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1.
This paper discusses linear programming simulations at individual farm-level of potential income changes that may result from conversion to organic farming. The model is based on both conventional farm accountancy data and additional conventional and organic farm data from sector expertise and literature. The model is applied for Belgian agriculture. Simulations show that economic potential for conversion is higher than generally perceived, provided that farmers are willing to change farm management practices. However, the economic conversion potential (ECP) is not positive for all farms, not even when an optimal conversion process is assumed and it depends on farm type and farm characteristics. Additionally, due to higher risk and liquidity problems during the transition period, the positive results need to be put into perspective. Nevertheless, the differentiated ECP calculations can give new insights supporting farm-level policy choices with respect to conversion to organic farming. 相似文献
2.
K.J. van Calker P.B.M. Berentsen I.J.M. de Boer G.W.J. Giesen R.B.M. Huirne 《Agricultural Systems》2007
Farm-level modelling can be used to determine how farming systems and individual farm-management measures influence different sustainability indicators. Until now however, worker physical health and societal sustainability have been lacking in farm models. For this paper, we first selected attributes of physical health (working conditions) and societal sustainability (food safety, animal welfare and health, and landscape quality). Second, possible sustainability indicators for these attributes were identified, and those selected were included in an existing dairy farm LP-model that was subsequently used to analyse possible differences in societal sustainability within and between a conventional and organic dairy farming system. Results for physical health and societal sustainability were similar for conventional and organic dairy farming systems in the basis situation, as well as in the situation where additional management measures were applied to improve societal sustainability, but improved animal welfare did result in the organic system due to prescribed grazing, and due to assumed summer feeding in the conventional system. Results show that additional management measures considerably improved societal sustainability of the conventional as well as the organic system. LP-modelling appeared to be a suitable method for comparing farming systems and determining the effect of management measures on physical health and societal sustainability. The level of societal sustainability is determined mainly by applied management measures, and is related to the particular farming system in only a very limited way. This implies that societal sustainability is mainly dependent on the cost-effectiveness of management measures and on the attitude of the dairy farmer. 相似文献
3.
南部非洲的保护性农业 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
可持续性和可盈利性
保护性农业以实现可持续的和可盈利的农业为目标，实现该目标要通过以下三方面：最小土壤扰动，永久土壤覆盖和作物轮作。这种方法对于不同规模的农田和农业生态系统都有巨大的使用潜力，但是最迫切需要采取这个方法的还是小农户，尤其是那些劳动力严重短缺的农户。这是一个结合可盈利农业生产、环境保护和可持续生产的方法， 相似文献
4.
Olive farming on sloping land in southern Europe is facing multiple challenges and it is reasonable to believe that farmers will opt for the abandonment of some systems and intensification or change to organic production of other systems. The issues at stake surpass financial farm viability and two EU policy instruments - cross-compliance and agri-environmental measures (AEM) - are available to address environmental objectives. This paper explores how cross-compliance and AEM policy options may lead to shifts in olive production systems and their social and environmental effects in Trás-os-Montes, NE Portugal over 25 years under two sets of conditions of uncertainty: decision-making by land users and market scenarios. Uncertainty in decision-making is addressed by employing five alternative goal programming models. The models include Linear Programming (LP), Weighted Goal Programming (WGP) and MINMAX Goal Programming (MINMAX GP), the GP variants of which are moreover formulated from a societal (S) and farmer (F) perspective. Uncertainty in market prospects is addressed by projecting olive oil and labour prices and trends in farm subsidies, distinguishing four price combinations in market scenarios. The models were validated by their capability to reproduce the initial configuration of olive production systems. Six policy options are evaluated under the complete ranges of uncertainty factors in a total of 6 × 5 × 4 = 120 model runs. Results show overall large effects of farmer decision-making and market scenarios. The cross-compliance and AEM policy instruments have an unequivocal effect on environmental performance and help to maintain work in rural areas. However, farmer income levels are insensitive to the policies, all work is absorbed by family labour and important environmental issues linked to more intensive systems such as pollution are not addressed. In a case study with the WGP (F) model which best reproduced the initial configuration of production systems, cross-compliance was moreover found to burden farmers under adverse market conditions, while AEM contributed to farmer’s objectives under favourable market conditions. A solution would be to focus cross-compliance regulations on intensive systems and offer appropriate AEM for traditional or abandoned orchards. Both policy instruments proved effective, but there is scope for removing substantial overlap between them. 相似文献
5.
《Agricultural Systems》1999,62(1):1-15
In southern Mali, cultivated area and herd size increase together with population growth. Consequently, periods of natural fallow shorten and traditional farming and animal husbandry techniques lead to a decrease of soil organic matter (SOM) content. Between 20 and 45% of the land is cultivated while less than 60% is arable area. To increase efficiency of natural fallow, a reduction in livestock herds is often proposed. By means of a linear programming model, the feasibility of maintaining actual SOM content in two villages in different agro-ecological zones was investigated. By adjusting animal numbers and cropping pattern, the model maximized: (1) SOM content under the condition of positive farm labour income; or (2) farm labour income under the condition of a positive SOM content. The model results suggested that maintaining SOM content requires the use of cereal crop residues for animal feed and for manure through bedding in kraals, but also higher animal densities. The last was feasible only through: (1) herding cattle of several farms together to overcome labour constraints; and (2) introducing P-fertilized leys, for grazing in the dry season. Grazing of the leys together with crop residues allowed animal densities up to 44 tropical livestock units (TLUs) km−2, while less than 16% of the produced rangeland fodder was grazed. In such conditions, a positive SOM balance and higher income was obtained with a minimum of 16.7% of ley in the crop rotation. Limiting the area cropped with cotton stabilized income and contributed to a positive SOM balance. Zero-grazing during the warm season allowed SOM surpluses to be achieved with 12.5% of ley. However, as income decreased, seasonal zero-grazing could only be adopted for high-producing animals and small herds. 相似文献
6.
《Agricultural Systems》2001,70(1):275-294
This paper quantifies and compares the energy efficiencies of conventional and organic farming systems in the UK from a human energy perspective. To date, studies comparing these two systems have neglected rudimentary questions regarding the effort and energy expenditure of farmers, instead devoting attention to consumer health and selected environmental issues such as global warming and recent energy crises. The need to focus on the human energy problem is seen as fundamental in this paper as it concerns not just the balance of calorific expenditure and consumption but also the possible negative health affects associated with high levels of energy and effort expenditure. Assessment of human energy expenditures and effort, and their health effects is relatively under-developed; consequently this paper uses a pilot study to explore methodology on which future study and theory could be based. The method developed draws on three plausible models for assessing human energy and effort expenditure: the nutritional, physiological and ergonomic. The case study builds annual and daily profiles of energy and effort expenditure of two farmers using annual labour profiles and task specific energy expenditure and intensity derived from physical measurements. Although the scope of the experiment is limited, making inferences about each system is difficult, the results reveal clear differences in the annual energy and effort expenditures of the two farmers. Over a typical year the organic farmer experiences far more physical stress. Despite being more efficient in terms of overall energy, the organic farm is less efficient in terms of human energy, and the net energetic returns combined with effort intensity bring into question the health implications of organic livelihoods both in the short and long term. 相似文献
7.
Slaheddine Khlifi Mehrez Ameur Nadhem Mtimet Nejla Ghazouani Naoufel Belhadj 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(1):50-56
We examine the shifting farming system around the small hill dams in northwestern Tunisia. A socio-economic questionnaire was given to a sample of farmers using water from eight representative small hill dams. Cluster analysis was used to establish farmer groups before and after creation of the reservoirs. Before the creation of hill dams, farmers were grouped into two clusters. Afterwards, three new farming systems emerged. The main differences between these groups are farm area, cropping system, irrigation practice, livestock type and number, and income. Following construction of the small hill dams farmers increased the extent of fruit tree cultivation, introduced irrigation practices, and augmented livestock herd size and production. Farmer income increased with the availability of water in the hill dam reservoirs. 相似文献
8.
C. Bogahawatte 《Agricultural Systems》1984,14(4):199-212
In Sri Lanka cropping enterprises interact with livestock production on peasant farms. This analysis of the crop-livestock farming system aims at understanding the existing constraints and interactions between crops and livestock in these farms. The main objective of the study is to describe the crop-livestock integrated farming systems in three rainfed villages in the Moneragala district of Sri Lanka, and to evaluate these systems in terms of maximizing farm incomes from the different crop and livestock components of the systems. A field survey was conducted to collect data from 153 farming families for the Maha season of 1982/83. A linear programming model was formulated to test the hypothesis.The results show that in general the activities for lowland rice, highland rice, sugar cane, labour, farm cash cost, and MVP (compost) are higher in the optimal farm plan than in the actual farm situation. The livestock in the optimal plan is mainly confined to milch cattle. However, with the present high level of manutrition among rural livestock industry emphasis should be placed on the expansion of the rural livestock industry in the study villages. The optimal plan also suggests the use of crop residues as a substitute for compost for farm crops. Hence, in the context of escalating prices of chemical fertilizers, research is required to find the suitability of crop residues and household residues as substitutes for compost. Increases in supplementary irrigation may result in the expansion of the farm area and hence the farm income. Other methods of increasing farm income include: replacing hired labour with non-utilized family labour, increased agricultural research, and extension activity regarding the use of modern inputs by farmers on crops. 相似文献
9.
灌溉农区机械化保护性耕作试验分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在浇灌农区为期一年的机械化保护性耕作与常规机械耕作对比试验结果表明，机械化保护性耕作技术相对常规耕作技术，可以提高灌溉农区农田土壤含水率和土壤有机质含量，提高农作物单位面积产量，减少农业生产工序和用工投入。 相似文献
10.
《Agricultural Systems》2005,86(1):29-51
The methodology presented in this paper aims at analysing whether there is room for improvement of vegetable farmers’ income in Canelón Grande (Uruguay), while reducing soil erosion and improving physical and biological soil fertility, and to gain insight in the influence of farmers’ resource availability on the opportunities for sustainable development. The (generic) approach we developed to support re-design of farming systems in this region is unique in dealing with complex temporal interactions in crop rotations and spatial heterogeneity on farms in one integrated method, while revealing trade-off between economic and environmental objectives. Rather than an arbitrary sub-set, all feasible crop rotations were generated, using a tool named ROTAT. The crop rotations were combined with a range of production techniques according to pre-defined design criteria to create a wide variety of alternative production activities at the field scale. We used process-based simulation models supplemented with empirical data and expert knowledge to quantify inputs and outputs of production activities. We developed a mixed integer linear programming model (MILP), named Farm Images, to allocate production activities to a farm with land units differing in soil quality, while maximising or minimising socio-economic and environmental objectives, subject to constraints at the farm level. Production activities comprised current practices as well as activities new to the area. We used Farm Images to design farm systems for seven existing farms in Canelón Grande with different resource availability. The farm systems designed by the model had higher family income than current systems for six of the seven farms studied. The estimated average soil erosion per ha decreased by a factor of 2–4 in the farm systems proposed compared to the current systems, while the rate of change of soil organic matter increased from negative in the current systems to +130 to +280 kg ha−1 yr−1 in the proposed farm systems. The degree to which the objectives could be achieved was strongly affected by farm resource endowment, i.e., particularly by the fraction of the area irrigated, soil quality and labour availability per ha. The study suggests that decreasing the area of vegetable crops by introducing long crop rotations with pastures and green manure during the inter-crop periods and integrating beef cattle production into the farm systems would often be a better strategy than the actual farmers’ practice. 相似文献
11.
12.
在共同富裕和农业现代化背景下,探讨农业机械化对规模经营农户收入的影响有重要现实意义。基于江苏省433个种植类家庭农场的抽样调查数据,用OLS模型和分位数回归模型在微观层面实证分析二者的关系和作用机制。研究结果表明：农业机械化显著促进了家庭农场增收,且对不同收入群体的增收效果存在差异,农业机械化对中、低收入家庭农场的增收作用更大,从而有利于缩小收入差距;农业机械化主要通过提高家庭农场的农业收入而提高其总收入,从而有利于家庭农场的专业化经营;对于种植作物类型不同的家庭农场,农业机械化对其收入的影响存在异质性,农业机械化显著促进种植纯粮食作物的家庭农场增收,而对种植纯经济作物的家庭农场增收效果不显著;农业机械化通过提高家庭农场的经营规模,进而提高其农业收入和总收入。为促进农民增收、实现共同富裕,建议对农户的农机购置给予更多样化的政策支持,发展农机社会化服务,推动土地经营权有序流转,并进一步为家庭农场的适度规模经营提供制度保障。 相似文献
13.
基于诱致性技术创新理论与方法,利用贵州省茶叶主产区茶叶种植户的实地调查数据,运用因子分析和tobit模型,旨在揭示不同生产技术环境影响下,贫困地区茶叶种植户技术吸纳能力对其生产技术选择行为的差异化影响。研究结果显示:贫困地区茶叶种植户技术采用整体偏向劳动节约型,但选择劳动密集型技术的茶叶种植户仍占有较大比例。茶叶种植户技术吸纳能力在不同生产技术环境影响下,对其生产技术选择行为具有差异化影响。其中,合作社的茶叶种植户技术吸纳能力越强,其生产技术越偏向劳动节约型;政府技术推广机构示范基地的茶叶种植户技术吸纳能力越强,其生产技术越偏向劳动密集型;茶叶企业示范基地的茶叶种植户技术吸纳能力对其生产技术选择行为的影响不显著。 相似文献
14.
The impact of increasing farm size and mechanization on rural income and rice production in Zhejiang province,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Marrit Van den Berg Huib Hengsdijk Joost Wolf Martin K. Van Ittersum Wang Guanghuo Reimund P. Roetter 《Agricultural Systems》2007
Economic growth in China’s agricultural sector lags behind growth in industry and services, creating an ever widening rural–urban income gap. Development of the non-agricultural sectors offers new opportunities for farmers in China’s more advanced provinces such as Zhejiang. Increased income in the urban sector creates markets for new products, and migrating farmers rent their land to those staying. Until now, the prevailing rice-based systems have been managed mainly using manual labour and animal traction, but the larger farms resulting from migration may facilitate, or even require mechanization. In this study, we use a simulation model of the farm household to analyse the effects of increasing farm size and the transition from rice to vegetable production, while also studying the effects of mechanization. 相似文献
15.
《Agricultural Systems》2006,90(2-3):324-348
The provision of food causes environmental impacts that range from local through to global in scale. Organic farming, used in general here to mean farming practices with a greater emphasis on long-term sustainability, is one general approach to reduce these impacts. Whilst organic farming may be argued to be superior to conventional farming on the basis of local impacts, it is not often clear how organic farming performs relative to conventional farming in terms of wider, global impacts. In this paper we present a comparative assessment of on-farm and indirect energy consumption, land disturbance, water use, employment, and emissions of greenhouse gases, NOx, and SO2 of organic and conventional farming in Australia. A hybrid input-output-based life-cycle technique is employed in order to ensure a complete coverage of indirect requirements originating from all upstream production stages. Using data from a detailed survey of organic farms, the results show that direct energy use, energy related emissions, and greenhouse gas emissions are higher for the organic farming sample than for a comparable conventional farm sample. Direct water use and employment are significantly lower for the organic farms than for the conventional farms. However, the indirect contributions for all factors are much higher for the conventional farms, leading to their total impacts being substantially higher. This shows that indirect effects must be taken into account in the consideration of the environmental consequences of farming, in particular for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, where the majority of impacts usually occur off-farm. Subject to yield uncertainties for organic versus conventional farming, from the sample here we can conclude that in addition to their local benefits, organic farming approaches can reduce the total water, energy and greenhouse gases involved in food production. 相似文献
16.
K. Bartl A.C. Mayer C.A. Gmez E. Muoz H.D. Hess F. Holmann 《Agricultural Systems》2009,101(3):152-161
In four communities in the Peruvian Andes, 56 farmers were interviewed every three months over a period of one year. Information linked to milk and cattle production such as activities, inputs (labour, means of production, capital) and outputs (milk, cheese, animals) were recorded using a closed-ended questionnaire. The communities were divided into two groups with low (LC) and high (HC) level of dependence on income from milk and animal sales. The survey results showed that cattle production on the LC farms was based on less land and a smaller herd (3.32 ha/farm, 1.06 lactating cows) than on HC farms (10.28 ha/farm, 4.19 lactating cows). The data from the survey and the results of the nutritional analyses of 74 feed samples were introduced into a model that applied linear programming techniques in order to estimate the farm household income under the current production systems and evaluate the economic impact of improved forage varieties for hay production. Furthermore, the economic viability of other changes in fodder and herd management was tested. Both groups were characterised by a dual-purpose system generating a gross income from the sale of both, milk and live animals in the amount of -21 (LC) and +1057 US$/farm and year (HC). Due to higher production costs for forages and better access to markets, LC communities were characterised by an integrated crop–livestock system whereas in the HC group income was mainly based on livestock. Introduction of improved and fertilized barley for hay production, was estimated to increase the annual farm income to 127 and 1257 US$ for LC and HC, respectively. This increase was accompanied by an increment of the animal number. Maintaining the animal number but increasing the milk production/cow by feeding additional forage was a less profitable option generating 50 and 1221 US$ of income per farm and year for LC and HC, respectively. The production of hay was limited by high costs (external labour) in LC communities and the restricted availability of family labour in the HC group. A scenario based on the use of improved cow genotypes led to the highest estimated annual farm income for HC communities (1280 US$) but was less favourable for LC. The modelling results showed that the best development strategy depends on various factors such as production costs, access to the markets and to irrigation and availability of different feed resources. 相似文献
17.
全面实现小康社会,农民的小康尤为重要。要实现农民的小康,实现增收致富,就必须为发展农业、提高农民收入提供良好的政策环境和社会环境。当前,农民持续增收仍然面临很多困难和压力。该文结合工作实际就新时期农民增收问题展开分析和讨论。 相似文献
18.
Hans W Gripentrog 《农业工程》2012,2(3):88-89
当今,精准农业技术已经越来越受到重视,同时随着劳动力成本的提高,越来越多的新技术新设备摆在了农民面前,如何将大量信息数据进行整合应用成为了摆在农民面前的问题。智能农业正是在这种情况下提出的。该文从6个方面介绍了智能农业的概念、发展方向以及目前应用状况,同时也阐明了发展中存在的问题。 相似文献
19.
Thomas Nemecek David DuboisOlivier Huguenin-Elie Gérard Gaillard 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(3):217-232
Organic farming (OF) is considered a promising solution for reducing environmental burdens related to intensive agricultural management practices. The question arises whether OF really reduces the environmental impacts once lower yields and all the changes in farming methods are taken into consideration. This question is addressed in a comprehensive study of Swiss arable cropping and forage production systems comparing OF to integrated production (IP) systems by means of the life cycle assessment (LCA) method.The LCA study investigated the environmental impacts of two long-term farming system experiments: the DOC experiment comparing bio-dynamic, bio-organic and conventional/integrated farming and the “Burgrain” experiment encompassing integrated intensive, integrated extensive and organic production. All treatments received similar amounts of farmyard manure. The system boundary encompasses the plant production system; storage and application of farmyard manure is included in the system boundary, the animal husbandry is not included. The Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment method (SALCA) was used to analyse the environmental impacts.In the overall assessment OF was revealed to be either superior or similar to IP in environmental terms. OF has its main strengths in better resource conservation, since the farming system relies mainly on farm-internal resources and limits the input of external auxiliary materials. This results in less fossil and mineral resources being consumed. Moreover the greatly restricted use of pesticides makes it possible to markedly reduce ecotoxicity potentials on the one hand, and to achieve a higher biodiversity potential on the other. This overall positive assessment is not valid for all organic products: some products such as potatoes had higher environmental burdens than their counterparts from IP.The main drawbacks identified for Swiss OF systems are lower yields. As a consequence some production factors are used less efficiently, thus partly negating the advantages of OF. Furthermore, the different manure management strategy leads to relatively high nutrient losses in relation to yield. These two points were shown to be the main priorities for the environmental optimisation of OF systems. The differences between the bio-organic and the bio-dynamic farming systems consisted in a slightly higher input of organic matter, a few applications of mineral fertilisers and copper applications in the former.The eco-efficiency analysis led to the conclusion that the optimisation of OF is mainly output-driven, i.e. that higher yields of good quality should be achieved with the available (limited) resources. On the contrary, optimisation of IP was found to be input-driven; the inputs should be used in a quantity and manner which minimise the environmental burdens per unit produced. The study showed that despite the efforts of recent years, there is still considerable room for the environmental optimisation of Swiss farming systems. 相似文献
20.
《Agricultural Systems》1998,56(3):269-287
As technologies to counter soil fertility decline, alley farming with Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium, annual short-season Mucuna pruriëns var. Utilis fallowing, and perennial Acacia auriculiformis fallowing have been tested. With alley farming, timely pruning is a critical element in farmers' capacity to match on-station yield levels: 55% of the farmers who delayed pruning suffered about 60% yield losses. Farmers are now comparing a new alley band concept, grouping trees in bands 20 m apart with five times less tree/crop competition. However, an improved planted fallow of A. auriculiformis to regenerate exhausted soils grew a great deal in popularity because of quick regeneration of yields and a profitable bonus of good quality firewood. Mucuna, which was grown by 15 farmers in 1987 for Imperata control, is now known by almost 100 000 farmers. The regular use for soil fertility enhancement is, however, hampered by the lack of known uses for mucuna products. We developed recently a farmer-applicable detoxifying method for mucuna seeds, allowing incorporation of protein-rich mucuna flour into main staple dishes in Benin. We highlight the essential impact of farmer interaction on the course of experimentation, results and adoption. 相似文献