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1.
Objectives : To investigate relationships between central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and survival to hospital discharge in dogs. Central venous oxygen saturation is an accessible measure of the balance between systemic oxygen delivery and consumption. Methods : Prospective observational cohort study, enrolling 126 client‐owned dogs with central venous catheters. Central venous oxygen saturation was measured over the 24 hours following intensive care unit admission. Poor outcome was defined as death or euthanasia performed for moribund status. Regression analysis identified independent predictors of non‐survival and physiologic parameters associated with central venous oxygen saturation. Area under the receiver operator curve analysis identified a cut‐off point of central venous oxygen saturation, below which central venous oxygen saturation decrease was associated with increased mortality risk. Results : Mortality risk was 30·9%. Low central venous oxygen saturation was associated with poor outcome (P<0·05). Area under the receiver operator curve analysis selected a central venous oxygen saturation of 68% as the point below which a fall in central venous oxygen saturation was associated with increased mortality risk. For each 10% drop in central venous oxygen saturation below 68%, odds of non‐survival increased by 2·66 times (P=0·0002, 95% confidence interval of odds ratio=1·45 to 4·85). Central venous oxygen saturation was equivalent to lactate in predicting non‐survival. Predictors of central venous oxygen saturation (packed cell volume, mean arterial blood pressure, fever, % arterial haemoglobin saturation as measured by pulse oximeter) were consistent with hypothesised physiologic mechanisms. Clinical Significance : Central venous oxygen saturation was a strong mortality predictor. Further work is needed to determine if therapy targeting central venous oxygen saturation can reduce mortality in canine intensive care unit patients.  相似文献   

2.
ObjectiveTo characterize the hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsSix healthy adult female cats weighing 4.6 ± 0.8 kg.MethodsDexmedetomidine was administered intravenously using target-controlled infusions to maintain nine plasma concentrations between 0 and 20 ng mL?1 in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. The isoflurane concentration was adjusted for each dexmedetomidine concentration to maintain the equivalent of 1.25 times the minimum alveolar concentration, based on a previous study. Heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, body temperature, and cardiac output were measured at each target plasma dexmedetomidine concentration. Additional variables were calculated. Arterial and mixed-venous blood samples were collected for blood gas, pH, and (on arterial blood only) electrolyte, glucose and lactate analysis. Plasma dexmedetomidine concentration was determined for each target. Pharmacodynamic models were fitted to the data.ResultsHeart rate, arterial pH, arterial bicarbonate concentration, mixed-venous PO2, mixed-venous pH, mixed-venous hemoglobin oxygen saturation, cardiac index, stroke index, and venous admixture decreased following dexmedetomidine administration. Arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, packed cell volume, PaO2, PaCO2, arterial hemoglobin concentration, mixed-venous PCO2, mixed-venous hemoglobin concentration, ionized calcium concentration, glucose concentration, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, left ventricular stroke work index, arterial oxygen concentration, and oxygen extraction increased following dexmedetomidine administration. Most variables changed in a dexmedetomidine concentration-dependent manner.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe use of dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjunct is expected to produce greater negative hemodynamic effects than a higher, equipotent concentration of isoflurane alone.  相似文献   

3.
The influence of 2 different levels of the inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) on blood gas variables was evaluated in dogs with high intracranial pressure (ICP) during propofol anesthesia (induction followed by a continuous rate infusion [CRI] of 0.6 mg/kg/min) and intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Eight adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized on 2 occasions, 21 d apart, and received oxygen at an FiO2 of 1.0 (G100) or 0.6 (G60) in a randomized crossover fashion. A fiberoptic catheter was implanted on the surface of the right cerebral cortex for assessment of the ICP. An increase in the ICP was induced by temporary ligation of the jugular vein 50 min after induction of anesthesia and immediately after baseline measurement of the ICP. Blood gas measurements were taken 20 min later and then at 15-min intervals for 1 h. Numerical data were submitted to Morrison’s multivariate statistical methods. The ICP, the cerebral perfusion pressure and the mean arterial pressure did not differ significantly between FiO2 levels or measurement times after jugular ligation. The only blood gas values that differed significantly (P < 0.05) were the arterial oxygen partial pressure, which was greater with G100 than with G60 throughout the procedure, and the venous haemoglobin saturation, that was greater with G100 than with G60 at M0. There were no significant differences between FiO2 levels or measurement times in the following blood gas variables: arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, arterial hemoglobin saturation, base deficit, bicarbonate concentration, pH, venous oxygen partial pressure, venous carbon dioxide partial pressure and the arterial-to-end-tidal carbon dioxide difference.  相似文献   

4.
ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of variables that influence blood pH, obtained from central venous (jugular vein) blood samples compared with arterial (dorsal pedal artery) samples in anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis.Study designProspective, comparative, observational study.AnimalsA group of 15 adult male dogs of various breeds weighing 17 (11-42) kg [median (range)].MethodsDogs were premedicated with buprenorphine (0.03 mg kg–1) and medetomidine (0.01 mg kg–1) administered intramuscularly by separate injections, anaesthetized with propofol intravenously to effect and maintained with isoflurane in 50% air-oxygen. Arterial and central venous catheters were placed. After 15 minutes of spontaneous breathing, arterial and central venous blood samples were obtained and analysed within 5 minutes, using a bench-top gas analyser. Differences between arterial and central venous pH and measured variables were assessed using Wilcoxon rank sum test and effect size (r: matched-pairs rank-biserial correlation) was calculated for each comparison. The agreement (bias and limits of agreement: LoAs) between arterial and central venous pH and measured variables were assessed using Bland-Altman; p < 0.05. Data are reported as median and 95% confidence interval.ResultsArterial blood pH was 7.23 (7.19-7.25), and it was significantly greater than central venous samples 7.21 (7.18-7.22; r = 0.41). Agreement between arterial and venous pH was acceptable with a bias of 0.01 (0.002-0.02) and narrow LoAs. PCO2 [arterial 54 (53-58) mmHg, 7.2 (7.1-7.7) kPa; venous 57 (54-62) mmHg, 7.6 (7.2-8.3) kPa], bicarbonate ion concentration and base excess did not differ between samples; however, agreement between arterial and venous PCO2 was not acceptable with a bias of –2 (–5 to 0) mmHg and wide LoAs.Conclusions and clinical relevanceBlood pH measured from central venous (jugular vein) blood is an acceptable clinical alternative to arterial blood (dorsal pedal artery) in normovolaemic anaesthetized dogs with respiratory acidosis.  相似文献   

5.
Cardiopulmonary effects of thoracoscopy in anesthetized normal dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Objective To evaluate the effect of an open‐chest condition on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs. Study design Prospective, controlled experimental study. Animals Eight clinically normal adult Walker Hound dogs weighing 25.6–29.2 kg. Methods Eight anesthetized dogs underwent an open‐chest operation after the insertion of thoracoscopy cannulae in the lateral chest walls . A Swan Ganz catheter was used to both measure hemodynamic parameters and obtain mixed venous blood samples for blood gas analysis. A dorsal pedal catheter was placed to both measure arterial blood pressure and obtain blood samples for blood gas analysis. Oxygen delivery index and oxygen extraction ratio were calculated. A randomized block anova for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of the treatment on hemodynamic and pulmonary parameters. Results Creation of an open chest did not significantly affect oxygen delivery index (DO2I; p = 0.545). It induced a significant decrease in arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2; p = 0.018) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2; p = 0.025). It induced a significant increase in shunt fraction (p = 0.023), physiologic dead space (p = 0.015), and alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference (p = 0.019). Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2; p = 0.766) and arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2; p = 0.178) were not significantly affected. Diastolic (DPAP; p = 0.050) and mean (MPAP; p = 0.033) pulmonary arterial pressures were significantly increased by opening the chest. Other hemodynamic parameters were not significantly affected. Conclusions Opening the thoracic cavity is not detrimental to hemodynamic function and oxygen delivery in normal dogs, although impaired gas exchange does occur. Clinical relevance Close monitoring of patients is recommended during open‐chest thoracoscopy as adverse effects on gas exchange can contribute to hypoxemia.  相似文献   

6.
Objective: To determine the effects of storage of arterial and venous blood samples in ice water on blood gas and acid–base measurements. Design: Prospective, in vitro, laboratory study. Setting: School of veterinary medicine. Subjects: Six healthy dogs. Measurements and main results: Baseline measurements of partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), pH, hemoglobin concentration (tHb), oxyhemoglobin saturation, and oxygen content (ContO2) were made. Bicarbonate (HCO3) and standard base excess (SBE) were calculated. Arterial and venous blood samples were separated into 1 and 3 mL samples, anaerobically transferred into 3 mL plastic syringes, and stored in ice water for 6 hours. Measurements were repeated at 15, 30 minutes, and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after baseline measurements. Arterial (a) PO2 increased significantly from baseline after 30 minutes of storage in the 1 mL samples and after 2 hours in the 3 mL samples. Venous (v) PO2 was significantly increased from baseline after 4 hours in the 1 mL samples and after 6 hours in the 3 mL samples. The pHa significantly decreased after 2 hours of storage in the 1 mL samples and after 4 hours in the 3 mL samples. In both the 1 and 3 mL samples, pHv decreased significantly only after 6 hours. Neither the arterial nor the venous PCO2 values changed significantly in the 1 mL samples and increased only after 6 hours in the 3 mL samples. No significant changes in tHb, ContO2, SBE, or HCO3 were detected. Conclusions: The PO2 of arterial and venous blood increased significantly when samples were stored in plastic syringes in ice water. These increases are attributable to the diffusion of oxygen from and through the plastic of the syringe into the blood, which occurred at a rate that exceeded metabolic consumption of oxygen by the nucleated cells.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to determine the agreement between cardiac output measured by central (cranial vena cava) versus peripheral (cephalic vein) venous injection of lithium chloride for lithium-dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) determination in the dog. Five dogs (2 males, 3 females), anesthetized with halothane, were used. With each dog, 12 alternating central and peripheral LiDCO measurements were made, resulting in 10 paired comparisons. A total of 50 comparisons were obtained, the cardiac output measurements ranging from 1.11 to 2.76 L/min. The LiDCO measurement from the cephalic vein was similar to that obtained from the recommended central venous site: the difference between the central and cephalic vein determinations for all measurements was 0.098 ± 0.336 L/min (mean ± 2 standard deviations). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a slope of 1.050 (95% confidence interval 0.904 to 1.196) and a y intercept of 0.005 (r = 0.902). Therefore, although the central venous site is recommended by the manufacturer, the cephalic vein can be used instead in the dog, eliminating the need for central venous catheterization and thus reducing time and expense.  相似文献   

8.
Sevoflurane has recently been introduced in feline anesthesia. However, its cardiovascular effects have not, to our knowledge, been reported in this species. Six healthy cats, aged 1.81 ± 0.31 years (mean ± SEM) and weighing 3.47 ± 0.11 kg, were studied. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Body temperature was maintained between 38.5 and 39.55 °C. After instrumentation, end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration was randomly set at 1.25, 1.5, and 1.75 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), determined in a previous study, according to a Latin Square Design. Thirty minutes of stabilization was allowed after each change of concentration. ECG and heart rate, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressure (CVP), and core body temperature were continuously monitored and recorded. Inspired and end‐tidal oxygen, carbon dioxide, and sevoflurane concentrations were measured using a Raman spectrometer, calibrated every 80 minutes with three calibration gases of known sevoflurane concentration (1, 2, and 5%). Moreover, at selected times, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and cardiac output (thermodilution) were measured, and arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected for pH and blood gas analysis, hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin oxygen saturation, packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein determination, and lactate concentration measurement. Cardiac index (CI), stroke index (SI), systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, rate‐pressure product, left and right ventricular stroke work indices (LVSWI and RVSWI, respectively), arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, and oxygen utilization ratio were calculated. Data were analyzed by a Repeated Measure Latin Square Design followed by a Tukey's test for 2 × 2 comparisons. Arterial pH significantly decreased from 7.40 ± 0.05 to 7.29 ± 0.07 with the administration of increasing concentrations of sevoflurane. Similarly, LVSWI decreased from 3.72 ± 0.60 to 2.60 ± 0.46 g m?2. Mean arterial pressure, PaO2, mixed venous pH, CI, SI, and oxygen delivery tended to decrease dose‐dependently, whereas CVP, PaCO2, Pv CO2, PCV, and arterial and mixed venous hemoglobin concentrations tended to increase dose‐dependently with the administration of sevoflurane. However, these trends did not reach statistical significance, possibly because of the limited number of animals studied. Sevoflurane seemed to induce dose‐dependent cardiovascular depression in cats.  相似文献   

9.
Arterial and venous blood gas profiles were obtained from 33 clinically normal adult dogs of two breeds (German Shepherd Dog and English Pointer) 4 and 24 hours after eating. Fresh drinking water was available. All dogs were fed a nutritionally complete and balanced dry diet. Blood gas parameters measured included pH, pCO2, pO2, bicarbonate, base excess, total carbon dioxide, oxygen content, and oxygen saturation.
Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between sampling intervals (4 and 24 hours postprandial) for pCO2, bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, and base excess, for arterial and venous blood samples.
Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) were found between arterial and venous blood for all parameters, at both sampling intervals.
No statistically significant interactions (P > 0.05) were found between sample type (arterial or venous) and sampling interval.
Correlations between arterial and venous samples were generally (but not exclusively) higher than correlations between sampling intervals. Breed differences were also noted.  相似文献   

10.
Point-of-care analyzers (POCAs) for quantitative assessment of bile acids (BAs) are scarce in veterinary medicine. We evaluated the Fuji Dri-Chem Immuno AU10V analyzer and v-BA test kit (Fujifilm) for detection of feline and canine total serum BA concentration. Results were compared with a 5th-generation assay as reference method and a 3rd-generation assay, both run on a bench-top analyzer. Analytical performance was assessed at 3 different concentration ranges, and with interferences. For method comparison, samples of 60 healthy and diseased cats and 64 dogs were included. Linearity was demonstrated for a BA concentration up to 130 µmol/L in cats (r = 0.99) and 110 µmol/L in dogs (r = 0.99). The analyzer showed high precision near the lower limit of quantification of 2 µmol/L reported by the manufacturer. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were < 5% for both species and all concentrations. Interferences were observed for bilirubin (800 mg/L) and lipid (4 g/L). There was excellent correlation with the reference method for feline (rs = 0.98) and canine samples (rs = 0.97), with proportional biases of 6.7% and −1.3%, respectively. However, a large bias (44.1%) was noted when the POCA was compared to the 3rd-generation assay. Total observed error was less than total allowable error at the 3 concentrations. The POCA reliably detected feline and canine BA in clinically relevant concentrations.  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo compare values of haemoglobin concentration (SpHb), arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) and calculated arterial oxygen content (SpOC), measured noninvasively with a pulse co-oximeter before and after in vivo adjustment (via calibration of the device using a measured haemoglobin concentration) with those measured invasively using a spectrophotometric-based blood gas analyser in anaesthetized dogs.Study designProspective observational clinical study.AnimalsA group of 39 adult dogs.MethodsIn all dogs after standard instrumentation, the dorsal metatarsal artery was catheterised for blood sampling, and a pulse co-oximeter probe was applied to the tongue for noninvasive measurements. Paired data for SpHb, SpO2 and SpOC from the pulse co-oximeter and haemoglobin arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2) from the blood gas analyser were obtained before and after in vivo adjustment. Bland–Altman analysis for repeated measurements was used to evaluate the bias, precision and agreement between the pulse co-oximeter and the blood gas analyser. Data are presented as mean differences and 95% limits of agreement (LoA).ResultsA total of 39 data pairs were obtained before in vivo adjustment. The mean invasively measured haemoglobin–SpHb difference was –2.7 g dL?1 with LoA of –4.9 to –0.5 g dL?1. After in vivo adjustment, 104 data pairs were obtained. The mean invasively measured haemoglobin–SpHb difference was –0.2 g dL?1 with LoA of –1.1 to 0.6 g dL?1. The mean SaO2–SpO2 difference was 0.86% with LoA of –0.8% to 2.5% and that between CaO2–SpOC was 0.66 mL dL–1 with LoA of –2.59 to 3.91 mL dL–1.ConclusionsBefore in vivo adjustment, pulse co-oximeter derived values overestimated the spectrophotometric-based blood gas analyser haemoglobin and CaO2 values. After in vivo adjustment, the accuracy, precision and LoA markedly improved. Therefore, in vivo adjustment is recommended when using this device to monitor SpHb in anaesthetised dogs.  相似文献   

12.
Objective To assess the agreement between three measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2, SaO2 and ScO2) in anesthetized cynomolgus monkeys. Study Design Prospective study. Animals Eleven mature, male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis). Methods Monkeys were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine followed by intravenous propofol. The trachea of each was intubated and the lungs ventilated. Arterial oxygen saturation was measured with a Nonin 8500 V pulse oximeter, using a lingual clip on the cheek. Arterial blood samples were taken from an indwelling catheter. Inspired oxygen concentration was varied from 12 to 20%, and 88 paired arterial blood samples and saturation measurements were taken. Arterial oxygen saturation in the blood samples was measured using a cooximeter. The saturation was also calculated from the arterial oxygen tension using the Adair equation. The results were compared using Bland and Altman's method. Results The pulse oximeter readings were 2.7% higher than that of the cooximeter, with a limit of agreement of ?3.9 to 9.3%. The pulse oximeter readings were 1.8% higher than the calculated saturation, with a limit of agreement of ?6.5% to 10.1%. The cooximeter readings were 0.9% lower than the calculated saturation, with a limit of agreement of ?5.6% to 3.8%. Conclusions The agreement between SpO2 and other measurements of arterial oxygen saturation in this study is typical for this technique. The bias and limits of agreement are consistent with reports in other species. Clinical relevance The Nonin 8500 V is a useful pulse oximeter for clinical use in primates.  相似文献   

13.

Background

Intraluminal thrombosis of central venous catheters used for renal replacement therapy (RRT) decreases the ability to provide adequate treatment. Alteplase is a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator that has been used to improve the function of catheters used for RRT in humans.

Objectives

To retrospectively review alteplase instillation in dysfunctional catheters used for RRT in dogs and cats.

Animals

Seventeen dogs and 8 cats receiving RRT for kidney failure.

Methods

Medical records of patients in which alteplase was used for RRT catheter dysfunction from 2004 to 2012 were retrospectively reviewed to characterize reasons for use, improvement in function, increase in blood flow, and duration of improvement.

Results

Alteplase was instilled 43 times in 29 catheters, most commonly because of suspicion that the catheter would not provide sufficient flow on the next treatment (n = 21). The second most common reason was inability to start a dialysis treatment (n = 12). Catheter function improved after alteplase instillation in 34 of 43 treatments (79%). Median blood flow rate increased by 13% (18 mL/min) in the dialysis session after alteplase instillation. Seven of 29 catheters (24%) were treated with alteplase on >1 occasion (median time to second treatment, 8 days), and 1 catheter had to be replaced because of intractable dysfunction.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Alteplase is effective at improving function of central venous catheters used to provide RRT, but the results are short‐lived.  相似文献   

14.
Objective – The purposes of this study were to evaluate the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin (Hb) in healthy retired racing Greyhounds via cooximetry, and to establish reference intervals for blood gases and cooximetry in this breed. Design – Prospective clinical study. Setting – University Teaching Hospital. Animals – Fifty‐seven Greyhounds and 30 non‐Greyhound dogs. Interventions – Venous blood samples were collected from the jugular vein and placed into heparinized tubes. The samples were analyzed within 30 minutes of collection using a blood gas analyzer equipped with a cooximeter. Measurements and Main Results – Greyhounds had significantly higher pH, PO2, oxygen saturation, oxyhemoglobin, total Hb, oxygen content, and oxygen capacity and significantly lower deoxyhemoglobin and P50 when compared with non‐Greyhound dogs. Conclusion – These findings support the fact that this breed is able to carry a higher concentration of total oxygen in the blood. As reported previously, this breed also has lower P50 and, therefore, high oxygen affinity. In light of recent findings suggesting that in certain tissues a high affinity for oxygen is beneficial, this adaptation may be of benefit during strenuous exercise.  相似文献   

15.

Background

Acute limb paralysis because of arterial thromboembolism (ATE) occurs in cats and less commonly in dogs. ATE is diagnosed based on physical examination findings and, occasionally, advanced imaging.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Peripheral, affected limb venous glucose concentration is decreased in ATE, whereas its systemic concentration is within or above reference interval.

Animals

Client‐owned cats and dogs were divided into 3 respective groups: acute limb paralysis because of ATE (22 cats and 9 dogs); acute limb paralysis secondary to orthopedic or neurologic conditions (nonambulatory controls; 10 cats and 11 dogs); ambulatory animals presented because of various diseases (ambulatory controls; 10 cats and 9 dogs).

Methods

Prospective observational, clinical study. Systemic and local (affected limb) blood glucose concentrations were measured. Their absolute and relative differences (ΔGlu and %ΔGlu, respectively) were compared among groups.

Results

ΔGlu and %ΔGlu were significantly higher in the ATE cats and dogs groups, compared to both of their respective controls (P < .0001 and P < .001, respectively). No significant differences were observed between the control groups. Receiver operator characteristics analysis of ΔGlu and %ΔGlu as predictors of ATE had area under the curve of 0.96 and 0.99 in cats, respectively, and 1.00 and 1.00, in dogs, respectively. ΔGlu cutoffs of 30 mg/dL and 16 mg/dL, in cats and dogs, respectively, corresponded to sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90% in cats, respectively, and 100% in dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

ΔGlu and %ΔGlu are accurate, readily available, diagnostic markers of acute ATE in paralyzed cats and dogs.  相似文献   

16.
The objective was to characterize the circannual, circadian, and ultradian secretory patterns of growth hormone (GH) in intact crossbred and purebred dogs. In all experiments, blood samples were collected with minimal stress by direct peripheral venipuncture and GH was measured in plasma by a homologous radioimmunoassay. For circannual studies, samples were collected monthly from 6 male dogs between 15:00 and 17:30 h over a 1-year time span. For circadian studies, blood samples were collected at 145-minute intervals from 09:00 to 06:45 h of the following day in 14 female dogs. In ultradian experiments, blood samples were collected at 15-minute intervals for 2.5 h (15:00 to 17:30 h) in 7 males and 7 females. Plasma GH in male dogs remained without change in summer, autumn, and winter but declined (P ≤ 0.01) in spring (LSM ± SEM; 6.9 ± 0.5; 6.0 ± 0.5; 6.3 ± 0.5; 4.3 ± 0.5 ng/mL, respectively). No plasma GH circadian rhythmicity was detected. Nor was any ultradian pattern evident in either males or females. No gender-related differences were observed in ultradian GH plasma profiles. It is concluded that, while basal GH levels show seasonal fluctuations in dogs, neither circadian nor ultradian GH secretory fluctuations were present in the dogs assessed.  相似文献   

17.
Objective: To demonstrate correlation and clinical usefulness of the partial pressure of end‐tidal CO2 (ETCO2) measurement by nasal catheter placement in sedated dogs with and without concurrent nasal oxygen administration as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2). Design: Prospective, cross‐over trial. Setting: University of Saskatchewan veterinary research laboratory. Animals: Six cross‐breed dogs with a mean (±SD) weight of 29.1±4.03 kg. Interventions: All dogs were sedated with 5 μg/kg medetomidine intravenously (IV) and an arterial catheter was placed in a dorsal pedal artery for removal of blood for gas analysis. A nasal catheter was placed in the ventral meatus and connected to a capnometer for ETCO2 measurements in all dogs. Dogs receiving supplemental nasal oxygen had a second nasal catheter placed in the contralateral naris. Measurements and main results: In the group without nasal oxygen supplementation, the ETCO2 measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO2 by ?2.20 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?5.79, 1.39 mmHg. In the group receiving oxygen supplementation, ETCO2 measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO2 by ?2.46 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?8.42, 3.50 mmHg. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that ETCO2 monitoring via a nasal catheter provides a clinically acceptable substitute to arterial blood gas analysis as a means of monitoring ventilation in healthy, sedated dogs. The limits of agreement were within acceptable limits with and without concurrent insufflation of oxygen.  相似文献   

18.

Background

There are no standardized guidelines for determining the likelihood that euvolemic anemic dogs will benefit from transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBC).

Objectives

To report clinical and laboratory variables of dogs receiving pRBC transfusion, which could guide transfusion of other anemic dogs.

Animals

Twenty‐four client‐owned anemic dogs receiving pRBC transfusion.

Methods

Prospective study; 30 transfusions assessed. Clinical findings (mucosal color, pulse quality, heart rate, respiratory rate, mentation/exercise tolerance) before and after transfusion were evaluated by the anemic dog clinical assessment score (ADCAS). Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, venous oxygen content (CvO2), and lactate concentration were measured from blood samples taken before and after transfusion. These results were not used for case management.

Results

All ADCAS variables decreased significantly with transfusion (P < .001); the total score was ≥5/12 before transfusion, and ≤3/12 in all cases that were deemed to no longer require transfusion. Hematocrit and CvO2 were <17% and <5 mL/dL, respectively, in 83% of cases before transfusion and hemoglobin concentration was <5.8 g/dL in 80%. Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and CvO2 increased significantly with transfusion (P < .001); lactate concentration decreased significantly (P = .006).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Clinical and laboratory variables improved significantly after transfusion of pRBC. By identifying how transfusion affected these variables, it was possible to recognize clinical (ADCAS) and laboratory (hemoglobin, CvO2, lactate) variables, which could be useful in guiding the decision to transfuse dogs with similar presentations.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this study was to describe the results of thromboelastography platelet mapping (TEG-PM) carried out using 2 techniques in 20 healthy dogs. Maximum amplitudes (MA) generated by thrombin (MAthrombin), fibrin (MAfibrin), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor activity (MAADP), and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor activity (stimulated by arachidonic acid, MAAA) were recorded. Thromboelastography platelet mapping was carried out according to the manufacturer’s guidelines (2-analyzer technique) and using a variation of this method employing only 1 analyzer (1-analyzer technique) on 2 separate blood samples obtained from each dog. Mean [± standard deviation (SD)] MA values for the 1-analyzer/2-analyzer techniques were: MAthrombin = 51.9 mm (± 7.1)/52.5 mm (± 8.0); MAfibrin = 20.7 mm (± 21.8)/23.0 mm (± 26.1); MAADP = 44.5 mm (± 15.6)/45.6 mm (± 17.0); and MAAA = 45.7 mm (± 11.6)/45.0 mm (± 15.4). Mean (± SD) percentage aggregation due to ADP receptor activity was 70.4% (± 32.8)/67.6% (± 33.7). Mean percentage aggregation due to TxA2 receptor activity was 77.3% (± 31.6)/78.1% (± 50.2). Results of TEG-PM were not significantly different for the 1-analyzer and 2-analyzer methods. High correlation was found between the 2 methods for MAfibrin [concordance correlation coefficient (r) = 0.930]; moderate correlation was found for MAthrombin (r = 0.70) and MAADP (r = 0.57); correlation between the 2 methods for MAAA was lower (r = 0.32). Thromboelastography platelet mapping (TEG-PM) should be further investigated to determine if it is a suitable method for measuring platelet dysfunction in dogs with thrombopathy.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the administration of a high volume of isotonic crystalloid at a rapid rate on cardiovascular function in normovolemic, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs during induced hypotension.Using a prospective study, 6 adult dogs were induced to general anesthesia and cardiovascular and hematological values were measured while the dogs were maintained at 3 hemodynamic states: first during light anesthesia with 1.3% end-tidal isoflurane (ETI); then during a hypotensive state induced by deep anesthesia with 3% ETI for 45 min while administered 1 mL/kg body weight (BW) per minute of isotonic fluids; and then decreased to 1.6% ETI while receiving 1 mL/kg BW per minute of fluids for 15 min. End-tidal isoflurane (ETI) at 3.0 ± 0.2% decreased arterial blood pressure (ABP), cardiac index (CI), and stroke volume index (SVI), and increased stroke volume variation (SVV) and central venous pressure (CVP). Fluid administration during 3% ETI decreased only SVV and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), while CVP increased progressively. Decreasing ETI to 1.6 ± 0.1% returned ABP and SVI to baseline (ETI 1.3 ± 0.1%), while CI and heart rate increased and SVV decreased. There was significant progressive clinical hemodilution of hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), colloid osmotic pressure (COP), arterial oxygen content (CaO2), and central-venous oxygen content (CcvO2).High-volume, rapid-rate administration of an isotonic crystalloid was ineffective in counteracting isoflurane-induced hypotension in normovolemic dogs at a deep plane of anesthesia. Cardiovascular function improved only when anesthetic depth was reduced. Excessive hemodilution and its adverse consequences should be considered when a high volume of crystalloid is administered at a rapid rate.  相似文献   

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