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1.
The dispersion of longitudinal acoustic phonons was measured by inelastic x-ray scattering in the hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) structure of iron from 19 to 110 gigapascals. Phonon dispersion curves were recorded on polycrystalline iron compressed in a diamond anvil cell, revealing an increase of the longitudinal wave velocity (VP) from 7000 to 8800 meters per second. We show that hcp iron follows a Birch law for VP, which is used to extrapolate velocities to inner core conditions. Extrapolated longitudinal acoustic wave velocities compared with seismic data suggest an inner core that is 4 to 5% lighter than hcp iron. 相似文献
2.
The seismic phase PKJKP, which traverses the inner core as a shear wave and would provide direct evidence for its solidity, has been difficult to detect. Using stacked broadband records from the Grafenberg array in Germany, we documented a high signal-to-noise phase, the arrival time and slowness of which agree with theoretical predictions for PKJKP. The back azimuth of this arrival is also consistent with predictions for PKJKP, as is the comparison with a pseudoliquid inner core model. Envelope modeling of the PKJKP waveform implies a shear velocity gradient with depth in the inner core that is slightly larger than that in the preliminary reference Earth model. 相似文献
3.
古树和部分城市大树的树干内部，经常有空洞、腐朽等影响树木健康和安全性的缺陷存在。以筛查古树和城市大树树干内部缺陷为目标，测定了北京地区几种常见树种的古树和城市大树健康树干的多个径向应力波波速，对每个树种的应力波波速测量值进行了正态统计分析，基于95%置信水平原则确定了用于判别树干内部是否存在缺陷的应力波临界波速值，进而形成了用于树干内部缺陷筛查的应力波临界波速的确定方法。结果表明，北京地区8种常见古树及城市大树油松、白皮松、侧柏、桧柏、刺槐、英桐、美桐和银杏的树干径向应力波临界波速值分别为1 225、1 394、1 620、1 864、2 055、1 639、1 485、1 728 m·s-1。树干内部缺陷筛查验证性试验表明，形成的应力波临界波速确定方法是可行的。 相似文献
4.
Seismological studies indicate that the inner core of Earth is anisotropic for compressional waves (P waves), and has low shear wave (S wave) velocity, and high seismic attenuation. Using an effective medium theory for composite materials, we show that the presence of a volume fraction of 3 to 10% liquid in the form of oblate spheroidal inclusions aligned in the equatorial plane between iron crystals is sufficient to explain the aforementioned seismic phenomena. Variation of S-wave velocity between the polar axis and equatorial plane is more sensitive to the addition of liquid than that of P waves. The liquid could arise from the presence of dendrites or a mixture of elements other than iron that exist in liquid form under inner-core conditions. 相似文献
5.
冻结状态下应力波在长白落叶松立木中传播速度的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为进行冬季活立木健康检测和伐后原木内部缺陷无损检测,该文在冻结状态下,研究了应力波在长白落叶松活立木中的传播速度,以及光照条件对含水率及应力波在活立木中传播速度的影响。在室外温度0℃以下,利用FAKOPP Microsecond Timer等仪器测试了应力波在30棵树干通直且无缺陷的长白落叶松活立木中的纵向和径向传播速度。经过软件包SPSS统计分析,得出阴阳两面应力波的纵向传播速度分别为4 238.7和4 210.6 m/s,径向传播速度均值为1 834.5 m/s。同时,利用成对t检验法分析了光照条件对含水率及应力波在活立木中纵向传播速度的影响,并建立了回归方程。结果表明:①光照条件对含水率和应力波纵向传播速度有一定的影响,阴面含水率均值比阳面含水率均值低约1.6%,阴面应力波纵向传播速度均值比阳面的高约28.1 m/s。②含水率与应力波纵向传播速度呈显著负相关,阴阳两面的负相关系数分别为0.90和0.91。含水率每增加1%,阴阳两面应力波的纵向传播速度分别减小25.1和 22.9 m/s。 相似文献
6.
Mao WL Mao HK Sturhahn W Zhao J Prakapenka VB Meng Y Shu J Fei Y Hemley RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5773):564-565
The boundary layer between the crystalline silicate lower mantle and the liquid iron core contains regions with ultralow seismic velocities. Such low compressional and shear wave velocities and high Poisson's ratio are also observed experimentally in post-perovskite silicate phase containing up to 40 mol% FeSiO3 endmember. The iron-rich post-perovskite silicate is stable at the pressure-temperature and chemical environment of the core-mantle boundary and can be formed by core-mantle reaction. Mantle dynamics may lead to further accumulation of this material into the ultralow-velocity patches that are observable by seismology. 相似文献
7.
Southard JB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1967,156(3783):1725-1727
Apparent shear stress in turbulent flow between a stationary inner cylinder and a rotating outer cylinder is measured by computing radial flux of tangential momentum by use of velocities obtained from photographs of successive positions of marker particles assumed to represent the fluid motion. Values are consistent with total shear stress at the inner cylinder found by measuring the velocity gradient. 相似文献
8.
A recently assembled data set of inner core-sensitive free oscillation splitting measurements and body wave differential travel times provides constraints on the patterns of anisotropy in the Earth's inner core. Applying a formalism that allows departures from radial symmetry and cylindrical anisotropy results in models with P-wave velocity distributions whose strength and pattern are incompatible with frozen-in anisotropy, but rather suggest a simple large-scale convection regime in the inner core. 相似文献
9.
Phonon density of states of iron up to 153 gigapascals 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Mao HK Xu J Struzhkin VV Shu J Hemley RJ Sturhahn W Hu MY Alp EE Vocadlo L Alfè D Price GD Gillan MJ Schwoerer-Böhning M Häusermann D Eng P Shen G Giefers H Lübbers R Wortmann G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5518):914-916
We report phonon densities of states (DOS) of iron measured by nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering to 153 gigapascals and calculated from ab initio theory. Qualitatively, they are in agreement, but the theory predicts density at higher energies. From the DOS, we derive elastic and thermodynamic parameters of iron, including shear modulus, compressional and shear velocities, heat capacity, entropy, kinetic energy, zero-point energy, and Debye temperature. In comparison to the compressional and shear velocities from the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) seismic model, our results suggest that Earth's inner core has a mean atomic number equal to or higher than pure iron, which is consistent with an iron-nickel alloy. 相似文献
10.
Physics of iron at Earth's core conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Laio A Bernard S Chiarotti GL Scandolo S Tosatti E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,287(5455):1027-1030
The bulk properties of iron at the pressure and temperature conditions of Earth's core were determined by a method that combines first-principles and classical molecular dynamic simulations. The theory indicates that (i) the iron melting temperature at inner-core boundary (ICB) pressure (330 gigapascals) is 5400 (+/-400) kelvin; (ii) liquid iron at ICB conditions is about 6% denser than Earth's outer core; and (iii) the shear modulus of solid iron close to its melting line is 140 gigapascals, consistent with the seismic value for the inner core. These results reconcile melting temperature estimates based on sound velocity shock wave data with those based on diamond anvil cell experiments. 相似文献
11.
Three-component borehole seismic profiling of the recently active Oroville, California, normal fault and microearthquake event recording with a near-fault three-component borehole seismometer on the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, California, have shown numerous instances of pronounced dispersive wave trains following the shear wave arrivals. These wave trains are interpreted as fault zone-trapped seismic modes. Parkfield earthquakes exciting trapped modes have been located as deep as 10 kilometers, as shallow as 4 kilometers, and extend 12 kilometers along the fault on either side of the recording station. Selected Oroville and Parkfield wave forms are modeled as the fundamental and first higher trapped SH modes of a narrow low-velocity layer at the fault. Modeling results suggest that the Oroville fault zone is 18 meters wide at depth and has a shear wave velocity of 1 kilometer per second, whereas at Parkfield, the fault gouge is 100 to 150 meters wide and has a shear wave velocity of 1.1 to 1.8 kilometers per second. These low-velocity layers are probably the rupture planes on which earthquakes occur. 相似文献
12.
The pressure dependence of the elastic wave velocities for hot-pressed, elastically isotropic polycrystals of the beta (modified spinel) phase of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) has been determined at room temperature to 3 gigapascals (GPa) by ultrasonic pulse interferometry. Pressure derivatives of the bulk (dK/dP = 4.8) and shear (dG/dP = 1.7) moduli derived from the travel times of the compressional (P) and shear (S) waves clearly demonstrate that the velocity contrast between the olivine and beta phases of Mg(2)SiO(4) decreases with increasing pressure. When combined with plausible values for the (as yet unmeasured) temperature derivatives, these new data can be used to calculate the contrast in P and S wave velocities across an olivine-beta phase transformation occuaring at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to about 400 kilometers depth in the earth. The seismologically observed contrasts DeltaV in both P and S wave velocities constrain the percentage of orthosilicate in a model mantle of uniform chemical composition for appropriate relative magnitudes of the temperature (T) derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli for the beta phase. Allowed combinations of orthosilicate content (percent), dK/dT, and dG/dT (both in gigapascals per Kelvin) for a pair of recent seismological models with DeltaV(p) = DeltaV(s) 4.6% include (65, -0.018, -0.020), (55, -0.015, -0.018), and (45, -0.012, -0.016). 相似文献
13.
14.
A supershear transition mechanism for cracks 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Seismic data indicate that fault ruptures follow complicated paths with variable velocity because of inhomogeneities in initial stress or fracture energy. We report a phenomenon unique to three-dimensional cracks: Locally stronger fault sections, rather than slowing ruptures, drive them forward at velocities exceeding the shear wave speed. This supershear mechanism differentiates barrier and asperity models of fault heterogeneity, which previously have been regarded as indistinguishable. High strength barriers concentrate energy, producing potentially destructive pulses of strong ground motion. 相似文献
15.
Soviet observations of anomalously low values of the ratio of the compressional wave velocity to the shear wave velocity (V(p)/ V(s)) in a restricted volume around the locus of a future earthquake are duplicated by models based on the dilatancy hypothesis. In nature the cracks that cause the dilation may be oriented, leading to anisotropic seismic wave propagation in the anomalous region. The models show that vertical cracks are most effective in producing the observed effects, but that a slightly higher density of randomly oriented cracks will yield similar effects. The premonitory observations at Blue Mountain Lake, New York, are also duplicated by the models. These models demonstrate that V(p)/V(s) measured at the surface is not that of the anomalous zone, but is related to it by a transfer function, involving the shape and velocity gradient of the zone boundary. 相似文献
16.
Seismic evidence for an inner core transition zone 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Seismic waves that traverse Earth's inner core along north-south paths produce unusually broad pulse shapes at long periods (compared with waves along east-west paths) and reflections from below the inner core boundary at short periods. The observations provide compelling evidence for a seismic velocity discontinuity along north-south paths about 200 kilometers below the inner core boundary separating an isotropic upper inner core from an anisotropic lower inner core. The triplication associated with such a structure might be responsible for reported waveform complexity of short-period inner core arrivals along north-south paths and, if the depth of the boundary is laterally variable, their large travel-time variation. 相似文献
17.
Wysession ME Langenhorst A Fouch MJ Fischer KM Al-Eqabi GI Shore PJ Clarke TJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,284(5411):120-125
Observations of core-diffracted P (Pdiff) and SH (SHdiff) waves recorded by the Missouri-to-Massachusetts (MOMA) seismic array show that the ratio of compressional (P) seismic velocities to horizontal shear (SH) velocities at the base of the mantle changes abruptly from beneath the mid-Pacific (VP/VS = 1.88, also the value predicted by reference Earth models) to beneath Alaska (VP/VS = 1.83). This change signifies a sudden lateral variation in material properties that may have a mineralogical or textural origin. A textural change could be a result of shear stresses induced during the arrival at the core of ancient lithosphere from the northern Pacific paleotrench. 相似文献
18.
A model of three-dimensional shear wave velocity variations in the mantle reveals a tilted low velocity anomaly extending from the core-mantle boundary (CMB) region beneath the southeastern Atlantic Ocean into the upper mantle beneath eastern Africa. This anomaly suggests that Cenozoic flood basalt volcanism in the Afar region and active rifting beneath the East African Rift is linked to an extensive thermal anomaly at the CMB more than 45 degrees away. In contrast, a low velocity anomaly beneath Iceland is confined to the upper mantle. 相似文献
19.
Antonangeli D Siebert J Aracne CM Farber DL Bosak A Hoesch M Krisch M Ryerson FJ Fiquet G Badro J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6013):64-67
Seismic discontinuities in Earth typically arise from structural, chemical, or temperature variations with increasing depth. The pressure-induced iron spin state transition in the lower mantle may influence seismic wave velocities by changing the elasticity of iron-bearing minerals, but no seismological evidence of an anomaly exists. Inelastic x-ray scattering measurements on (Mg(0.83)Fe(0.17))O-ferropericlase at pressures across the spin transition show effects limited to the only shear moduli of the elastic tensor. This explains the absence of deviation in the aggregate seismic velocities and, thus, the lack of a one-dimensional seismic signature of the spin crossover. The spin state transition does, however, influence shear anisotropy of ferropericlase and should contribute to the seismic shear wave anisotropy of the lower mantle. 相似文献
20.
Karato S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,262(5140):1708-1711
Anisotropy of the inner core of the Earth is proposed to result from the lattice preferred orientation of anisotropic iron crystals during their solidification in the presence of a magnetic field. The resultant seismic anisotropy is related to the geometry of the magnetic field in the core. This hypothesis implies that the observed anisotropy (fast velocity along the rotation axis) indicates a strong toroidal field in the core, which supports a strong field model for the geodynamo if the inner core is made of hexagonal close-packed iron. 相似文献