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1.
蝇蛹金小蜂对黑腹果蝇蛹的寄生习性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黑腹果蝇是杨梅果实的主要害虫之一,蝇蛹金小蜂是黑腹果蝇蛹期寄生蜂.通过在杨梅园使用果蝇蛹进行诱集,获得蝇蛹金小蜂;并探讨蝇蛹金小蜂对果蝇蛹日龄的选择策略、产卵期和后代产量及寄主大小对寄生蜂后代大小和性比的影响.结果表明:蝇蛹金小蜂可利用1～3日龄的果蝇蛹;寄生蜂产卵期为(3.41±2.62)d,单个雌蜂后代雌雄蜂分别为(8.33±5.22)和(3.50±3.42)头,后代性比偏雌,雄性百分比为(0.28±0.20);随寄生蜂产卵期的延长,寄生蜂后代数量显著降低.后代寄生蜂的胫节长度与寄主的蛹长度间存在显著的正相关;在较大的寄主上,寄生蜂倾向于产出更多的雌性后代. 相似文献
2.
Xu Wang Shao-Ji Hu Zhi-Ying Zhang Yu-Peng Geng Xue Bai 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)
Mechoris ursulus (Roelofs) (Coleoptera: Attelabidae) is a pest weevil of Fagaceae oak trees in eastern Asia. The female has a distinct branch-cutting behavior in conjunction with oviposition in the acorns of its host plant. This study analyzed the factors influencing oviposition preference by carrying out continuous field surveys over the course of 2009–2010 and through laboratory rearing. The field survey showed that for both of the hosts, Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides Schottky (Fagales: Fagaceae) and Quercus franchetii Skan, M. ursulus preferred branches with fewer acorns and larger acorns on the same branch for oviposition. Laboratory rearing experiments showed offspring performance (i.e., survival rate and fresh weight of larvae) was significantly and positively correlated with acorn size. Preference for larger acorns could maximize the fitness of offspring by providing sufficient food source and space. 相似文献
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4.
稻纵卷叶螟对不同植物的产卵趋性与取食选择 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】稻纵卷叶螟是我国水稻上的一种重要害虫,在田间除水稻之外还可取食多种禾本科植物并完成生活史,但在大发生年份该虫几乎只在水稻上发生。本研究旨在明确该虫在水稻及其他寄主植物上的产卵选择及后代取食趋性的机制。【方法】采用室内笼罩选择实验比较了稻纵卷叶螟在水稻、玉米、稗草、狗尾草上的产卵与取食选择性以及取食经历对产卵、取食选择的影响。【结果】在笼罩条件下稻纵卷叶螟成虫在水稻叶片上的着卵量占总卵量的49.08%,显著高于其他三种植物;幼虫取食水稻后发育历期为17.29 d,显著短于取食玉米和狗尾草,同时取食水稻后蛹重最重;幼虫期分别取食水稻和玉米的稻纵卷叶螟成虫对四种植物的产卵选择无变化,仍显著偏好选择水稻产卵;低龄幼虫的取食选择性在几种植物之间无显著差异,低龄期取食水稻的幼虫发育到3龄、4龄后对寄主的取食选择顺序为狗尾草水稻、稗草玉米;低龄期取食玉米的幼虫发育到3龄、4龄后对寄主的取食选择为狗尾草玉米水稻、稗草。【结论】稻纵卷叶螟成虫显著偏好在水稻上产卵,产卵选择性不受幼虫取食经历影响,产卵选择性与幼虫的取食选择性并不一致。幼虫取食水稻的发育历期最短,蛹重最高。高龄幼虫显著偏好取食狗尾草,同时,低龄期的取食经历改变了高龄幼虫对水稻和玉米的取食偏好。 相似文献
5.
Haoliang Chen Lulu Lin Minghui Xie Guangling Zhang Weihua Su 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)
Holotrichia oblita Faldermann (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a major pest both in field crops and forests because the larvae could eat the roots of most crops in the field, and the adults damage the leaves of trees and field crops. In this study, we focused on the effects of temperature on H. oblita reproductive parameters. The results indicated H. oblita female adults at 25°C could lay more eggs (84.0 eggs per female) and have the shortest preoviposition period (19.1 d), the greatest oviposition rate (2.8 eggs per female per 3 d), and largest percentage of life span spent in oviposition (59.5%). The longevity and the time to 50% egg laying decreased with increasing temperature, and female longevity was always longer than male longevity. The preoviposition and postoviposition period decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 25°C and then increased when the temperature increased from 25 to 30°C. These results show that 25°C is the optimal temperature for reproduction of H. oblita. 相似文献
6.
Z G Holditch K N Ochoa S Greene S Allred J Baranowski S M Shuster 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2022,22(3)
Haplo-diploid sex determination in the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker), allows females to adjust their brood sex ratios. Females influence whether ova are fertilized, producing diploid females, or remain unfertilized, producing haploid males. Females appear to adjust their brood sex ratios to minimize ‘local mate competition,’ i.e., competition among sons for mates. Because mating occurs between siblings, females may optimize mating opportunities for their offspring by producing only enough sons to inseminate daughters when ovipositing alone, and producing more sons when superparasitism is likely. Although widely accepted, this hypothesis makes no assumptions about gamete limitation in either sex. Because sperm are used to produce daughters, repeated oviposition could reduce sperm supplies, causing females to produce more sons. In contrast, if egg-limited females produce smaller broods, they might use fewer sperm, making sperm limitation less likely. To investigate whether repeated oviposition and female fertility influence gamete limitation within females, we created two treatments of six mated female wasps, which each received a series of six hosts at intervals of 24 or 48 h. All females produced at least one mixed-sex brood (63 total broods; 3,696 offspring). As expected, if females became sperm-limited, in both treatments, brood sex ratios became increasingly male-biased with increasing host number. Interhost interval did not affect brood size, total offspring number, or sex ratio, indicating females did not become egg limited. Our results support earlier studies showing sperm depletion affects sex allocation in N. vitripennis¸ and could limit adaptive sex ratio manipulation in these parasitoid wasps. 相似文献
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Oviposition by the potato leafhopperEmpoasca fabae was measured on detached leaflets from nine half-sib groups (18 full-sib families) of tetraploid potatoes. The parents were clones that had been used in the USDA breeding program. Significant differences occurred among full-sib families, and between full-sib families with a common parent, but not among half-sib groups. The variance component for between full-sib families with a common parent averaged over twice as large as the component due to differences among half-sib groups. Although this could be due to intra-locus interaction, it seemed that common environmental effects were a more likely cause. Previous feeding on beans affected leafhopper oviposition in the first 4-day test period. By the 2nd test period the effect had disappeared, and results in test periods 2, 3, and 4 were consistent with each other. With a procedure including a feeding period on potatoes before testing, phenotypic selection of individuals was shown to be more efficient than selection by progeny testing with half or full-sib families for increasing resistance to oviposition. The ranking of families by the amount of oviposition on detached leaflets and by nymph infestation densities in the field were similar at the extremes of the resistance range, but variable in between. 相似文献
8.
Epuraea domina Reitter (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is a flower-visiting insect and a pest that causes corky scar on citrus fruit. This study was conducted to investigate the life cycle of E. domina in a citrus grove. E. domina showed the characteristics of cold breeders as they complete key life history events of oviposition and immature development during the winter. E. domina adults spent the summer in uncultivated habits started to lay eggs in soil near fallen citrus fruit in orchards during late autumn. Oviposition activity continued throughout the winter with a large decrease in activity when the minimum air temperature was <0 °C. Hatched larvae fed on decaying citrus and pupated in soil in the spring. The pupae emerged as new adults in mid-May to feed on the pollen and nectar of citrus flowers, probably followed by their migration to uncultivated habitats in the summer. 相似文献
9.
Four neem-based insecticides, Neemix® (0.25% EC @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter), Ecozin® (3% EC @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter), Agroneem® (0.15% EC @ 4.8 mg azadirachtin/liter) and Neem oil (0.25% EC azadirachtin @ 20 mg azadirachtin/liter) and a non-commercial neem leaf powder, were evaluated for oviposition deterrence, antifeedant effect to larvae and toxicity to eggs and larvae of Pieris brassicae (Linn.) on cabbage leaves in the laboratory. The concentrations tested were with in the ranges of recommended field rates. Oviposition deterrence in no-choice, two-choice and six-choice assays, was observed for all the treatments. They exhibited significant (P < 0.01) oviposition deterrence on P. brassicae when compared with a non-treated control. Cabbage leaves treated with the neem-based insecticides were used as an egg-laying substrate. Numbers of eggs oviposited by P. brassicae adults on treated cabbage leaves were significantly lower then those treated with water, but no significant differences were detected among the neem insecticides. They also deterred feeding by Pieris larvae and exhibited significant antifeedant effects. Larvae of P. brassicae on treated leaves stopped feeding and dropped from the leaf, resulting in no or minimal damage. Direct contact with neem-based insecticides decreased the survival of eggs. Survival of larvae fed for 9 days on leaves treated with neem-based insecticides was reduced to 51%, 49%, 48%, 24% and 18% in the Neem oil, Neemix, Agroneem, Ecozin and neem leaf powder treatments, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded from the present investigations that neem-based insecticides had oviposition deterrence, antifeedant and toxic effect to P. brassicae. 相似文献
10.
Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), the giant honey bee of southern Asia, is an important pollinator of crops and non-cultivated angiosperms, and a producer of honey and beeswax. Its populations are in decline in many areas. Colonies migrate seasonally between highland and lowland nesting sites, taking advantage of available food sources. In 2009, a stopover site was discovered in Thailand where numerous migrating colonies bivouacked near one another. Bivouacs used the site again in 2010. I went to the site in 2016 to test the hypothesis that bees use the site regularly as part of an annual migration. I witnessed many bivouacs, spanning almost precisely the same time period and occupying the same area as in 2010. Here I describe their migratory dances in preparation for departure and their subsequent flights as well as periodic mass flight and defensive behavior. Analysis of photographs indicated that the bivouacking bees aged slowly and may thus live long enough to be capable of intergenerational transmission of migratory route knowledge. I describe attributes of the stopover site, e.g., abundant food and water availability, its location along a major river, and other possible navigational cues. Although the site is the only one of its kind so far known to researchers, such stopover sites probably exist wherever giant honey bees undertake long seasonal migrations. I recommend searching for bivouacking sites, particularly along rivers, wherever giant honey bees migrate. Stopover sites are undoubtedly essential to the life history and health of migratory bee populations, and thus warrant conservation policies. 相似文献
11.
不同温度下鞍形花蟹蛛亚成蛛对茶尺蠖3日龄幼虫的捕食功能 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
鞍形花蟹蛛（Xysticus ephippiatus Simon）是茶园害虫的重要捕食性天敌,为了明确它对茶尺蠖（Ectropis obliqua Prout）的控制能力,在20、25、30℃ 3种不同温度条件下,研究了鞍形花蟹蛛亚成蛛对茶尺蠖3日龄（1龄末2龄初）幼虫的捕食反应。结果表明,鞍形花蟹蛛雌蛛和雄蛛对茶尺蠖3日龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,在相同温度下,捕食量随着猎物密度的增大而增加。在25℃和30℃时,雌虫的捕食上限均为68头;雄虫的捕食上限以30℃时最大,为67头。相同条件下雌、雄蛛之间的捕食量没有明显差别,而温度对鞍形花蟹蛛的捕食量有明显影响。 相似文献
12.
Monicah Mucheru-Muna Pieter Pypers Daniel Mugendi James Kung’u Jayne Mugwe Roel Merckx Bernard Vanlauwe 《Field Crops Research》2010
Smallholder farmers in East-Africa commonly intercrop maize (Zea mays L.) with grain legumes to maximize utilisation of land and labour, and attain larger crop yields. Conventionally, one legume line is intercropped between each pair of maize lines. This study evaluated the potential of a modified two-by-two staggered arrangement (MBILI) to increase crop yields and economic benefits in two sites in Central Kenya with contrasting soil fertility levels during 7 consecutive seasons. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown as legume intercrops. The MBILI system resulted in increased maize yields in both sites, and increased cowpea yields in the poor site. In the fertile site, using beans as an intercrop was most profitable, and the MBILI system increased net benefits by 40%, relative to the conventional system. In the poor site, groundnut and cowpea were better adapted, and the MBILI system increased net benefit by 12–37%. Positive effects of the MBILI system were most pronounced in the poor site, but occurred independent of soil fertility level. Rainfall amounts and distribution varied widely, but the MBILI system increased yields both under conditions of ample and inadequate rainfall. N balances were negative with beans and groundnut, but neutral with cowpea as the intercrop. A modest N fertilizer application is therefore essential to sustain yields in the long term, especially when beans or groundnuts are intercropped. In conclusion, the MBILI system, when combined with adjusted nutrient inputs, resulted in superior and robust improvements in crop yields and economic benefits, relative to the conventional intercropping system. 相似文献
13.
We report that in a leaf insect, Phyllium westwoodii Wood-Mason (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae), two differing apertures can be used for oviposition, the color of eggs being affected by which aperture is used. Eggs which are forcibly propelled from the internal space within the valvulae of the abdomen are brown, whereas white eggs emerge slowly from the opening between the eighth sternite and the valvulae, and are deposited close to the ventral surface of the female. This unusual oviposition system does not appear to have been previously reported in phasmatids or in other insects. 相似文献
14.
Haifang He Jingjing Li Zelong Zhang Xuefei Tang Danyang Song Fengming Yan 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2021,21(5)
Plant viruses can change the phenotypes and defense pathways of the host plants and the performance of their vectors to facilitate their transmission. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) (Crinivirus), a newly reported virus occurring on cucurbit plants and many other plant species, is transmitted specifically by Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (B biotype) and MED (Q biotype) cryptic species in a semipersistent manner. This study evaluated the impacts of CCYV on B. tabaci to better understand the plant-virus-vector interactions. By using CCYV-B. tabaci MED-cucumber as the model, we investigated whether or how a semipersistent plant virus impacts the biology of its whitefly vector. CCYV mRNAs were detectable in nymphs from first to fourth instars and adults of B. tabaci with different titers. Nymph instar durations and adult longevity of female whiteflies greatly extended on CCYV-infected plants, but nymph instar durations and adult longevity of male whiteflies were not significantly influenced. In addition, the body length and oviposition increased in adults feeding on CCYV-infected plants, but the hatching rates of eggs and survival rates of different stages were not affected. Most interestingly, the sex ratio (male:female) significantly reduced to 0.5:1 in whitefly populations on CCYV-infected plants, while the ratio remained about 1:1 on healthy plants. These results indicated that CCYV can significantly impact the biological characteristics of its vector B. tabaci. It is speculated that CCYV and B. tabaci have established a typical mutualist relationship mediated by host plants. 相似文献
15.
Background
Natural communities are structured by intra-guild competition, predation or parasitism and the abiotic environment. We studied the relative importance of these factors in two host-social parasite ecosystems in three ant communities in Europe (Bavaria) and North America (New York, West Virginia). We tested how these factors affect colony demography, life-history and the spatial pattern of colonies, using a large sample size of more than 1000 colonies. The strength of competition was measured by the distance to the nearest competitor. Distance to the closest social parasite colony was used as a measure of parasitism risk. Nest sites (i.e., sticks or acorns) are limited in these forest ecosystems and we therefore included nest site quality as an abiotic factor in the analysis. In contrast to previous studies based on local densities, we focus here on the positioning and spatial patterns and we use models to compare our predictions to random expectations. 相似文献16.
We assessed the influences of ambient temperature, rainfall, shade cover and elevation on seasonal abundance of coffee leafminer Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Ménèville) and its natural enemies in coffee farms in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. Mined coffee leaves were most abundant during the rainy season (i.e. historical average rainfall >200 mm/mo, April–November) compared to the dry season (<100 mm/mo, December–March), and at low (<600 m asl) relative to high (>900 m asl) elevations. The abundance of mined leaves increased with rainfall, and decreased with maximum daily temperatures. Coffee leafminer survivorship was highest during the dry season (>40%), when predation was lowest (<10%). Predation was the main source of coffee leafminer mortality, and was greatest during the rainy season (>25%) when coffee leafminer incidence was highest (>30% mined leaves per plant). None of the weather variables that were evaluated (viz. maximum and minimum temperatures, and rainfall) significantly impacted parasitism ratios. Shade cover moderated on-farm temperatures, by reducing maximum daily temperatures and any potential, direct impacts of rainfall on coffee leafminer, by providing partial shelter from rainfall, but did not significantly affect coffee leafminer incidence. In 48 h laboratory trials, coffee leafminer oviposition was highest at 28 °C (∼15 eggs/female), minimal at 25 °C (∼3 eggs) and nil at 20 °C, and higher during night-time hours (>8 eggs/female/day) compared to day-time hours (<1 egg). Historical average temperatures were higher at low elevation (yearly average ca. 25 °C; range = 18.0–32.0 °C) than at high elevation (ca. 21 °C; 13.5–28.5 °C), and we predicted that physical environmental conditions (i.e. night-time hours with temperatures > 20 °C) were permissive of coffee leafminer oviposition during twice as many hours each year at low elevation (4060 h) compared to high elevation (2081 h). Overall, our results suggested that evident differences in the abundance of coffee leafminer between elevations may be due in considerable part to differences in ambient temperatures, particularly night-time temperatures, rather than rainfall, shade cover, or elevation per se. 相似文献
17.
Paddy fields not only serve to produce food but also have a variety of important ecological functions. Apart from the internal benefit (i.e., crop production), there are external benefits (i.e., reduction of greenhouse gases, oxygen generation, reduction of biological oxygen demand, flood mitigation, and other functions that are difficult to quantify). In the present study, the optimal fallow locations and areas were determined for evaluating the multifunctional benefits of paddy fields during drought periods, by using an optimization model for fallow fields under different exceedance probabilities of river inflows. For each time step, the appropriate probability distributions for river inflows to the Chi-Chi Weir (range 50–90 %) for generating system inflows were obtained. The optimization model for fallow fields was solved using Lingo. It was observed that the external benefits of paddy fields accounted for 76 % of total benefits, with the production benefit accounting for the remainder. The total benefits decreased as the exceedance probability of river discharges increased. Our findings indicate that fallow areas increase as irrigation areas shift downstream. 相似文献
18.
Influence of drought stress on Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) oviposition preference in sugarcane 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two sugarcane, Saccharum hybrids, varieties were grown in the greenhouse under well watered or drought conditions to examine the influences of stress on Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), oviposition preference and selected nutritional components without impinging factors common to field conditions that alter responses. Our research revealed that, under controlled conditions, drought induced a wider range and greater uniformity of free amino acid (FAA) accumulations than have been previously reported. Drought stress resulted in increased dry leaf tissue and elevated concentrations of 7 of 9 detectable free essential (for insect health) amino acids in stalks, the chief food of Mexican rice borer larvae. Stressed sugarcane was preferred for oviposition, likely related to greater numbers of dry leaves and heightened host plant nutritional quality. Dry leaf tissue, which is not consumed, may be a cue for improving chances of larvae encountering nutrient-enhanced living tissue, and for concealing eggs in folds. Excised dry leaf tissue from the treatments was indistinguishable for oviposition preference; therefore, biochemical status of living tissue may provide oviposition cues. Varieties exhibited no major genotypic differences in FAA accumulations or oviposition preference. 相似文献
19.
Chengzhe Li Fanyan Wang Xiaoming Chen Chengli Zhou Jun Yao 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)
Tirumala limniace Cramer as an ornamental butterfly is utilized in butterfly garden, in this article we study their adult activities include flight, foraging, courtship, mating, and oviposition. We found that males spent 22.1% of its time flying, 14.1% foraging, 63.8% in courtship and mating. And females spent 30.8% of its time flying, 10.1% foraging, 57.1% in courtship and mating, and 2% ovipositing. Adults emerged from pupae when temperatures were above 23.5°C and eclosion took only ∼1 min, typically followed by a small amount of flight on the first day. Flight activity peaked from the ninth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak flight times: 10:00–13:00 and 15:00–18:00. The peak of flower-visiting activity was from the eighth to the thirteenth day after eclosion, and there were two daily peak foraging times: 11:00–12:00 and 16:00–17:00. Flight and foraging frequency and time were positively correlated and both were closely related to temperature, with very little flight or foraging below 18°C and an increase at temperatures above 22°C. Courtship and mating took place on the sixth day after eclosion, while oviposition occurred the following day. Oviposition occurred over 8 d, and the shortest time of a single oviposition was 2 s. The average life expectancy of males was 16.5 d, while that of females was 15 d. 相似文献
20.
Michael S. Crossley Silvia I. Rondon Sean D. Schoville 《American Journal of Potato Research》2018,95(5):495-503
The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, is a serious pest of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., worldwide. Leptinotarsa decemlineata has a history of repeated adaptation to insecticides, and exhibits a geographic pattern of decreasing insecticide resistance from east to west in the USA. Imidacloprid is one of the most widely used insecticide in western states. In this study, we measured imidacloprid resistance among larval and adult L. decemlineata from ten locations in the Columbia Basin (southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon) using topical LD50 bioassays, and compared them to estimates from ten locations in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Larval and adult imidacloprid LD50’s and mean percent mortality were generally lowest in Washington and Oregon, but some sites exhibited reductions in mortality comparable to those observed at some Wisconsin sites. Adult LD50’s suggest L. decemlineata in the Columbia Basin may be evolving in response to selection by neonicotinoid insecticides, but larval data suggest high susceptibility to imidacloprid remains in most populations. Future work should expand resistance monitoring efforts to include more regions in the West and other insecticide modes of action. 相似文献