共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
By combining three mutually immiscible polymeric components in a mixed-arm star block terpolymer architecture, we have observed the formation of a previously unknown class of multicompartment micelles in dilute aqueous solution. Connection of water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) and two hydrophobic but immiscible components (a polymeric hydrocarbon and a perfluorinated polyether) at a common junction leads to molecular frustration when dispersed in aqueous solution. The incompatible hydrophobic blocks form cores that are protected from the water by the poly(ethylene oxide) blocks, but both are forced to make contact with the poly(ethylene oxide) by virtue of the chain architecture. The structures that emerge depend on the relative lengths of the blocks and can be tuned from discrete multicompartment micelles to extended wormlike structures with segmented cores. 相似文献
2.
Amphiphilic compounds such as lipids and surfactants are fundamental building blocks of soft matter. We describe experiments with poly(1,2-butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PB-PEO) diblock copolymers, which form Y-junctions and three-dimensional networks in water at weight fractions of PEOintermediate to those associated with vesicle and wormlike micelle morphologies. Fragmentation of the network produces a nonergodic array of complex reticulated particles that have been imaged by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Data obtained with two sets of PB-PEOcompounds indicate that this type of self-assembly appears above a critical molecular weight. These block copolymers represent versatile amphiphiles, mimicking certain low molecular weight three-component (surfactant/water/oil) microemulsions, without addition of a separate hydrophobe. 相似文献
3.
Sillimanite in six granulite-facies, kornerupine-bearing rocks contains 0.035 to 0.43 percent B(2)O(3) and 0.02 to 0.23 percent MgO (by weight). Substitution of boron for silicon and magnesium for aluminum is coupled such that the ratio of magnesium to boron is about 0.5. Sillimanite incorporates more than 0.1 percent B(2)O(3) only at high temperatures in a boron-rich environment at very low partial pressures of water. In the amphibolite facies, the sillimanite boron contents are too low to appreciably affect the stability relations of sillimanite with kyanite and andalusite. 相似文献
4.
Nonwoven fibrous membranes were formed from electrospinning lecithin solutions in a single processing step. As the concentration of lecithin increased, the micellar morphology evolved from spherical to cylindrical, and at higher concentrations the cylindrical micelles overlapped and entangled in a fashion similar to polymers in semi-dilute or concentrated solutions. At concentrations above the onset of entanglements of the wormlike micelles, electrospun fibers were fabricated with diameters on the order of 1 to 5 micrometers. The electrospun phospholipid fibers offer the potential for direct fabrication of biologically based, high-surface-area membranes without the use of multiple synthetic steps, complicated electrospinning designs, or postprocessing surface treatments. 相似文献
5.
JB McClain DE Betts DA Canelas ET Samulski JM DeSimone JD Londono HD Cochran GD Wignall D Chillura-Martino R Triolo 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,274(5295):2049-2052
Interfacially active block copolymer amphiphiles have been synthesized and their self-assembly into micelles in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) has been demonstrated with small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). These materials establish the design criteria for molecularly engineered surfactants that can stabilize and disperse otherwise insoluble matter into a CO2 continuous phase. Polystyrene-b-poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate) copolymers self-assembled into polydisperse core-shell-type micelles as a result of the disparate solubility characteristics of the different block segments in CO2. These nonionic surfactants for CO2 were shown by SANS to be capable of emulsifying up to 20 percent by weight of a CO2-insoluble hydrocarbon into CO2. This result demonstrates the efficacy of surfactant-modified CO2 in reducing the large volumes of organic and halogenated solvent waste streams released into our environment by solvent-intensive manufacturing and process industries. 相似文献
6.
The helix is a ubiquitous motif for biopolymers. We propose a heuristic, entropically based model that predicts helix formation in a system of hard spheres and semiflexible tubes. We find that the entropy of the spheres is maximized when short stretches of the tube form a helix with a geometry close to that found in natural helices. Our model could be directly tested with wormlike micelles as the tubes, and the effect could be used to self-assemble supramolecular helices. 相似文献
7.
黄土高原半干旱地区春小麦施氮效应研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
于2003年在甘肃定西对旱地春小麦施氮效应与效益进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在高降水变率的干旱年份,春小麦产量水平较低,施氮肥能增加产量以及穗粒数和千粒重,而且水分效率明显提高,各肥料处理之间产量和水分效率的变异系数达到10.1%和9.8%。其中以N105处理的产量及水分效率最高,分别为1.41t/hm2和5.17kg/mm。从经济施肥角度考虑,定西地区获得最佳经济产量氮的施用量为52.5kg/hm2。由于生育关键期的水分亏缺,各肥料处理之间的干物质无显著差异。 相似文献
8.
WU Ya-wei ZHAO Bo LI Xiao-long LIU Qin-lin FENG Dong-ju LAN Tian-qiong KONG Fan-lei LI Qiang YUAN Ji-chao 《农业科学学报》2022,21(4):977-994
Grain water relations play an important role in grain filling in maize. The study aimed to gain a clear understanding of the changes in grain dry weight and water relations in maize grains by using hybrids with contrasting nitrogen efficiencies under differing nitrogen levels. The objectives were: 1) to understand the changes in dry matter and percent moisture content (MC) during grain development in response to different nitrogen application rates and 2) to determine whether nitrogen application affects grain filling by regulating grain water relations. Two maize hybrids, high N-efficient Zhenghong 311 (ZH311) and low N-efficient Xianyu 508 (XY508), were grown in the field under four levels of N fertilizer: 0, 150, 300, and 450 kg N ha–1 during three growing seasons. Dry weight, percent MC and water content (WC) of basal–middle and apical grains were investigated. The difference in the maximum WC and filling duration of basal–middle and apical grains in maize ears resulted in a significant difference in final grain weight. Grain position markedly influenced grain drying down; specifically, the drying down rate of apical grains was faster than that of basal–middle grains. Genotype and grain position both influenced the impact of nitrogen application rate on grain filling and drying down. Nitrogen rate determined the maximum grain WC and percent MC loss rate in the middle and the late grain-filling stages, thus affecting final grain weight. The use of high N-efficient hybrids, combined with the reduction of nitrogen application rate, can coordinate basal–middle and apical grain drying down to ensure yield. This management strategy could lead to a win–win situation in which the maximum maize yield, efficient mechanical harvest and environmental safety are all achieved. 相似文献
9.
为了探讨水肥耦合作用下,不同比例的不同草炭对植物生长的影响。以小白菜为供试植物,通过4个灌水水平和施肥与不施肥两个肥分水平处理,采用了石河子草炭与加拿大草炭不同添加量处理在温室里进行盆栽试验,试验结果表明:施肥与不施肥对小白菜根系发育没有明显影响,而草炭的添加有利于其根系的发育和叶绿素的增加。在50%(对照饱和田间持水量为100%)灌水水平下,草炭对小白菜的生长反而起抑制作用,降低了其地上部鲜重,随着灌水量的增加,草炭的整体优势得以发挥,当灌水量达到100%时、125%时,草炭保水的优势发挥了,8%石河子和5%加拿大草炭混合处理的明显优于对照,地上部鲜重达到了对照4倍多。因此,8%石河子和5%加拿大草炭在100%灌水条件下是比较理想的处理方案,有利于小白菜的生长发育。 相似文献
10.
Although the concentration of soluble organic phosphorus in lake water often exceeds that of orthophosphate severalfold, little is known of its composition. By using enzyme assays it was determined that up to 50 percent of the organic fraction is hydrolyzable by phytase. The enzymatically degradable material consists of both low and high molecular weight fractions. 相似文献
11.
固定道耕作灌溉对覆膜春小麦土壤水分和产量的效应研究 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
针对传统种植方式下大水漫灌所造成的水资源浪费,采用固定道耕作与沟灌加地膜覆盖的方法,采用小水沟内侧渗灌,设置垄沟比例为2.23∶1。试验结果表明:固定道耕作法灌水道内的水分侧渗范围比传统的自然道耕作宽约15cm,下渗速度较慢,但下渗较深;固定道耕作法有利于充分发挥小麦的边行优势,穗粒数、穗粒重和千粒重显著高于自然道耕作,产量比自然道耕作增加16.9%。 相似文献
12.
Viscosity of fluids in subduction zones 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The viscosities of aqueous fluids with 10 to 80 weight percent dissolved silicates have been measured at 600 degrees to 950 degrees C and 1.0 to 2.0 gigapascals by in situ observation of falling spheres in the diamond anvil cell. The viscosities at 800 degrees C range from 10(-4) to 10(0.5) pascal seconds. The combination of low viscosities with a favorable wetting angle makes silicate-rich fluid an efficient agent for material transport at low-volume fractions. Our results therefore suggest that there may be a direct relationship between the position of the volcanic front and the onset of complete miscibility between water and silicate melt in the subducting slab. 相似文献
13.
In experiments at 13.5 gigapascals and 1030 degreesC, the growth rate of wadsleyite, which forms from transformation of olivine, was substantially enhanced by the presence of water. Wadsleyite had a low dislocation density and subgrain boundaries in wet runs. Water enhanced the dislocation recovery in wadsleyite and therefore caused inelastic relaxation of the localized pressure drop associated with the transformation, resulting in an increase of the growth rate in wet runs. These results imply that even a small amount of water of 0. 05 weight percent can weaken wadsleyite in the mantle. 相似文献
14.
玉米籽粒比重与灌浆特性的关系 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
【目的】玉米籽粒比重与容重呈显著正相关,容重偏低一直是中国玉米低商品品质的主要问题之一。论文旨在探讨玉米籽粒比重在籽粒灌浆过程中的建成动态及其与籽粒灌浆特性的关系,以期为提高籽粒比重和容重,改善玉米商品品质提供理论依据。【方法】选用普通型品种农大108（ND108）、硬粒型品种费玉4号（FY4）、高淀粉型品种费玉3号（FY3）和郑单18（ZD18）为供试材料,对授粉后玉米籽粒的干比重、鲜比重、百粒干重、单粒鲜体积和水分含量进行测定,采用回归分析讨论比重与灌浆特性的关系。【结果】籽粒鲜比重授粉后随着籽粒的发育呈上升趋势,到成熟期趋于稳定;而干比重在灌浆前期处于下降趋势,授粉后20-35 d是其增长的快速时期,到灌浆后期基本趋于稳定;成熟期FY4、FY3及ZD18籽粒干比重和鲜比重均大于对照ND108。百粒干重和单粒鲜体积在灌浆前期增长迅速,之后增长速率变缓,至成熟期逐渐趋于稳定,其授粉后的变化趋势均可用Logistic曲线较好的模拟,各回归方程的相关系数在0.986-0.999,均达到显著水平,FY4、FY3和ZD18成熟期百粒干重和单粒鲜体积均大于ND108;授粉后随着干物质的不断积累,籽粒水分含量迅速下降,平均每天下降1.302个百分点。籽粒鲜比重与百粒干重（R2=0.851,P＜0.01）、单粒鲜体积（R2=0.594,P＜0.05）均呈显著正相关,而与水分含量（R2=0.803,P＜0.01）呈显著负相关。以灌浆期的百粒干重,单粒鲜体积和水分含量为自变量x,籽粒干比重为依变量y,用二次曲线方程y=a+bx+cx2对它们之间的回归关系进行拟合,方差分析表明各方程回归系数在0.623-0.748,F检验均达到显著水平（P＜0.01）,其中干比重与籽粒水分含量的关系最为密切（r=0.731,P＜0.01）。当百粒干重、单粒鲜体积和水分含量分别为18.75 g、0.589 cm3和61.5%时,干比重处于最小值,此时对应的各品种授粉后天数分别在24.0-28.1 d、16.3-20.7 d和21.1-23.6 d,均处在籽粒快速增长期,说明在16-28 d内籽粒快增持续期阶段内,是籽粒干比重形成的关键时期。【结论】籽粒干比重在灌浆前期处于下降趋势,之后快速增长到灌浆后期基本趋于稳定;籽粒灌浆快增持续期是干比重形成的关键时期,此期间影响籽粒灌浆将显著影响干比重的大小;干比重与籽粒水分含量的关系最为密切,回归系数达0.731。 相似文献
15.
二棱大麦籽粒外观品质性状的遗传研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
用甘木二条等７个二棱大麦品种（ＨｏｒｄｅｕｍｄｉｓｔｉｃｈｕｍＬ．）进行半双列杂交，采用胚乳数量性状世代平均数的遗传模型对１９９０年１９９２年的亲本和Ｆ＿１所结的种子的粒形、粒重、皮壳率等性状进行遗传分析，研究表明，与Ｓ－０９６杂交的组合粒重最高，与甘木二条杂交的组合皮壳率低，与黔浙１号杂交的组合粒重较高、粒形较短园。遗传方差分量的分析结果，粒形、粒重和皮壳率性状主要受基因主效应控制，基因×环境互作效应较弱，控制种子粒长的遗传效应主要是母体加性、显性效应以及种子直接加性效应。粒宽、粒厚、粒重和皮壳率则主要受种子基因的直接显性效应控制，其次是种子直接加性效应。文中还分析了粒形性状与粒重和皮壳率的普通直接遗传率和普通母体遗传率及遗传相关性。 相似文献
16.
Manatt SL Elleman DD Vaughan RW Chan SI Tsay FD Huntress WT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,167(3918):709-711
Electron spin resonance searches at 9.5 gigahertz on several fines samples and portions of several rocks have yielded signals whose lineshapes and temperature dependences show that the samples are principally ferromagnetic in nature. Proton magnetic resonance searches at 60 megahertz of these samples have not revealed any signals ascribable to water or any other types of hydrogen in concentrations greater than 0.0001 percent by weight contained in narrow lines (5 oersteds wide or less) and 0.01 percent by weight in wide lines (as wide as 100 oersteds). 相似文献
17.
The synthesis, single-crystal x-ray structural characterization, and sorption properties of a microporous molybdenum phosphate, (Me(4)N)(1.3)(H(3)O)(0.7)[Mo(4)O(8)(PO(4))(2)] . 2H(2)O (Me, methyl), are presented. The three-dimensional framework is built up from Mo(4)O(8)(4+) cubes and PO(4)(3-) tetrahedra that are connected in such a way that large, cation-filled voids are generated; these voids constitute 25% of the volume of the solid. Absorption isotherms for water show the completely reversible uptake of 4 to 5 percent by weight water into the micropores of this compound, which corresponds to 10 to 12 percent by volume. 相似文献
18.
两种天牛的营养成分分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了星天牛(Anoplophora chinensis(Forster))和粗鞘双条杉天牛(Semanotus sinoauster Gressit)幼虫的主要营养成分,结果表明:它们的蛋白质为鲜质量的16％～18％,氨基酸分别约为鲜质量的16％和13％,含有7种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸占氨基酸总质量分数的43％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为75％-76％,它们的第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸 胱氨酸)。粗脂肪约为鲜质量的13％,其中不饱和脂肪酸所占比例高,约为总脂肪的77％,但它们的必需脂肪酸质量分数差异大,星天牛为30．5％,粗鞘双条杉天牛为2．9％。2种天牛幼虫样品均含有K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn等多种矿物质和微量元素,胆固醇的质量分数低,平均为0．03％。 相似文献
19.
Anomalous water samples have been prepared in fused quartz capillaries from pure water in an unsaturated atmosphere. In agreement with observations of other investigators, water prepared in this manner, after concentration, exhibited an increased viscosity, a lowered vapor pressure, a phase separation at low temperatures, an index of refraction of 1.48 or greater, and a depression of the temperature of maximum density. However, electron microprobe examination indicated that a significant weight fraction of these concentrated anomalous water residues consists of sodium, boron, and oxygen. The presence of about 6 percent boron was also confirmed through neutron activation analyses and by mass spectrometric measurements. A parallel is drawn between the similar physical properties of anomalous water and highly concentrated sodium tetraborate solutions. The possibility of polymorphism in liquid water should be accepted only with serious reservations. 相似文献
20.
木材液相乙酰化及抗收缩效果的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文研究了三种木材液相乙酰化的影响因素以及乙酰化木材的抗收缩效果。用乙酸酐作为乙酰剂和以二甲苯作为溶剂,处理材的增重与反应温度和时间存在着线性关系。反应的最佳温度为120℃,时间为7～11h,乙酸酐和二甲苯的容量比为1:1。乙酰化显著地提高了木材的尺寸稳定性。抗收缩率与处理材的增重成正比。当处理材的增重大于15％时可取得满意的抗收缩效果,抗收缩率达到60％以上。乙酰化木材经过了三次干燥—浸水循环试验,其结果表明乙酰化所取得的抗收缩效果有很强的抗流失性。本研究证实:乙酰化是提高木材尺寸稳定性的有效措施,对提高材质有重要意义。 相似文献