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1.
An antibiotic substance, MYC 8005, was found to be produced by aStreptomyces strain, D197. It proved to possess strong antibiotic activities against bacteria, fungi and spider mites. It might be similar to antibiotic 323/58 reported in 1962 by Kruglyaket al. This antibiotic, however, is no longer available for comparison. The producing organism resmblesStreptomyces exfoliatus (Waksman & Curtis) Waksman & Henrici but differs from this species in the surface structure of the spores. For this reason it is proposed to give D 197 the nameStreptomyces exfoliatus var.echinosporus var. nov. The nature of the symptoms observed with spider mites and the susceptibility of various acaricide-resistant strains to this antibiotic suggest a new mode of action.  相似文献   

2.
温度与昆虫内禀增长率关系模型的比较   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
数学模型可用于反映温度对昆虫生长速率的动态变化,为选择一个对害虫发生预测具有重要意义的通用性模型,选择Beta、Briére、Ratkowsky和Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois(LRF)4个非线性模型分别对8组不同温度下昆虫和螨类内禀增长率数据集进行拟合,并比较模型拟合效果的优劣。结果表明:Ratkowsky模型对8组数据的拟合优度总体表现最好,其次为LRF模型和Beta模型,而Briére模型表现欠佳;Ratkowsky模型对低温阈值和高温阈值的估计较其它3个模型更为可靠。Ratkowsky模型不仅可以用于描述温度对细菌种群增长速率的影响,还可应用于描述温度对昆虫和螨类内禀增长率的影响。  相似文献   

3.
Studies were conducted in a flat storeroom in central Greece, filled with approx. 90 tons of wheat, in order to evaluate insect and mite species abundance, and changes in population density and distribution among sampling units and locations. The surface of the grain bulk was divided into two sampling zones: the central and the peripheral (edge). At 10-day intervals, five wheat samples were taken from the central zone and eight from the peripheral zone, with a non-partitioned grain trier (1.6-m length, 250-g capacity). Fifteen insect species and 12 mite taxa were found during the sampling period, (June 1999–Feb. 2000). The most abundant insect species wereSitophilus oryzae (L.),Cryptolestes ferrugineux (Stephens),Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) andLatheticus oryzae Waterhouse; the most abundant mite species wereAcarus siro L.,Lepidoglyphus destructor (Shrank), and the predatorsBlattisocius tarsalis (Berlese) andB. keegani Fox. Grain temperature decreased during the storage period, more slowly in the central than peripheral zone; grain moisture content increased. The highest population densities for both insects and mites were recorded during September and October. The most numerous species of insects and mites showed an aggregated spatial pattern, as indicated by Iwao’s Patchiness Regression.  相似文献   

4.
荔枝瘿螨是为害荔枝的一类重要害虫,体型小、种类多、分布广。随着荔枝种植面积的扩大、荔枝果实和荔枝苗木的远距离运输,给荔枝瘿螨的传播创造了条件。本文主要总结了国内荔枝瘿螨的研究结果,阐明了荔枝瘿螨的种类及其分布特点;以荔枝瘤瘿螨Aceria litchii和荔枝分位瘿螨Disella litchii为例,阐述了荔枝瘿螨的生物学特性及种群动态、天敌、寄主(荔枝品种)的抗虫(瘿螨)性、种群监测技术、防治措施等方面的研究进展。结合产业发展,指出生产中亟待解决的问题和研究方向,并提出建立“以农业防治为基础、生物防治相结合、化学防控为辅助”的荔枝瘿螨综合防控技术体系的具体措施。  相似文献   

5.
The effects of fungicides containing mancozeb or copper oxychloride, as principal active ingredients, on phytoseiid mites were investigated in a vineyard comprising four varieties (Prosecco, Cabernet Franc, Pinot gris and Merlot) and located in north-eastern Italy. Phytoseiid colonisation was different among the four varieties: Amblyseius andersoni and Kampimodromus aberrans were dominant on Pinot gris and Merlot, respectively, while Typhlodromus pyri was more common than the above species on Prosecco and Cabernet Franc. Applications of mancozeb fungicides significantly affected K. aberrans populations. Concerning T. pyri, a significant effect was observed on Cabernet but not on Prosecco. The effects of mancozeb fungicides on A. andersoni were less clear. The response of phytoseiids to fungicides containing mancozeb appeared to be mediated by the variety. Therefore, the choice of one or two varieties as a standard reference for field tests is recommended. These results also suggest that the side effects of fungicides on predatory mites should be studied on different phytoseiid species and, possibly, on susceptible and resistant strains in order to gain useful insights.  相似文献   

6.
棉叶螨也称为棉红蜘蛛,属蛛形纲叶螨科,其种类繁多,分布范围广,世代周期短,是为害棉花的一类重要害螨。目前,用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂主要是神经毒剂及呼吸抑制剂2大类,且棉叶螨对多数药剂产生了不同程度的抗性,以二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为首的植食性害螨已成为世界上抗药性最严重的节肢动物之一。美国路易斯安那州棉田二斑叶螨种群对阿维菌素产生了1 415倍抗性,而国内棉花上棉叶螨主要对有机磷类药剂产生了较强抗性,最高为467倍。棉叶螨产生抗药性的机制主要涉及靶标突变及解毒代谢增强,其中靶标突变主要涉及乙酰胆碱酯酶、电压门控钠离子通道和谷氨酸门控氯离子通道等;细胞色素P450单加氧酶、羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶等一种或多种解毒酶共同参与害螨对化学药剂的解毒代谢。该文主要从棉叶螨的种类及分布、用于防治棉叶螨的化学药剂、棉叶螨的抗药性现状、抗药性机制解析和抗药性治理策略5个方面进行阐述,提出因地制宜的抗药性治理策略,旨在为棉叶螨的田间防治提供指导。  相似文献   

7.
The species composition and seasonal cycle ofTetranychus urticae Koch (two-spotted spider mite) andEotetranychus uncatus Garman (garman spider mite; the two species were evaluated together),Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher) (hawthom red spider nite),Panonychus ulni (Koch) (European red mite),Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (brown mite) (Acari Tetranychidae),Cenopalpus pulcher Can and Fanz. (flat scarlet mite) (Tenuipalpidae) and their natural enemies (Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae family members) were compared in two apple orchards during the years 2000 to 2002 in Tokat, Turkey. One orchard was pesticide-free, and the other was sprayed. Surveys were carried out once a week from April to November and the differences in the dominant species of spider mites and phytoseiid mites between the two orchards were recorded. In the sprayed orchard, the dominant phytophagous mites wereA. vienensis andP. ulmi whereas in the unsprayed orchardE uncatus andC pulcher were abundant. It was found that the predatory mites were able to control spider mites in the unsprayed orchard, but the population level was not adequate to control them in the sprayed orchard, presumably due to the excessive use of pesticides.  相似文献   

8.
BACKGROUND: The spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is the major strawberry pest in Brazil. The main strategies for its control comprise synthetic acaricides and predatory mites. The recent register of a commercial formula of azadirachtin (Azamax® 12 g L?1) can be viable for control of T. urticae. In this work, the effects of azadirachtin on T. urticae and its compatibility with predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus and Phytoseiulus macropilis in the strawberry crop were evaluated. RESULTS: Azadirachtin was efficient against T. urticae, with a mortality rate similar to that of abamectin. In addition, the azadirachtin showed lower biological persistence (7 days) than abamectin (21 days). Azadirachtin did not cause significant mortality of adult predatory mites (N. californicus and P. macropilis), but it did reduce fecundity by 50%. However, egg viability of the azadirachtin treatments was similar to that of the control (>80% viability). The use of azadirachtin and predatory mites is a valuable tool for controlling T. urticae in strawberry crop. CONCLUSIONS: Azadirachtin provided effective control of T. urticae and is compatible with the predatory mites N. californicus and P. macropilis. It is an excellent tool to be incorporated into integrated pest management for strawberry crop in Brazil. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
Panonychus citri and Diaphorina citri are serious citrus pests (mites) in many countries. The predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris can prey on both P. citri and D. citri. It is necessary to develop a strategy using predatory mites and selective pesticides that can simultaneously control both pests effectively and sustainably. The toxicities of matrine and abamectin to P. citri, D. citri and N. cucumeris were evaluated in the laboratory. Matrine was highly lethal to D. citri and relatively less toxic to P. citri and N. cucumeris. Abamectin was relatively less toxic to D. citri. The results of the field trials demonstrated the ecological control strategy that combined the release of predatory mites and applications of four matrine sprays from June 2011 to November 2011, which provided better control over P. citri than pesticide applications alone with six sprays during the same period. It achieved similar control levels for D. citri. In Matrine + N. cucumeris orchard, the total number of spiders was significantly larger than that in the Pesticides Only orchard, but the total number of predatory mites was lower. It is inferred that primarily natural enemies and matrine together play a role in controlling citrus pests.  相似文献   

10.
新疆棉叶螨大发生的原因及防治对策   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
综述了耕作栽培技术对新疆棉叶螨种群数量的影响.不同的土壤耕作技术、轮作、邻作、连作年限对种群数量均有显著影响.通过秋耕、冬灌,可破坏棉花害螨的越冬场所,消灭部分越冬害螨,减少越冬基数.连作年限越长棉叶螨的发生越重.前茬为小麦、玉米等单子叶植物的棉田,棉叶螨发生晚而轻;凡是前作为油葵、豆类等双子叶植物,棉叶螨发生早而重.棉花邻作小麦比邻作苜蓿的棉田叶螨发生轻.灌溉、施肥对螨量也有不同的影响.提出了棉叶螨的防治措施.  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: Predatory mites (Amblyseius swirskii Athias‐Henriot, Typhlodromips montdorensis Schicha, Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) and Iphiseius degenerans Berlese) were investigated for their potential to act as control agents for Thrips palmi Karny. Prey consumption rates and compatibility with pesticides were assessed. RESULTS: Second‐instar larvae were the preferred life stage. Typhlodromips montdorensis consumed the most larvae (2.8) and also an average of 1.2 adult T. palmi per 5 day period. Both 24 and 48 h assessments following application of abamectin, spinosad and imazalil demonstrated mortality of predatory mites (across all species), which was significantly higher than with the other treatments (P < 0.001). Spraying with pymetrozine did not provide any increased mortality when compared with the water control. Application of thiacloprid proved detrimental only to I. degenerans. Following indirect exposure of predatory mites to pymetrozine and imazalil, no significant differences in mite mortality were obtained. Indirect exposure to spinosad was identified as the most detrimental treatment (P < 0.001) to all mites. Abamectin also proved detrimental, with only T. montdorensis showing any potential tolerance. CONCLUSION: All predatory mites investigated offer potential for controlling T. palmi. Compatibility with chemicals varied between the mites. The potential of incorporating the mites into eradication strategies for T. palmi is discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

12.
The effect of successive matings on the rate of predation of two species of predacious mites,Agistemus exsertus Gonz. andPhytoseiulus persimilis Ath.-Hen., was investigated in the laboratory. With both species, multiple-mated and single-mated females exerted significantly a higher rate of predation on nymphs of the red spider mites during a shorter longevity duration compared to unmated females.With 2 figures and 2 tables  相似文献   

13.
捕食性昆虫的标记信息素广泛存在于鞘翅目、脉翅目、双翅目、半翅目和蜱螨目捕食者中,介导捕食性昆虫的猎物搜索、产卵、同类相残和集团内捕食,改变猎物蚜虫的生活史,因而影响捕食者控制目标害虫的能力。标记信息素由幼虫、成虫或卵产生,来源于外分泌腺或消化道。目前已鉴定出几种瓢虫的标记信息素,均为烷烃混合物。捕食性昆虫对标记信息素的反应受标记信息素持效期、昆虫本身状况如产卵习惯、年龄、经历和性别及外部条件如猎物种群密度的影响。  相似文献   

14.
Following the appearance of inflorescence malformations on mango trees in some orchards in Israel, a survey was carried out of the presence of Eriophyid mites on mango, and their possible effect on inflorescence malformation was studied. Two Eriophyid species were recorded for the first time from this area. One of them,Erio-phyes mangiferae, associated with mango trees, has no direct effect on inflorescence malformation, but its interaction with another biotic factor is not excluded.  相似文献   

15.
Changes in the degree and kind of infestation by storage insects and mites in imports into Great Britain since the EPPO Conference in Lisbon, 1967, are reviewed. There has been an overall fall in the percentage of infested cargoes from 33 % in 1967 to 23 % in 1973, and a corresponding fall in the incidence of occurrence of many species. The various changes in different classes of commodities, cereals, oilseeds, cocoa beans, etc., according to country of origin, are discussed in detail. The effects of containerisation and greater use of road transport, the growing problem of insecticide resistance in storage insects and mites and the significance of infestation in imports are discussed in relation to future developments in international trade.  相似文献   

16.
为探讨不同杀螨剂对壁蜂Osmia cornifrons蜂螨的防控作用,筛选了适合壁蜂定巢繁殖的巢管管口内径范围,并采用药液浸渍法比较了螺螨酯、炔螨特、联苯肼酯、四螨嗪、三唑锡5种杀螨剂对壁蜂蜂螨的防治效果及安全性。结果表明,壁蜂芦苇巢管管口内径在8.00~8.49 mm范围时最适合壁蜂定巢繁殖,巢室数量最多,为8.5个,显著高于其它管口内径范围下的巢室数。与空白对照相比,5种杀螨剂各剂量处理对芦苇巢管中壁蜂的巢室数均无显著影响,不同剂量的三唑锡和四螨嗪浸渍芦苇巢管均可有效控制芦苇巢管内蜂螨的为害,2种药剂各剂量处理对巢管中蜂螨的防治效果为97.22%~100.00%,对巢室蜂螨的防治效果为98.75%~100.00%,防治效果显著;而不同剂量的螺螨酯、炔螨特和联苯肼酯对芦苇巢管中蜂螨的防治效果较低,各剂量处理对巢管蜂螨的防治效果为39.81%~80.56%,对巢室蜂螨的防治效果为46.01%~83.82%。表明四螨嗪和三唑锡浸渍处理芦苇巢管可作为有效防治壁蜂蜂螨为害的安全施药手段。  相似文献   

17.
基于无人机成像高光谱的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型构建   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
为快速、实时、准确地了解新疆棉田棉叶螨（优势种为土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani）的发生情况,利用高光谱图像中的7种植被指数,使用一般线性回归分析方法分别构建不同棉叶螨为害等级棉花冠层叶片叶绿素相对含量（用soil and plant analyzer development（SPAD）值表征）遥感估测模型和棉叶螨为害等级遥感估测模型,实现棉叶螨为害的实时监测。结果显示：不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层光谱反射率存在明显差异,棉叶螨为害等级与棉花冠层叶片SPAD值呈显著负相关关系。在7个不同棉叶螨为害等级对应的棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型中,SPAD-红边归一化植被指数估测模型的估测决定系数为0.915,均方根误差为3.451,识别精确度显著高于其他模型。表明利用棉花冠层叶片SPAD遥感估测模型可快速无损地获取棉叶螨为害数据,构建的棉叶螨为害等级估测模型可用于植保人员快速准确获取棉叶螨为害情况。  相似文献   

18.
Eighteen of 21 naturally occurring compounds and plant extracts tested in an in-vitro feeding system deterred northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), from feeding. At 1.0% (w/v) concentrations in chicken blood, five compounds killed all mites exposed to them. Citronellal and bay extract prevented mite feeding completely at 0.1% concentrations. None of the compounds or extracts had repellent activity when mites were surrounded by a ring of the test material (0–42 mgcm?2) impregnated in filter paper.  相似文献   

19.
为探寻具有杀螨潜力的生防真菌,采用喷雾法测定分析玫烟色虫草Cordyceps fumosorosea IF-1106菌株和球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana BB-1339菌株对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae卵、幼螨及雌成螨的致病力。结果表明,感染玫烟色虫草IF-1106菌株和球孢白僵菌BB-1339菌株后螨类的形态特征不一致,感染IF-1106菌株后形成棉絮状菌丝,而感染BB-1339菌株后则形成羊毛状菌丝。IF-1106菌株和BB-1339菌株对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨卵的LC50分别为2.38×107、8.26×107CFU/mL和4.48×107、1.21×108CFU/mL,对朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨幼螨的LC50分别1.97×107、8.26×107CFU/mL和7.65×106、8.99×105...  相似文献   

20.
The penetration and degradation of six pyrethroids were examined in the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and the results were related to their toxicity as measured by inhibition of respiration using the Warburg technique and mortality using the slide-dip bioassay. FMC-54800 [1,1′-biphenyl-3ylmethyl cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] was the most toxic pyrethroid to the mites based on both respiration and mortality studies. It and flucythrinate had the highest pharmacokinetic efficiency as determined by delivery and maintenance of internal levels of parent compounds. Permethrin, fenvalerate, and fluvalinate were intermediate in pharmacokinetic efficiency, whereas cypermethrin was significantly lower. The highest intrinsic activity, as estimated by the percentage inhibition of respiration per microgram of internal parent, was possessed by cypermethrin and FMC-54800. Fenvalerate and fluvalinate had intermediate levels, while permethrin and flucythrinate had significantly lower capacities to inhibit respiration. The combination of relatively high pharmacokinetic efficiency and intrinsic activity of FMC-54800 appeared to be responsible for its high toxicity. In addition to these findings, differences in the kinetics for cis and trans isomers were observed for permethrin but not cypermethrin. This study has yielded evidence that acaricidal activity of pyrethroids can be enhanced by optimizing the structure for increased pharmacokinetic efficiency and increased intrinsic activity.  相似文献   

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