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1.
The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the main pathway by which newly born subventricular zone cells reach the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents. However, the RMS in the adult human brain has been elusive. We demonstrate the presence of a human RMS, which is unexpectedly organized around a lateral ventricular extension reaching the OB, and illustrate the neuroblasts in it. The RMS ensheathing the lateral olfactory ventricular extension, as seen by magnetic resonance imaging, cell-specific markers, and electron microscopy, contains progenitor cells with migratory characteristics and cells that incorporate 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and become mature neurons in the OB.  相似文献   

2.
Neurogenesis occurs in the olfactory system of the adult brain throughout life, in both invertebrates and vertebrates, but its physiological regulation is not understood. We show that the production of neuronal progenitors is stimulated in the forebrain subventricular zone of female mice during pregnancy and that this effect is mediated by the hormone prolactin. The progenitors then migrate to produce new olfactory interneurons, a process likely to be important for maternal behavior, because olfactory discrimination is critical for recognition and rearing of offspring. Neurogenesis occurs even in females that mate with sterile males. These findings imply that forebrain olfactory neurogenesis may contribute to adaptive behaviors in mating and pregnancy.  相似文献   

3.
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system and are associated with the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative and brain inflammatory diseases; however, the origin of adult microglia remains controversial. We show that postnatal hematopoietic progenitors do not significantly contribute to microglia homeostasis in the adult brain. In contrast to many macrophage populations, we show that microglia develop in mice that lack colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) but are absent in CSF-1 receptor-deficient mice. In vivo lineage tracing studies established that adult microglia derive from primitive myeloid progenitors that arise before embryonic day 8. These results identify microglia as an ontogenically distinct population in the mononuclear phagocyte system and have implications for the use of embryonically derived microglial progenitors for the treatment of various brain disorders.  相似文献   

4.
We are conducting a large-scale, multiepoch, optical photometric survey [Centro de Investigaciones de Astronomia-Quasar Equatorial Survey Team (CIDA-QUEST)] covering about 120 square degrees to identify the young low-mass stars in the Orion OB1 association. We present results for an area of 34 square degrees. Using photometric variability as our main selection criterion, as well as follow-up spectroscopy, we confirmed 168 previously unidentified pre-main sequence stars that are about 0.6 to 0.9 times the mass of the sun (Mo), with ages of about 1 million to 3 million years (Ori OB1b) and about 3 million to 10 million years (Ori OB1a). The low-mass stars are spatially coincident with the high-mass (at least 3 Mo) members of the associations. Indicators of disk accretion such as Halpha emission and near-infrared emission from dusty disks fall sharply from Ori OB1b to Ori OB1a, indicating that the time scale for disk dissipation and possibly the onset of planet formation is a few million years.  相似文献   

5.
Methodology has been developed that enables virtually complete purification and abundant recovery of early hematopoietic progenitors from normal human adult peripheral blood. A fraction of the pure progenitors is multipotent (generates mixed colonies) and exhibits self-renewal capacity (gives rise to blast cell colonies). This methodology provides a fundamental tool for basic and clinical studies on hematopoiesis. Optimal in vitro cloning of virtually pure progenitors requires not only the stimulatory effect of interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and erythropoietin, but also the permissive action of basic fibroblast growth factor. These findings suggest a regulatory role for this growth factor in early hematopoiesis.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
The brain's circuitry is established by directed migration and synaptogenesis of neurons during development. Although neurons mature and migrate in specific patterns, little is known about how neurons exit their germinal zone niche. We found that cerebellar granule neuron germinal zone exit is regulated by proteasomal degradation of Pard3A by the Seven in Absentia homolog (Siah) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Pard3A gain of function and Siah loss of function induce precocious radial migration. Time-lapse imaging using a probe to measure neuronal cell contact reveals that Pard3A promotes adhesive interactions needed for germinal zone exit by recruiting the epithelial tight junction adhesion molecule C to the neuronal cell surface. Our findings define a Siah-Pard3A signaling pathway that controls adhesion-dependent exit of neuronal progenitors or immature neurons from a germinal zone niche.  相似文献   

8.
【目的】筛选1株适合PCV2病毒生产的悬浮细胞株,摸索PCV2悬浮生产工艺（病毒种毒来源、MOI及收获时间）,为大规模悬浮培养技术制备疫苗提供试验依据。【方法】使用有限稀释法对PK15原细胞稀释后接种于96孔板,每2 d观察细胞生长和形态,待细胞90%长满后,将细胞从96孔板陆续扩至24孔板、12孔板、6孔板,最后到方瓶,筛选3株可贴壁生长的、形态较好的PK15克隆。3株克隆（PK15-1C8、2F11、1E5）按照1×106细胞/mL的密度,直接接种在PK15的无血清培养基中,并置于37℃,5%二氧化碳,120 r/min的摇床培养箱中继续培养,每天监测细胞密度和活率,每3 d传代,使细胞逐渐适应悬浮环境,驯化为可全悬浮、无血清培养的悬浮细胞株;细胞传代稳定并建库后,接种PCV2病毒,通过对比3株悬浮克隆细胞培养PCV2病毒含量的差异,筛选1株克隆细胞,用于生产PCV2;针对不同种毒（来源于贴壁细胞或悬浮细胞）,摸索感染MOI（0.1、0.2、0.5）及收获时间（48、72、96、120h）,确定PCV2最佳生产工艺。【结果】（1）贴壁细胞置于无血清培养基中,适应至第2代时细胞即可呈悬浮生长,连续传至11代,细胞生长稳定,按照1×106/mL接种细胞,细胞生长72h时细胞密度可达到10×106/mL,活率在95%以上,倍增时间为20h左右;（2）3株悬浮细胞使用相同条件,分别接种PCV2病毒后,PK15-1C8克隆细胞的病毒含量可达到106.4TCID50/mL,克隆PK15-2F11（105.5TCID50/mL）、PK15-1E5（105.6TCID50/mL）,3株克隆细胞病毒含量均高于原克隆（104.7TCID50/mL）,但PK15-1C8克隆细胞的病毒含量更高且更稳定,确定为后续研究用细胞;（3）使用贴壁细胞来源的种毒（106.4TCID50/mL）感染PK15-1C8克隆细胞后,最优工艺为接毒时细胞密度1×106/mL,以0.1MOI接毒,接毒后72h收获,最高病毒含量为106.5TCID50/mL。以来源于悬浮细胞的种毒（106.3TCID50/mL）感染细胞后,病毒含量较贴壁细胞来源种毒更高,最高可达107.3TCID50/mL,其最优工艺为接毒时细胞密度1×106/mL,以0.2MOI接毒,接毒后72h收获。【结论】通过对PK15细胞进行单克隆筛选,驯化悬浮、3株悬浮细胞接种PCV2后病毒含量的对比,确定一株病毒含量最高的悬浮细胞,并以此悬浮细胞为基础进行PCV2生产工艺摸索,建立了全悬浮无血清培养的PK15-1C8细胞增殖PCV2工艺,该工艺首次使用悬浮细胞扩增PCV2病毒为种毒进行接毒,最高病毒含量可达107.3TCID50/mL,可用于工厂化疫苗生产。  相似文献   

9.
50个红松无性系生长与木材性状变异研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
为选育高产、优质红松资源,本研究以吉林省龙井市开山屯林场的50个红松无性系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、胸径、材积)和木材性状(基本密度、木质素含量、半纤维素含量、纤维素含量、棕纤维素含量、碳含量、纤维长度、纤维宽度)进行测定并分析。方差分析结果表明:除木质素含量外(P=0.114),无性系间各指标差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);各指标表型变异系数变化范围为5.09%~34.48%;除木质素含量(0.2689)外,各指标重复力变化范围为0.5234~0.8481,属于高重复力。高变异系数,高重复力,有利于无性系的评价选择;相关性分析结果表明,树高、胸径和材积间均呈极显著正相关(r>0.787),木材性状间木质素、纤维素、半纤维素和综纤维素含量之间呈显著相关,纤维长度和纤维宽度间呈极显著正相关(r=0.549),其余性状相关未达显著水平。利用综合评价法对50个无性系进行评价,以10%的入选率,根据生长性状初步选出PK6、PK47、PK15、PK37和PK27这5个无性系,入选无性系树高、胸径和材积分别比总平均值高8.50%、19.05%和50.00%,遗传增益分别为4.47%、12.91%和30.92%;根据木材性状进行选择初步选出PK22、PK20、PK41、PK18和PK21这5个无性系,入选无性系木材性状各指标的遗传增益处0.90%~31.18%之间。该研究以生长性状与木材性状相关性较弱为基础,对各无性系进行生长性状及木材性状分开选择,入选无性系改良潜力较大,为红松优良无性系评价提供新的思路。   相似文献   

10.
赭曲霉毒素A,B的提取,分析与鉴定   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
用赭曲霉菌(也称棕曲霉菌)生产菌株,接种于无菌的混合饲料中培养。培养物用乙腈—石油醚—氯仿提取,用碳酸氢钠水溶液进行液液分配,水相酸化后再用氯仿萃取,经硅胶柱层析净化,用苯:冰醋酸(9:1)洗脱。紫外光下分别收集绿色萤光区带和兰色萤光区带,采用紫外分光光度计检测。选用波长333nm的赭曲霉毒素A(Ochratoxin A.简称OA)和波长318nm的赭曲霉毒素B(Ochratoxin B.简称OB)收集液,分别将收集液(OA和OB)浓缩,然后结晶。OA产品为无色针状晶体;OB为淡黄色颗粒状晶体。OA和OB的UV最大吸收峰分别为333nm和318nm。萤光最大激发波长分别为335nm和320nm,最大发射波长分别为465nm和456nm,通过UV、HPLC、NMR、IR谱图及TLC的R_f值证明产品是赭曲霉毒素A和B。  相似文献   

11.
以甜菜夜蛾为试虫,研究荧光增白剂OB对甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒的增效作用.结果表明,在0.25％ ～1％的浓度范围内,随着荧光增白剂OB浓度的增加,其对甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒的增效作用不断升高,最高增效倍数达110.2倍.而在2～4龄幼虫范围内,荧光增白剂OB对甜菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒的增效作用随着甜菜夜蛾虫龄的增大而降低.  相似文献   

12.
Transmembrane protein GDE2 induces motor neuron differentiation in vivo   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
During neural development, coordinate regulation of cell-cycle exit and differentiation is essential for cell-fate specification, cell survival, and proper wiring of neuronal circuits. However, the molecules that direct these events remain poorly defined. In the developing spinal cord, the differentiation of motor neuron progenitors into postmitotic motor neurons is regulated by retinoid signaling. Here, we identify a retinoid-inducible gene, GDE2 (glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase 2), encoding a six-transmembrane protein that is necessary and sufficient to drive spinal motor neuron differentiation in vivo. A single amino acid mutation in the extracellular catalytic domain abolishes protein function. This reveals a critical role for glycerophosphodiester metabolism in motor neuron differentiation.  相似文献   

13.
Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex   总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29  
The neocortex is patterned in layers of neurons that are generated in an orderly sequence during development. This correlation between cell birthday and laminar fate prompted an examination of how neuronal phenotypes are determined in the developing cortex. At various times after labeling with [3H]thymidine, embryonic progenitor cells were transplanted into older host brains. The laminar fate of transplanted neurons correlates with the position of their progenitors in the cell cycle at the time of transplantation. Daughters of cells transplanted in S-phase migrate to layer 2/3, as do host neurons. Progenitors transplanted later in the cell cycle, however, produce daughters that are committed to their normal, deep-layer fates. Thus, environmental factors are important determinants of laminar fate, but embryonic progenitors undergo cyclical changes in their ability to respond to such cues.  相似文献   

14.
The essential Cdc13 protein in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a single-stranded telomeric DNA binding protein required for chromosome end protection and telomere replication. Here we report the solution structure of the Cdc13 DNA binding domain in complex with telomeric DNA. The structure reveals the use of a single OB (oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding) fold augmented by an unusually large loop for DNA recognition. This OB fold is structurally similar to OB folds found in the ciliated protozoan telomere end-binding protein, although no sequence similarity is apparent between them. The common usage of an OB fold for telomeric DNA interaction demonstrates conservation of end-protection mechanisms among eukaryotes.  相似文献   

15.
During Drosophila metamorphosis, most larval cells die. Pupal and adult tissues form from imaginal cells, tissue-specific progenitors allocated in embryogenesis that remain quiescent during embryonic and larval life. Clonal analysis and fate mapping of single, identified cells show that tracheal system remodeling at metamorphosis involves a classical imaginal cell population and a population of differentiated, functional larval tracheal cells that reenter the cell cycle and regain developmental potency. In late larvae, both populations are activated and proliferate, spread over and replace old branches, and diversify into various stalk and coiled tracheolar cells under control of fibroblast growth factor signaling. Thus, Drosophila pupal/adult tissue progenitors can arise both by early allocation of multipotent cells and late return of differentiated cells to a multipotent state, even within a single tissue.  相似文献   

16.
Nerve growth factor treatment after brain injury prevents neuronal death   总被引：47，自引：0，他引：47  
Cholinergic neuronal degeneration after axotomy has been proposed to be due to the loss of a retrogradely transported neurotrophic factor, possibly nerve growth factor (NGF). To test this hypothesis, NGF was continuously infused into the lateral ventricles of adult rats that had received bilateral lesions of all cholinergic axons projecting from the medial septum to the dorsal hippocampus. After 2 weeks of NGF treatment, identification of cholinergic neurons by the presence of the biosynthetic enzyme choline acetyltransferase revealed a dramatic increase (350%) in the survival of the axotomized septal cholinergic neurons. Thus, NGF or an NGF-like molecule can act as a neurotrophic factor for these neurons.  相似文献   

17.
Human tissues have carbon-isotope ratios (13C/12C) that reflect dietary ratios. This observation has been used to determine the extent of metabolic turnover of DNA in cells of the adult human cerebellum (90 percent of which are neuronal). If adult human neuronal DNA were metabolically stable, its 13C/12C would reflect that in the maternal diet during fetal development as nearly all neurons are formed during maturation of the fetal brain and do not undergo cell division thereafter. The 13C/12C ratios in the food chains and body tissues of Europeans differ from corresponding American ratios by about 50 parts per million on the average. Therefore, turnover was studied by comparing 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA of American-born Americans, European-born Americans, and European-born Europeans. The 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA from European-born Americans were closer to 13C/12C ratios in cerebellar DNA from European-born Europeans than from American-born Americans, indicating that there was little or no turnover of neuronal DNA.  相似文献   

18.
The timing of technology adoption is influenced by profitability and farmer ability to bear risk. Innovators are typically more risk tolerant than laggards. Understanding the factors influencing early adoption of precision agriculture (PA) technologies by cotton farmers is important for anticipating technology diffusion over time. The factors influencing the timing of grid soil sampling (GSS), yield monitoring (YMR) and remote sensing (RMS) adoption by cotton producers was evaluated using multivariate censored regression. Data for cotton farmers in 12 states were obtained from a survey conducted in 2009. The factors hypothesized to influence the timing of adoption included farm characteristics, operator characteristics, PA information sources, adoption of other PA technologies, and farm location. The results suggest that different factors influenced when cotton farmers adopted GSS, YMR and RMS after these technologies became commercially available. For example, land ownership was associated with the timing of GSS adoption, but not YMR or RMS adoption; farmer age was correlated with the timing of GSS and YMR adoption, but not RMS adoption; and obtaining PA information from consultants affected the timing of GSS and RMS adoption, but not YMR adoption. The only factors correlated with the early adoption of all three technologies were beliefs that PA would improve environmental quality and the adoption of at least one other PA technology. Thus, the potential for improved environmental quality appears to be a strong adoption motivator across PA technologies, as is the earlier adoption of other PA technologies. This research may be useful for farmers, researchers, Extension personnel, machinery manufacturers, PA information providers and agricultural retailers to anticipate the future adoption of new and emerging PA technologies.  相似文献   

19.
【背景】双酚A(BPA)广泛应用于塑料材料工业制造,其从塑料制品中渗出,暴露在食物、水、土壤和空气等多种环境介质中,导致动物长期接触,并经过胎盘和母乳传递给后代,干扰动物生长和发育,对动物生长性能和生产效率产生不利影响。N-乙酰半胱氨酸（NAC）作为公认的强效抗氧化剂,能够调节氧化应激、细胞凋亡、炎症等多种病理生理过程。然而,NAC对BPA诱导的猪肾细胞损伤的调节作用尚不清楚。【目的】探究抗氧化剂NAC在BPA诱导的PK15细胞凋亡和炎症反应中的潜在作用,为NAC在对抗BPA诱导的猪肾细胞损伤中的应用研究提供科学依据。【方法】选取PK15细胞为试验材料,采用相应的抗氧化检测试剂盒分别测定细胞内过氧化氢酶（CAT）、总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性变化;设置不同浓度NAC(0、2、5和10 mmol·L-1)预处理,并与BPA共处理PK15细胞,CCK-8检测细胞活力以筛选最佳的NAC作用浓度;实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测凋亡相关基因（BAX、BCL-2和Caspase3）表达和炎症相关基因（IL-8、IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α）m...  相似文献   

20.
Mitral cells (MCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB) respond to odors with slow temporal firing patterns. The representation of each odor by activity patterns across the MC population thus changes continuously throughout a stimulus, in an odor-specific manner. In the zebrafish OB, we found that this distributed temporal patterning progressively reduced the similarity between ensemble representations of related odors, thereby making each odor's representation more specific over time. The tuning of individual MCs was not sharpened during this process. Hence, the individual responses of MCs did not become more specific, but the odor-coding MC assemblies changed such that their overlap decreased. This optimization of ensemble representations did not occur among olfactory afferents but resulted from OB circuit dynamics. Time can therefore gradually optimize stimulus representations in a sensory network.  相似文献   

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