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1.
为明确福建省枇杷心腐病的病原菌种类并筛选有效防治药剂,采用形态学特征与分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对采自漳州漳浦和云霄的枇杷心腐病样品进行病原菌鉴定,同时以菌丝生长速率法测定了17种杀菌剂的室内毒力。结果表明,枇杷心腐病病原菌的ITS序列与Gen Bank中登录的尖孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum acutatum的相似性为99%,结合病原菌的菌落、分生孢子形态等特征,将其鉴定为尖孢炭疽菌C.acutatum,Gen Bank登录号为KU862634,并命名为EJCA-4。室内毒力测定结果显示,17种杀菌剂中对EJCA-4菌株菌丝生长抑制作用最强的为咪鲜胺和氟硅唑,EC_(50)分别为0.1μg/mL和0.2μg/mL;其次为溴菌腈和腈菌唑,EC_(50)均为0.7μg/mL;异菌脲、三唑酮、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑和丙森·醚菌酯对EJCA-4菌株也有较好的抑制作用,EC_(50)均小于10.0μg/mL;苦参·蛇床素和波尔多液对EJCA-4菌株的抑制作用最差,EC_(50)分别为536.0μg/mL和2 526.9μg/mL。  相似文献   

2.
云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为明确云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌种类,采用常规组织分离法获得病原菌菌株LW2015.3,通过形态学特征及分子生物学技术对菌株LW2015.3进行鉴定,并研究其生物学特性。结果表明,荞麦叶枯病病原菌的分生孢子呈倒棍棒状或倒梨状,褐色,具3～8个横隔膜,0～4个纵斜隔膜,大小为16.5～45.0μm×5.0～13.5μm,厚垣孢子呈球形,直径为6.0～12.0μm;该菌株ITS序列系统发育进化分析结果表明,菌株LW2015.3与链格孢Alternaria alternata(登录号:MG195995.1)的同源性为100%,结合形态学特征与分子鉴定结果确定云南省荞麦叶枯病病原菌为链格孢A. alternata(登录号:KT362732.1)。该病原菌菌丝生长适宜温度为20～30℃,25℃为最适温度;当p H为6～9时菌丝生长速率加快,pH 7最适菌丝生长;PDA培养基和PSA培养基最适菌丝生长;该病原菌对以麦芽糖为碳源和以硝酸钠为氮源时的利用率最高;菌丝的致死温度为50℃,10 min;不同光照条件对菌丝生长的影响有显著差异,连续光照最有利于菌丝生长。  相似文献   

3.
铁皮石斛轮纹病病原菌鉴定及其防治药剂筛选   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为明确近年来在铁皮石斛Dendrobium officinale叶片及茎秆上出现的一种新病害—轮纹病的病原菌及筛选其有效防治药剂,通过分离物致病性测定、形态学观察和rDNA-ITS序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,同时测定了11种药剂对病原菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑菌效果。结果表明,从铁皮石斛病样中分离到的菌株TPLW01在致病性试验中表现出的症状与其田间自然感病症状一致,证明菌株TPLW01为铁皮石斛轮纹病的致病菌。该病原菌菌落在PDA培养基上初期为白色、绒毛状,后期菌落上长出同心环状排列的暗绿色至黑色的分生孢子座;分生孢子梗无色,圆柱形,有3~5轮分枝;分生孢子无色、单胞、杆状两端钝圆,大小为5.0~7.5μm×1.5~2.5μm;形态特征与露湿漆斑菌Myrothecium roridum一致。该菌rDNA-ITS序列的Gen Bank登录号为MF939638,与露湿漆斑菌(登录号KX421205.1)同源性为100.0%,分子鉴定结果与形态鉴定结果一致,确定引起该病的病原菌为露湿漆斑菌。6%春雷霉素可湿性粉剂1 000倍液、42.8%氟菌肟菌酯悬浮剂3 500倍液、29%吡萘嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 500倍液、70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂1 000倍液对该菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制效果均达到100.0%,表明这4种药剂可用于铁皮石斛轮纹病的田间防治。  相似文献   

4.
对来自新西兰的猕猴桃进行了病原菌的分离培养,结果在果实中分离到2株疑似猕猴桃果腐病菌的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Na-3419和Na-4756在PDA培养基上生长良好,能产生大量的分生孢子;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)扩增和测序,菌株Na-3419与Gen Bank中登录号EU482221.1和EU482220.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%,菌株Na-4756与Gen Bank中登录号AY359230.1、AY359226.1和KR859079.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌接种猕猴桃3 d后开始发病。根据上述试验结果,将分离获得的菌株Na-3419和Na-4756鉴定为猕猴桃果腐病菌(Neofabraea actinidiae)。这是上海口岸首次在进境的猕猴桃果实上截获该有害生物。  相似文献   

5.
分别对来自比利时和荷兰的水曲柳原木进行了病原菌分离,结果在原木的树皮中各分离到1株疑似苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌的菌株Bs-1268和Bs-8212。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Bs-1268和Bs-8212在PDA和OA培养基上均能产生一定量的分生孢子器和分生孢子,分生孢子器通常为球形;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)扩增和测序,菌株Bs-1268和Bs-8212与Gen Bank中登录号KF766158.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌分别接种苹果和梨6 d后发病。根据上述实验结果,将分离获得的菌株Bs-1268和Bs-8212鉴定为苹果壳色单隔孢溃疡病菌(Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker)。  相似文献   

6.
山东省危害核桃的链格孢属真菌鉴定及其系统发育   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
为了明确危害核桃的链格孢属Alternaria真菌种类,对34个供试菌株在PCA培养基上的培养特征、产孢表型、分生孢子特征等进行了研究,并采用ITS、OPA2-1和OPA1-3序列分析其系统发育。其中33个菌株为链格孢A.alternata,1个为细极链格孢A.tenuissima。链格孢:菌落灰色;孢子链短、分枝频繁,每条分枝含4～10个孢子;分生孢子多倒梨形,孢身平均25.6μm×7.4μm,横隔膜2～8个。细极链格孢:菌落褐色;孢子链长、少分枝,孢子链约含10个孢子;分生孢子多长椭圆形,孢身平均26.3μm×13.5μm,具柱状喙及假喙,主横隔膜1～6个,孢身中部的隔膜较粗。链格孢属真菌在遗传上有较大差异,ITS、OPA2-1和OPA1-3序列对链格孢小孢子种具有一定的区分作用,链格孢是危害核桃的主要链格孢属种。  相似文献   

7.
对来自美国的苹果进行了病原菌分离,结果在果实中分离到1株疑似苹果牛眼果腐病菌的菌株Nk-2968。对其进行了病原菌形态学观察、致病性测定并结合分子生物学方法检测,实验结果表明,菌株Nk-2968在PDA培养基上生长良好,能产生大量的分生孢子;经真菌通用引物(ITS4/ITS5)及β-tubulin引物(Bt-T2m-Up/Bt-LVL-Lo)分别扩增和测序,菌株Nk-2968与Gen Bank中登录号AF281462.1、HG793110.1和HG793112.1的菌株序列同源性达到100%;病菌接种苹果8 d后开始发病。根据上述实验结果,将分离获得的菌株Nk-2968鉴定为苹果牛眼果腐病菌(Neofabraea kienholzii)。这是我国口岸首次在进境的苹果果实上截获该危险性有害生物。  相似文献   

8.
马铃薯早疫病病原菌鉴定及其对不同药剂的敏感性   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
 为了明确马铃薯早疫病病原菌及其对不同药剂的敏感性,2009~2011年从河北省5个县采集180个早疫病样,以常规方法进行分离与纯化。根据病原菌的形态特征和致病性,结合其rDNA-ITS区域的序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定病原菌对不同药剂的敏感性。结果分离到两种菌（A、B）,分离比例为4:6。致病性测定证实分离菌A和B均为马铃薯早疫病病原菌。经形态学鉴定,初步认定A为茄链格孢（Alternaria solani）,B为链格孢（Alternaria alternata）。采用通用引物ITS1/ITS4对病原菌A和B的rDNA-ITS序列区扩增并测序,通过与GenBank数据库比对,A与A.solani同源性为98%,B与A.alternata 的同源性达100%。两种病原菌对咯菌腈、吡唑醚菌酯、啶酰菌胺、苯醚甲环唑等药剂的敏感性差异极显著,而对异菌脲的敏感性差异不显著。因此,将河北省马铃薯早疫病菌鉴定为茄链格孢（A.solani)和链格孢（A.alternata）,二者对同一药剂的敏感性不同。  相似文献   

9.
莲雾灰斑病病原菌鉴定及室内药剂筛选   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了探明莲雾灰斑病病原菌和对该病有效的杀菌剂种类,采用组织分离法进行病原菌分离,同时借助形态学特征和ITS序列进行鉴定,测定了病原菌菌丝生长的最适环境和碳氮营养条件,并进行室内药剂筛选。结果表明,莲雾灰斑病病原菌菌丝白色绒毛状,产孢结构为分生孢子盘,分生孢子梗无色瓶状,分生孢子单胞无色,椭圆形至长椭圆形,大小(13.2～23.16)μm×(4.8～7.5)μm,ITS序列长为553 bp,系统进化发现该菌与胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)归为一支。该菌在25～30℃生长较快,中性和偏碱条件适宜菌丝生长,最适碳氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨。5种杀菌剂对莲雾灰斑病病原菌具有较强的抑制效果,按其毒力高低排序:250 g/L丙环唑乳油(EC_(50)为0.003 mg/L)250g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油(EC_(50)为0.264 mg/L)75%肟菌酯戊唑醇水分散剂(EC_(50)为0.610 mg/L)50%戊唑嘧菌酯悬浮剂(EC_(50)为0.834 mg/L)37%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂(EC_(50)为2.370 mg/L)。因此,莲雾灰斑病的病原为胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides),适生性较强,250 g/L丙环唑乳油和250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂可作为田间防治该病害的候选药剂种类。  相似文献   

10.
河北和山东鸭梨果实上链格孢菌鉴定   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  
为了查清造成鸭梨果实储藏期黑斑病的链格孢Alternaria的种类,从其产孢表型、分生孢子特征和分子生物学等方面对分离的链格孢菌进行了研究.经对分离到的188支Alternaria菌株的形态学鉴定,共确定了3个种,即链格孢Alternaria alternata、细极链格孢A.tenuissima和侵染链格孢A.infectoria,比例分别为41.0%、54.8%和1.6%.分子生物学研究结果表明,Altemaria大孢子种彼此间及大孢子种与小孢子种之间可以根据ITS和gpd序列差异明确区分;而供试的多数小孢子种在ITS和gpd序列上差异很小,无法区分.  相似文献   

11.
The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.  相似文献   

12.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

13.
Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.  相似文献   

14.
Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m3) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.  相似文献   

15.
浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。  相似文献   

16.
The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.  相似文献   

17.
Mango sudden decline is a recently introduced, economically serious disease in Oman. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms that usually begin on one side and later spread to involve the entire tree. Trees exude amber-coloured gum from the bark of their trunks or branches and vascular tissues are discoloured. Having entered Oman in the recent past, survey data is presented that shows the disease to have spread throughout the northern part of the country. Evidence is presented that the vascular wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata causes mango sudden decline disease in Oman, possibly in concert with Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the recently described Ceratocystis omanensis. Isolates of these fungi from affected trees, cause infection and can be recovered from inoculated seedlings. Bark beetles (Hypocryphalus mangiferae) are shown to carry C. fimbriata and L. theobromae and are presumably responsible for transmitting both pathogens to healthy mango trees. Acting as a wounding agent and vector, the bark beetle is likely to have assisted the rapid spread of the disease across Oman.  相似文献   

18.
Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides andGliocephalotrichum microchlamydosporum are the causal fungi of the rambutan postharvest diseases stem-end rot, anthracnose and brown spot, respectively. Two different treatments of rambutan fruits(Nephelium lappaceum) against the three pathogens were compared: potassium metabisulphite (250 ppm) or cinnamaldehyde (30 ppm), each combined withTrichoderma harzianum (TrH 40). The application of TrH 40 and potassium metabisulphite effectively controlled the incidence and severity of the three postharvest diseases and maintained the overall quality and color of the fruit under low temperature storage at 13.5°C and 95% r.h. for 18 days. The greatest effect of this treatment was shown onG. microchlamydosporum. Cinnamaldehyde affected the growth and germination of TrH 40, whereas potassium metabisulphite did not. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 4, 2001.  相似文献   

19.
A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.  相似文献   

20.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

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