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1.
Microtubule dynamics in compatible and incompatible interactions of soybean hypocotyl cells with Phytophthora sojae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The arrangement of microtubules in soybean ( Glycine max ) cells was examined during compatible and incompatible interactions of hypocotyls of soybean cv. Harosoy (susceptible) and cv. Haro 1272 (resistant) with race 1 of the soybean-specific pathogen Phytophthora sojae . Both reaction types were similar during the first 3 h after zoospore inoculation in terms of the number of cells penetrated, and depth penetrated into the cortex. By 3 h postinoculation, clear differences had developed between the two interaction types: incompatible interactions were characterized by a hypersensitive response that was confined to single penetrated cells; while compatibly responding cells appeared unchanged. Both types of response were characterized by autofluorescence of cell walls or cytoplasm and, at 6 h after inoculation, complete disorganization of cell cytoplasm. Reorientation and loss of microtubules was seen in the early stages of the incompatible interaction in association with cellular hypersensitivity, but not in compatible responses. In cells adjacent to those that reacted hypersensitively, there was little evidence of change in microtubule orientation. Treatment of hypocotyls with the microtubule depolymerizer oryzalin prior to inoculation did not alter the compatible response, but led to breakdown of the incompatible response. Changes in microtubule orientation and state are thus among the first structural changes that are visible within cells during incompatibility in this system. 相似文献
2.
Kerrie L. McDonald David M. Cahill 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1999,105(7):651-658
A comparison was made of the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, norflurazon on the interaction between soybean leaves and Phytophthora sojae. Inoculation of leaves of cv. Harosoy resulted in a compatible interaction typified by the presence of spreading, water soaked lesions with ill-defined margins while inoculation of cv. Haro 1272 resulted in an incompatible interaction with lesions restricted to the inoculation site. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) slowly increased in the compatible interaction but in the incompatible interaction there was a rapid rise in activity within 8h after inoculation. When Haro 1272 plants were treated with ABA the normally incompatible interaction with race 1 was changed to what resembled a compatible interaction and activity of PAL was reduced to control levels. There was no visible effect on the compatible combination. In contrast when plants of cv. Harosoy were treated with norflurazon the normally compatible interaction with race 1 was changed to that which resembled an incompatible interaction and PAL activity increased to high levels rapidly. There was no effect of norflurazon on the incompatible interaction of cv. Haro 1272 with race 1. Stomata on leaves of cv. Harosoy treated with norflurazon closed within 2h of inoculation resembling the response of stomata in normal incompatible interactions but not compatible interactions where stomata remained open. On leaves of cv. Harosoy treated with norflurazon at sites 3 and 20mm from the inoculation point stomata also closed. These results extend and confirm the idea that ABA is a molecule that may regulate the outcome of the interaction between soybeans and P. sojae. 相似文献
3.
水稻与稻瘟病菌非亲和性互作中重要防御酶活性变化规律研究 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：14
选以CO39为背景的水稻抗稻瘟病近等基因系,与稻瘟菌生理小种ZC13(菌株97-151a)组成的3类典型非亲和性互作,以亲和性互作为对照,对各互作中过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、几丁质酶及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性变化规律进行了系统研究。完全非亲和性互作C101A51/97-151a、高度非亲和性互作C101L AC/97-151a及中度非亲和性互作C104 PKT/97-151a,POD比活性接种后即开始明显升高,48h前达到高峰,升高趋势一直持续到7d完全显症时,幅度基本与各互作非亲和程度呈正相关;亲和性互作CO39/97-151a接种后40 h POD比活性才开始升高,4~6 d达到高峰,峰值也较大。3类非亲和性互作PAL比活性在接种后0 h或16 h开始较明显升高,整个互作中形成3~4个较明显的峰;亲和性互作中PAL比活性一直明显下降。3类非亲和性互作外切几丁质酶比活性接种后即开始升高,基本一直保持升高趋势,在40 h前幅度较大,并形成1~3个较高的峰;亲和性互作外切几丁质酶比活性接种后即开始大幅度升高直至完全显症,48h后幅度远高于非亲和性互作。3类非亲和性互作β-1,3-葡聚糖酶比活性在24 h内开始较明显升高,在48h前形成2~3个较明显的峰;亲和性互作在接种后β-1,3-葡聚糖酶比活性即开始升高,在48h后显著高于非亲和性互作。讨论了POD、PAL、几丁质酶及β-1,3-葡聚糖酶参与水稻抗稻瘟病的可能性。 相似文献
4.
Pierre J. G. M. De Wit 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1977,83(3):109-122
Infection of tomato plants byCladosporium fulvum Cooke was studied using light and scanning-electron microscopy. Races 1.2.3 and 4 ofCladosporium fulvum were used, whereas tomato cultivars, carrying the Cf2 gene (susceptible to race 1.2.3 and immune to race 4) and the Cf4 gene (immune to race 1.2.3 and susceptible to race 4) served as differentials. No differences were observed in growth between compatible and incompatible combinations during germination, subsequent formation of runner hyphae and stomatal penetration. Runner hyphae did not show directional growth towards stomata. Penetration usually occurred on the third or fourth day after inoculation. In compatible combinations the fungus grew intercellularly, often in close contact with spongy mesophyll cells. Under optimal conditions it did not cause visible damage to plant cells during early stages of infection. Under suboptimal conditions in winter, the host cells often reacted with callose deposition, but growth of the fungus did not appear to be inhibited. Ten to twelve days after inoculation conidiophores emerged through the stomata and produced conidia. In incompatible combinations fungal growth was arrested one to two days after penetration and confined to stomata and surrounding cells. Very soon the host cells, in contact with the fungus, deposited extensive amounts of callose. Later these cells turned brown and collapsed. At the surface of the host cells, contacted by fungal hyphae, abundant extracellular material could be observed by scanning-electron microscopy. Removing the epidermis of leaves before inoculation delayed the resistant response. On stripped leaves the rate of fungal growth was equal for both interactions up to ten days after inoculation, but the incompatible combination lacked sporulation. 相似文献
5.
Soybean ( Glycine max ) cv. Harosoy 63 is resistant to race 1 and susceptible to race 9 of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg). In detached primary leaves inoculated with zoospores, growth of race 1 was completely suppressed 16 h after inoculation, while race 9 was unaffected. The amount of the phytoalexin glyceollin that accumulated, however, was not significantly different in either the incompatible or compatible interaction 16 h after inoculation. At the circumference of the inoculated area, a slight accumulation of phytoalexin was observed only in the incompatible interaction 20 h or more after inoculation. Tolerance of race 9 to the phytoalexin was significantly higher than that of race 1 when the phytoalexin was added to agar. Moreover, race 9 degraded glyceollin faster than race 1. On leaves inoculated at separate points with either race, the lesion associated with race 9 never colonized areas inoculated with race 1. These results suggest that factor(s) other than the accumulation of phytoalexin in soybean tissue might cause cessation of growth of Pmg. 相似文献
6.
Cotyledons of one resistant and three susceptible rape lines/cultivars were inoculated with zoospores of Albugo Candida race 7. Samples of whole cotyledons were examined by differential interference contrast microscopy. The time course of the infection process was followed histologically. Germination of zoospore cysts occurred 2-3 h after inoculation. Infection was initiated with germ-tubes penetrating through stomata. Haustorium formation was first observed in the palisade mesophyll cells adjacent to the substomatal chambers 8 h after inoculation.
Only after the establishment of the first haustorium did compatible and incompatible interactions begin to differentiate. In the resistant cultivar, most primary hyphae produced single haustoria. Necrosis of the invaded host cell was first observed 12 h after inoculation followed by cessation of fungal growth. The death of host cells was largely restricted to the penetration site; the adjacent non-penetrated cells remained apparently unaffected. In the susceptible hosts, necrosis of infected cells occurred only infrequently, and hyphal growth continued unabated, resulting in mycelial ramification into the mesophyll. Numerous haustoria were produced.
Histological studies showed that the earliest event distinguishing a compatible from an incompatible interaction occurred after formation of the first haustorium and that resistance was not manifested until the host mesophyll cell had come into contact with the first haustorium. The distinction between compatibility and incompatibility was substantiated by quantitative analysis of white rust development on both resistant and susceptible lines/cultivars. 相似文献
Only after the establishment of the first haustorium did compatible and incompatible interactions begin to differentiate. In the resistant cultivar, most primary hyphae produced single haustoria. Necrosis of the invaded host cell was first observed 12 h after inoculation followed by cessation of fungal growth. The death of host cells was largely restricted to the penetration site; the adjacent non-penetrated cells remained apparently unaffected. In the susceptible hosts, necrosis of infected cells occurred only infrequently, and hyphal growth continued unabated, resulting in mycelial ramification into the mesophyll. Numerous haustoria were produced.
Histological studies showed that the earliest event distinguishing a compatible from an incompatible interaction occurred after formation of the first haustorium and that resistance was not manifested until the host mesophyll cell had come into contact with the first haustorium. The distinction between compatibility and incompatibility was substantiated by quantitative analysis of white rust development on both resistant and susceptible lines/cultivars. 相似文献
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8.
本研究对水稻白叶枯病菌与水稻悬浮细胞非亲和互作中蛋白类激发子进行了分离纯化和鉴定.白叶枯病菌JXOV与水稻IRBB4和IR24悬浮细胞互作36 h后的上清液,经Q-Sepharose阴离子交换层析柱分离,对分离的各组分进行抗病性诱导测定,结果表明JXOV与IRBB4非亲和互作的上清液中存在蛋白类激发子.有活性的蛋白组分经阴离子交换层析柱Mono-Q进一步纯化后,SDS-PAGE分析鉴定出2个具激发活性的蛋白,其分子量分别为17.2 kD和49.2 kD,等电点分别为5.8和6.2.利用上述激发子处理水稻能减少病斑长度并诱导水稻防卫酶活性的增加. 相似文献
9.
小麦-条锈菌互作过程中活性氧及保护酶系的变化研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
对条锈菌与小麦不同互作体系中组织学特征、活性氧产生及其相关酶系的变化进行了研究。组织学观察表明:非亲和组合相对于亲和组合存在明显差异,表现为菌丝生长受抑,吸器母细胞和吸器形成减少,寄主细胞在接种后18h左右出现过敏性坏死。生化测定结果表明:在非亲和组合中,O2-的产生速率和H2O2的含量均高于亲和组合,且O2-产生速率在接种后12h达到一个峰值,H2O2的含量在接种后20和72h出现2个高峰。而在亲和组合中,O2-产生速率低于对照或与对照相似,H2O2的含量虽然高于对照,但却普遍低于非亲和组合;SOD在亲和组合中的活性总体上要高于非亲和组合;接种24h后,CAT在2种组合中的活性均高于对照,在接种后36和48h时,亲和组合中的CAT活性高于非亲和组合,而在接种60h后又开始低于非亲和组合;POD活性在接种24h后均明显升高,但亲和组合中POD活性增幅大;MDA在非亲和组合中于接种后72h含量明显上升。结果表明,亲和与非亲和组合中条锈菌扩展、活性氧的产生及相关酶活变化都存在明显差异,这些差异与小麦抗锈性的表达可能有密切联系。 相似文献
10.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》1999,54(5-6):155-169
Lipoxygenase activity and protein, production of lipid-derived volatiles, and lipid peroxidation levels were determined in pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Early Calwonder-10R) leaves during the hypersensitive reaction induced by avirulent race 2 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. Lipoxygenase activity increased during the collapse phase of the hypersensitive reaction (8 to 12 h after inoculation), and an increase in electrolyte leakage occurred. However, Western blot analysis revealed that lipoxygenase proteins decreased during the same period. When only one longitudinal half of a pepper leaf was inoculated with the avirulent bacterium race, a significant increase in lipoxygenase activity was observed in both inoculated and noninoculated leaf halves, 10 h after inoculation. In addition, lipoxygenase protein decreased in inoculated leaf halves, but remained unchanged in noninoculated ones. The evolution of some volatile compounds derived from the lipoxygenase pathway [(E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, 1-hexanol, 3-hexen-1-ol, 2,4-hexadienal and 2,4-eptadienal] and carotenoid degradation (α- and β-ionone) increased in the incompatible interaction during the collapse phase of the hypersensitive reaction. The level of the oxidative index (A235/A205) of leaf lipid extracts, determined to estimate lipid peroxidation, significantly increased in the advanced stage of the hypersensitive reaction. Furthermore, determination of the oxidative index in neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions showed that the oxidative index was significantly increased only in the glycolipid fraction. Lipoxygenase activity and protein, electrolyte leakage, volatiles and lipid peroxidation were not changed in pepper leaves inoculated with the virulent race 1 of X. campestris pv.vesicatoria during the time interval considered (2–12 h after inoculations). The hypothesis that a lipoxygenase with chloroplastic location is induced in the incompatible interaction, and which is responsible for the increase in lipid peroxidation is advanced. 相似文献
11.
叶霉菌非亲和小种对番茄系统抗性的诱导及植株内水杨酸动态 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
番茄叶霉菌小种4是番茄Cf5品系的非亲和小种,接种Cf5植株第3叶后,经不同诱导间隔期以亲和小种5接种第3叶和第4叶,15 d后检查叶霉病发病情况。试验表明,在诱导间隔期为3 d和5 d时,小种4诱导接种的第3叶和未经诱导接种的上位第4叶发病面积比不接种或接种小种5的对照显著降低,以5 d间隔期处理效果最好。上述2个叶位的发病分别比对照降低90%和85%。小种4接种第3叶后该叶位和上部未接种第4叶内水杨酸含量迅速增加,以接种后3 d含量最高,分别达4.02 μg/g鲜重和3.21μg/g鲜重,比对照分别高2倍和1.8倍。接种后5 d内始终保持较高水平。接种8 d后逐渐下降,但仍高于对照。水杨酸含量的增加早于抗性表现,因而可能在该系统的抗性诱导中起作用。 相似文献
12.
大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴侵染过程的细胞学研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
接种后1.5~24h,用光镜和电镜研究了2个大豆品种与大豆疫霉菌Ps411的亲和性和非亲和性互作。观察结果表明,大豆疫霉菌对大豆下胚轴的侵染过程可分为侵入前、侵入、皮层组织中的扩展和进入维管束组织4个连续阶段。大豆下胚轴接种后在25℃保湿培养,1.5h后游动孢子即形成休止孢并萌发产生附着孢,3h后侵入表皮细胞,6h后进入皮层组织,24h后进入维管束组织。病原菌主要以侵染菌丝直接侵入表皮,表皮细胞间隙是主要侵入部位。皮层细胞是病原菌定殖和发展的主要场所,胞间菌丝侵入皮层细胞并形成吸器。在菌丝与寄主细胞接触部位的寄主细胞壁与质膜之间常有胞壁沉积物的形成。在抗病品种上病菌的侵染事件与感病品种基本一致,但不能形成正常的吸器,胞壁沉积物明显多于感病品种,菌丝在寄主组织内的扩展明显受到抑制。利用β-1,3-葡聚糖免疫金标记单克隆抗体进行的免疫细胞化学的研究表明,胞壁沉积物内含有大量的β-1,3-葡聚糖,在大豆疫霉菌菌丝壁中也存在β-1,3-葡聚糖。以上结果表明,病原菌的侵染可诱导抗病寄主细胞内β-1,3-葡聚糖迅速的合成与积累、并形成胞壁沉积物,以抵御病菌的侵染与扩展。 相似文献
13.
为研究稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae不同菌株间的相互作用,选择与单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M （携带抗性基因Pi5）表现为亲和性的菌株HN52与非亲和性的菌株HN119为研究对象,将其单独或混合接种到单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中,并通过荧光显微镜观察接种后水稻叶鞘的发病情况及病斑面积,测定接种后水稻内相关抗性基因OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10、OsMAPK2的表达量以及活性氧的变化。结果显示,相较于单独接种亲和性菌株,混合接种后单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M病斑发病面积减少;混合接种中亲和性菌株HN52菌丝侵染能力降低,侵染菌丝细胞间扩展率显著降低73.13%;同时单抗性基因系水稻IRBL5-M中OsWRKY45、OsNPR1、OsPR10和OsMAPK2抗性基因表达量显著增加,水稻叶片中活性氧含量增加,表明在菌株混合侵染过程中,非亲和性菌株可通过激发水稻的抗性反应来降低亲和性菌株对水稻的侵染程度。 相似文献
14.
细胞骨架解聚药物对小麦与叶锈菌互作诱发的细胞过敏性反应的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
小麦(Triticum aestivum)品种洛夫林10和叶锈菌小种366组成不亲和组合,小麦叶片发生过敏性坏死反应(HR)是小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染的重要因素。在接种前给小麦叶片分别预注射微管解聚药物磺草硝(oryzalin)和微丝解聚药物细胞松弛素D (cytochalasin D,CD),结果表明2种药物注射使得寄主因叶锈菌侵染诱导的细胞过敏性坏死数目明显减少,并且注射药物的浓度越大,寄主细胞发生HR的数量越少。说明肌动蛋白和微管蛋白的聚合状态是诱发小麦叶片发生HR防卫反应所必需的,细胞骨架在小麦抵抗叶锈菌侵染过程中可能起着重要作用。 相似文献
15.
条锈菌侵染早期小麦叶片RNA和rRNA的合成 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用示踪方法研究了条锈菌侵染早期小麦叶片的RNA和rRNA合成。结果表21h期间,表现不亲和性反应的叶片总RNA合成有所增加,而亲和性反应寄主叶片则低rRNA合成未受侵染影响。在接种后39~45h期间,只有呈亲和性反应的寄主叶片RNA和大幅度增加。对rRNA各组分合成的测定表明条锈菌侵染所影响的只是大分子量rRNA,胞质和叶绿体rRNA的合成也存在差别。文中讨论了上述变化的病理学意义。 相似文献
16.
小麦条锈病菌非亲和性小种诱发小麦抗锈性研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在水源11、洛夫林10等7个品种上分别选择小麦条锈菌CY17、CY28等9个生理小种中非亲和小种进行诱发接种,亲和小种为挑战小种。观察发病后的病情指数并与单独接种诱发小种和单独接种挑战小种处理的病情指数进行比较。证明诱发抗病现象是比较普遍的,但表现程度因小麦品种、诱发小种和挑战小种而不同。诱发抗病性的表达时间可持续8 d,以诱发接种后1~2 d表达最强。诱发接种量与诱发抗病性表达呈指数函数关系,也间接证明这种诱发抗性是局部的。作者认为:诱发抗病性在品种、诱发和挑战小种不同组合之间的差异在小种动态中会起一定的作用。 相似文献
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G. Bénaouf L. Parisi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):785-793
Characterization of pathogenicity on whole plants is required to study host-pathogen interactions between Malus × domestica and Venturia inaequalis. We studied the reliability of an in vitro test of pathogenicity on leaf discs. Three strains of V. inaequalis (races 1, 6 and an English race) were inoculated in vitro onto a range of 16 Malus sp. clones including susceptible and resistant clones. The results were compared to those previously obtained in vivo. Resistant clones contained the main major known genes, i.e. Va, Vb, Vbj, Vf, Vg, Vm and Vr. Scab severity and the sporulation of the fungus were assessed 21 days after the inoculation date. The results indicated that it was possible to reproduce incompatible and compatible situations in vitro. A null severity corresponded to the avirulence of the strain for the clone considered. The resistance given by the Vb, Vbj, Vf, Vg, Vm and Vr genes were expressed in vitro. Only the clone carrying the Va gene and inoculated with the race 6 strain presented a compatible situation which was inconsistent with the observations on the whole plant. Improving this test will facilitate studies on the pathogenicity of V. inaequalis populations in relation to resistance genes of the host expressed in vitro as well as its genetic determinism. 相似文献
19.
Resistance mechanisms restricting penetration and establishment were investigated in an incompatible interaction using an avirulent race CC/3 (BMV 1 + 4) of Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei on barley cv. Athos (BMR 2 + 5) and a compatible interaction using the universal susceptible cv. Golden Promise (BMR 0). In both interactions: (i) auto-fluorescence of the host cell wall occurred adjacent to the primary germ tube tip after 4 h, and by 10 h near to the appressorial germ tube; (ii) strongly fluorescing papillae developed after 12 h, being frequently associated with failed penetrations; and (iii) only 30% of the attempted penetrations from appressorial lobes resulted in an incipient haustorium at 16 h. Hypersensitive reactions occurred in cells with an incipient haustorium in 30% of appressorial penetrations on Athos, but only in 4% of those on Golden Promise. Twenty per cent of hypersensitively reacting cells in Athos appeared dead by 14 h using trypan blue (membrane exclusion test), compared with 5% for neutral red, suggesting that plasma membrane damage is an early event in the hypersensitive response. Haustorial death was associated with host cell death, but did not precede it; appressorial death occurred 2-4 h after that of the host cell. 相似文献
20.
Zhang J Steenackers M Storme V Neyrinck S Van Montagu M Gerats T Boerjan W 《Phytopathology》2001,91(11):1069-1073
ABSTRACT Melampsora larici-populina is the most damaging leaf pathogen for poplar in Europe. Previous genetic analyses have revealed both qualitative and quantitative resistance to this fungus. As a starting point for positional cloning of the gene or genes conferring qualitative resistance to M. larici-populina races E1, E2, and E3, a local genetic map of the Melampsora resistance (MER) locus was constructed based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Eleven AFLP markers were identified by bulked segregant analysis. These markers were used to identify 17 recombinants at the MER locus, from a total of 512 progenies derived from three interspecific crosses involving the same resistant female parent, Populus deltoides 'S9-2'. The local genetic map covered a 3.4-centimorgan interval encompassing the target locus. Sequence analysis of these AFLP markers revealed similarities to the nucleotide binding site/leucine-rich repeat class of disease resistance genes. 相似文献