosses.  相似文献   

6.
The objective of this study was to characterize sixS. commersonii - S. tuberosum progenies deriving from 5x ? 4x crosses to provide evidence that they can be used in potato breeding. Hybrids analyzed (coded PTH) had a chromosome number between the 4x and the 5x level. In particular, progeny means for chromosome number ranged from 50±0.5 to 54±0.7, with most (70%) genotypes exhibiting a low aneuploid level of 48 to 53 chromosomes. Despite being aneuploid, the hybrids did not generally show phenotypic aberrations or vigor reduction common to aneuploids of other species. Most genotypes resembledS. tuberosum in growth habit, whereas corolla type, eye depth, and stolon length varied between and within progenies. Aneuploid hybrids produced tubers under long-day conditions. However, tuber yields were not as high as expected, probably due to lack of adaptation of theS. commersonii genome to long-day conditions. Although aneuploidy has often been associated with reduced male and female fertility, many 5x ? 4x hybrids were fertile in crosses withS. tuberosum. The average berry set and number of seeds/berry were 33% and 34.7, respectively, following PTH ×S. tuberosum crosses, and 40% and 51.7, respectively, forS. tuberosum × PTH crosses. The useful variation for fertility and tuber traits found in this material is being used for further breeding efforts.  相似文献   

7.
The types of reciprocal differences found in higher plants are generally limited to those characters which are controlled by one or two major genes. There are, however, a few examples where the progeny from reciprocal crosses differ in yield or other quantitative characters. Both have been ascribed mainly to cytoplasmic inheritance. In cultivated tetraploid potatoes (Solatium tuberosum Group Tuberosum) differences in yield of the progeny from reciprocal crosses have been found. These reciprocal differences are attributed to the mode of 2n gamete formation rather than cytoplasmic differences. Preliminary experiments involving reciprocal crosses between Tuberosum cultivars (2n=4x=48) and Phurejahaploid Tuberosum hybrids (2n=2x=24) indicated that some progenies from 4x x 2x crosses yield more than progenies from reciprocal crosses. It was hypothesized that the differences in tuber yield may be due to one or more of the following factors: (i) the effect of high fruit set on yield —i.e. almost 100% of the progenies from 2x X 4x crosses are male fertile and thus higher fruit set is expected than in the 4x X 2x progenies where only about 57% of the F1 clones are male fertile; (ii) the advantage of being in 4x cytoplasm if the nucleus is 4x; and (iii) the difference in mode of 2n gamete formation-first division restitution (FDR) gives highly heterozygous gametes and second division restitution (SDR) results in highly homozygous gametes. Six families of reciprocal crosses between three 4x cultivars (Merrimack, Superior, and Wis 639) and three 2x Phureja-haploid clones (W5293.3, W5295.7, and W5845.1) were planted in 1970 in Rhinelander in a split-plot design with two tubers of each clone in each of two replicates. Flowers were removed from one of the paired plants in each family. Even though the fruit yields were higher in 2x X 4x progenies as expected, tuber yields were not affected by fruit formation. Therefore, factor (i) is apparently not involved in the reciprocal differences observed. Significantly higher tuber yields were obtained from 4x X 2x families only with the 2x clone W5295.7. This eliminated factor (ii), since no difference in reciprocals was obtained with the other 2x clones. Factor (iii) could thus be responsible for differences in reciprocal crosses, since cytological observations indicate only W5295.7 of the 2x clones used forms 2n pollen by FDR.  相似文献   

8.
This work was undertaken to compare the tuber yields, vegetative vigor and uniformity of seedling transplants obtained from different breeding methods. Twenty hybrid families from different groups of crosses involving 4x clones and 2x Phureja-haploid Tuberosum hybrids; 4x × 4x, 4x × 2x (FDR), 4x × (4x × 2x), and (4x × 2x) × (4x × 2x) and eleven open pollinated families from 4x clones, and 4x hybrids from 4x × 2x crosses were compared in a replicated yield trial. Families from 4x × 2x (FDR) crosses were the highest yielding among the hybrid groups having approximately twice the yield of the open pollinated 4x clones. They also were the best group in relation to plant vigor and uniformity. Based on these results, it appears that a good breeding scheme for high-yielding and uniform progeny from true potato seeds is the 4x × 2x hybridization method where the male parent is capable of producing 2n pollen via a first division restitution mechanism.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this work is the evaluation of tetraploid potato clones with germplasm fromS. chacoense andS. phureja for chipping and resistance to tuber soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora). Tetraploid potato clones were obtained via 2n eggs through 2x–4x crosses. Cytological mechanisms were investigated in the diploid hybrid 2n-egg producer used as parent in the unilateral sexual polyploidization scheme; the omission of the second meiotic division and cytokinesis failure at the end of meiosis were identified with a genetic consequence equivalent to second division restitution (SDR). Tuber marketable yield, specific gravity and chip-processing ability evaluated at harvest and after cold storage with and without reconditioning were higher in some clones as compared to theS. tuberosum tetraploid parent. Tuber soft rot resistance, contributed byS. chacoense, was successfully transferred to the4x level. After inoculation withErwinia carotovora subsp.carotovora and estimation of the rotted area, one tetraploid clone proved to be resistant and three partially resistant. The genetic value of exotic germplasm and sexual polyploidization strategy are discussed in relation to potato improvement.  相似文献   

10.
A clone, 8380-1, selected fromSolanum chacoense (PI 458310) for its high foliage content of the leptine glycoalkaloids, a factor in resistance to Colorado potato beetle, was doubled in chromosome number from 2n=2x=24 to 2n=4x=48. Three 4x clones were crossed with sixS. tuberosum (4x) clones. Foliage glycoalkaloid contents were measured for 452 F1 hybrids from 15 crosses. The 4xchacoense parental clones were not different in respect to glycoalkaloid contents and were similar to the original 2x clone. All F1 hybrids synthesized foliage leptines ranging from 9 to 369 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) with a mean content of 113 mg/100 g fw. The proportion of leptines in the total glycoalkaloid content ranged from 1% to 62% with a mean of 25%. The 4xchacoense parent mean leptine content was 1482 mg/ 100 g fw which was 90% of the total glycoalkaloid content. Tubers from 136 hybrids and the threechacoense parental clones were tested for glycoalkaloid contents. The tuber solanine + chaconine contents of the 136 hybrids ranged from 30 to 180 mg/100 g fw with a mean of 79. The mean tuber content of the threechacoense parental clones was 157 mg/100 g fw. Leptines were not found in any of the tubers.  相似文献   

11.
High carotenoid potato may have particular value for human health due to the antioxidant properties and the therapeutic value for eye health in patients at risk for macular degeneration. Carotenoid concentrations were determined among the progeny of a cross between two high carotenoid lines derived from diploidPapa Amarilla germplasm from South America. The total carotenoid content ranged from 82 to 2686 µg / 100 g fresh weight (FW). The higher values greatly exceeded the mid-parent value of the cross. An index for yellow tuber flesh color was determined for a subset of the progeny. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) assay was developed to distinguish the alleles of beta-carotene hydroxylase (bch) in the two high-carotenoid parents. Abch allele (denoted B) common to the high carotenoid parents co-segregated with yellow flesh in the progeny of a white-flesh x yellow-flesh cross, makingbch an excellent candidate for the classicalY locus, required for yellow tuber flesh. The same allele was also present in all other yellow-fleshed potato clones tested. Genotype atbch explained a portion of the variation of total carotenoid (R2=0.42). Clones homozygous for the B allele (BB) contained, on average, slightly more carotenoid than heterozygous Bb clones, which in turn had much more carotenoid than homozygous bb clones, suggesting a partially dominant gene model. Similarly, bb flesh was significantly less yellow than Bb and BB, the latter two being quite close. Total carotenoid varied considerably between progeny in the Bb and BB genotype categories, suggesting that variation at one or more additional loci have a significant effect on total carotenoid levels. Since the total carotenoid levels in manyPapa Amarilla cultivars and progeny are much higher than those in white- and yellow-fleshed tetraploid cultivars, it may be possible to breed for high carotenoid values in tetraploid germplasm by introducing one or more genes derived fromPapa Amarilla germplasm.  相似文献   

12.
Diploid potato clones, interspecific hybrids ofSolanum species, having in their originS. tuberosum,S. chacoense, S. yungasense, S. phureja, S. gourlayi, andS. demissum, with resistance to soft rot, were crossed to tetraploid potato clones in 4x-2x crosses. The 24 tetraploid families obtained in a North Carolina II design were examined for tuber resistance to soft rot in a laboratory test and for basic agronomic traits in field trials conducted for two consecutive years. In addition, one family originating from a 4x-2x cross of two susceptible parents was tested. Statistical analysis of the data revealed significant general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects, year, GCA (female) × year, GCA (male) × year, and SCA × year upon the inheritance of resistance to soft rot. About 35% of the progeny was selected as resistant to tuber soft rot, and of these 11% showed high resistance combined with good tuber yield, tuber weight, and tuber appearance. The relationships between resistance to soft rot and chosen agronomic traits were not noted or were weakly significant and sporadic. The resistance to tuber soft rot found in diploid potato hybrids can be transferred to the cultivated tetraploid pool through 4x-2x crosses, and a high frequency of offspring posses resistance.  相似文献   

13.
Over 250 accessions ofSolanum phureja from Colombia and 300S. phureja—S. tuberosum hybrids were screened in the greenhouse for resistance toPseudomonas solanacearum (isolate K-60). Each plant was inoculated by stem puncture at the pre-bud stage and then held at a constant 28 C for 15 days. Seventeen clones with different levels of resistance to K-60 were inoculated with nine additional isolates representing all three races of the bacterium. The reactions of individual clones varied from resistance to almost all isolates, resistance to only one isolate, or complete susceptibility. Crosses amongS. phureja clones and betweenS. phureja and 24-chromosomeS. tuberosum stocks gave progeny with various percentages of resistant plants. Clones with resistance equal to that inS. phureja were found in theS. phureja × S. tuberosum crosses. Tests conducted in growth chambers showed that resistance was expressed more frequently at high light intensity (2000 ft-c) than at low intensities (1300 ft-c) at 24 C and 28 C. Resistance appears to be relatively simply inherited and the prospects for transferring a high level of resistance into cultivated forms are promising.  相似文献   

14.
Nineteen haploids (2n = 2x = 24) extracted from four tetraploids ofSolanum tuberosum (2n = 4x = 48) with high 2n egg frequencies and known mode of 2n egg formation were evaluated via 4x progeny from 2x × 4x crosses (haploid × cultivar) for total tuber yield, tuber appearance and tuber set. Ninety-eight, 4x families (15-20 genotypes each) were planted in the randomized complete block design with two replications at two locations. Analyses of variance were conducted for all haploids over three common testers, and each of the four groups of haploids individually over a variable number of testers. The performance of haploids, based on general combining ability effects, was consistent for all traits, when tested with either three or more testers. Diploid clones can be evaluated in 2x × 4x crosses using three unrelated adapted 4x testers. Nonorthogonal comparisons indicated no significant differences for all traits among four groups of haploids, and between modes of 2n egg formation. Significant variation within each group of haploids indicates that selection at the haploid level should be carried out among haploids from either the same or different cultivars. Superior haploids can be utilized in 2x × 4x and 2x × 2x breeding schemes to generate 4x clones.  相似文献   

15.
Potato seedlings grown from true seed were screened for resistance to leaf roll virus. Infected seedlings were discarded, and the screening process was repeated for four subsequent tuber generations. Forty-one of an original 717 clones (six crosses and three selfed lines) remained free from the virus. Challenge inoculations were made with aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulz.), that had been colonized on infected excised leaves ofPhysalis floridana Rydb. Recovery tests were attempted with non-viru-liferous aphids that were tested on healthyP. floridana. In comparative tests, more clones remained free from the virus among progeny of the cross F5569×F4896 and of a self of the Katahdin variety, than among any other progeny tested.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Nine clones from 4x−2x crosses were evaluated along with four cultivars in six Wisconsin environments. The 4x clones from 4x−2x crosses had as their 2x parents hybrids with haploid Tuberosum and either Group Phureja orSolanum tarijense. The 2x hybrids produced 2n pollen by first division restitution. The traits evaluated were marketable yield, mass density and chip color. Stability analysis was conducted by determining the linear relationships between mean yield of individual clones and environmental mean yields. Mean square deviations from linear regression (s2 d) were used to evaluate phenotypic stability and regression coefficients (b) as environmental response parameters. Three 4x clones from 4x-2x crosses were more stable and not significantly different for yield than cv. Atlantic; some also had superior specific gravity and chip color. The results suggest that the 4x×2x breeding method is very efficient for the production of high yielding, stable clones with superior processing qualities, particularly since the 4x clones from 4x-2x crosses originated from very small source populations.  相似文献   

17.
High yielding experimental tetraploids from 4x × 2x crosses were found to be excellent parents, giving rise to many high yielding families and clones. Several of the progeny were found to yield over 900 cwt/acre at the Hancock Experimental Station. Both general and specific combining ability were significant for yield, while general combining ability was predominant for tuber appearance traits. Breeding methods to take both immediate advantage of the existing experimental tetraploids and to generate further experimental tetraploids that are of more desirable tuber appearance and possibly even higher yield are presented.  相似文献   

18.
Resistance to potato tuber soft rot caused byErwinia carotovora was transferred fromSolanum brevidens to the cultivated potato over the course of four backcross generations originating from a somatic hybrid. Soft rot reactions were determined via a tuber plug inoculation method developed during the course of these experiments. Soft rot resistance was highest in the somatic hybrid (only ca. 20% of tubers and plugs showed evidence of severe rotting) and lowest among progeny of control potato x potato crosses (ca. 80% of tuber plugs showed severe rot). Backcross generations involving somatic hybrids were intermediate in their reaction, and resistance stabilized to about 60% of tuber plugs showing severe rot in the BC2 through the BC4. Reciprocal crosses showed no difference in the inheritance of soft rot resistance, indicating that neitherS. brevidens norS. tuberosum donor cytoplasm had a significant effect on the expression of resistance. Crosses between BC3 siblings where noS. brevidens genetic markers were detected but resistance was segregating demonstrated a dosage effect for soft rot resistance. We conclude that introgression of soft rot resistance has occurred and that at least one locus responsible for resistance inS. brevidens now resides in theS. tuberosum genome.  相似文献   

19.
Hexaploid somatic hybrids have been obtained by fusion of protoplasts fromSolanum brevidens (PI 218228, 2x = 2n = 24) andS. tuberosum (PI 203900 or cv. Russet Burbank; 2x = 4n = 48). In the work reported here, pentaploid progeny derived from sexual crosses between the somatic hybrids and the potato cultivar, Katahdin were assessed for transfer of disease resistances and improvement of agronomic traits. Segregation was noted in disease resistances to race 0 ofPhytophthora infestans and to tuber soft rot caused byErwinia spp., indicating that sexual transfer of traits captured by protoplast fusion had occurred. The pentaploid progeny showed substantial variation in and often improvement of some agronomic traits as compared to the somatic hybrids. The results indicate that interspecific somatic hybridization can produce material with potential for use in a potato breeding program  相似文献   

20.
The level ofFusarium dry-rot resistance found in important potato varieties has been improved with agronomically acceptableSolanum tuberosum genotypes. Three breeding selections, A74114-4, A76260-16, and BR6316-7 were highly resistant to the two commonFusarium dry-rot species (F. roseum Lk ex Fr. f. sp.sambucinum [Fs], andF. solani var.coeruleum (Sacc), Booth [Fc]). Resistance was determined separately for each of these species. Resistance to Fs was genetically distinct from resistance to Fc since there was no correlation between Fs and Fc reaction for 180 progeny clones from six crosses representing all combinations of resistance. Resistance to each of theseFusarium species was readily transmitted to progeny. Seventy-five percent of the progeny from resistant X resistant parents were also resistant to Fs, while 95% of the progeny from susceptible X susceptible parents were susceptible. Mixed infections withErwinia atroseptica and eitherFusarium species resulted in a qualitative change from a resistant reaction to a susceptible reaction. Bacterial interaction withFusarium spp. is, therefore, an important consideration in determining storage-rot resistance.  相似文献   

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