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1.
Keratoconus is pathological condition of eye characterized by paraxial stromal thinning leads to corneal surface distortion. It is well documented that the corneal thickness is abnormally altered in keratoconus; but it seems that racial differences are exist in the amount of changes. This study compared the central and peripheral corneal thicknesses (CCT and PCT, respectively) in eyes with and without keratoconus in a large Iranian population. CCT and PCT were measured by ultrasonographic pachometry in ten thousands eyes undergoing refractive surgery during a six-year period (2003-2010) in Tabriz Nikookari Teaching Eye Hospital. These two variables were compared between the eyes with and without keratoconus. Two hundred and two eyes out of ten thousand eyes were diagnosed with keratoconus. The mean CCT and PCT were significantly lower in the eyes with keratoconus comparing with the others (CCT: 479.90 +/- 28.07 microm vs. 534.12 +/- 39.35 microm; p < 0.001; PCT: 515.04 +/- 148.44 microm vs. 560.78 +/- 32.93 microm; p < 0.001). This study confirmed that both CCT and PCT are lower in the eyes with keratoconus. Likewise, due to large sample size, the results can be used for epidemiological purposes.  相似文献   

2.
This study was carried out to determine the sensitivity and specificity of serum CA 15-3 as a marker in detecting and monitoring treatment in, breast cancer patients. One hundred and ten patients comprising 35 known breast cancer patients, 75 suspected cases and 20 controls entered the study. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment from the 35 known cases as well as the 75 suspected cases from which biopsy specimens were also taken. Serum CA 15-3 was measured by BioCheck CA 15-3 Enzyme Immunoassay. There was a significant difference between the concentration of serum CA 15-3 of the 35 known breast cancer patients before and after treatment (p < 0.05). Out of the 75 suspected cases, 46 had breast cancer and 29 had benign breast disease (histologically proven). There was a strong positive correlation between the level of serum CA 15-3 and the histopathology results of the biopsies (r = 0.518). The mean serum CA 15-3 concentration of the 46 patients (80.6 +/- 70.2 U mL(-1)) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the 29 patients with benign breast disease (12.0 +/- 9.0). The sensitivity and specificity of the serum CA 15-3 in detecting breast cancer was 76.1 and 100%, respectively at a cut-off of 35 U mL(-1). Serum CA 15-3 was found to have a value in the early detection and monitoring of treatment of breast cancer in Ghana.  相似文献   

3.
Chronic inflammation, as reflected by increased level of acute phase protein such as C-reactive Protein (CRP) is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients. CRP is a strong predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients. This research was conducted to determine the C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels and its correlation to demographic and clinical characteristics and Laboratory values in hemodialysis patients in Sari, Iran. In a cross sectional study, 147 hemodialysis patients were studied. Patients' demographic and clinical data were recorded and also serum CRP, Cholesterol, Albumin, Phosphorous, Calcium, Hemoglobin and Hematocrit levels were measured. Overall, the mean CRP concentration was 15.8 mg L(-1). With considering to the different cutoff point (5, 6.2, 10 mg L(-1)) for CRP level, 107 patients (72.8%) had CRP level >5 mg L(-1), 99 patients (67.3%) had CRP level > 6.2 mg L(-1) and 77 patients (52.4%) had CRP level >10 nmg L(-1). The CRP levels greater than 6.2, had a direct statistically significant correlation with duration of hemodialysis and phosphorus level (p = 0.01). Also, CRP levels above 10 mg L(-1) had a direct statistically significant correlation with age and phosphorus levels (p = 0.02). According to the prevalence of high CRP level and it's correlation with age, duration ofhemodialysis and phosphorus level in hemodialysis patients, CRP level should be screened in this group of patients routinely because of its prognostic importance.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to determine underlying causes of prolonged neonatal icterus. Icterus or jaundice is an important common problem in neonatology. When this condition persists beyond 14 days, it is called prolonged or protracted neonatal icterus. Determining underlying causes of this problem is a pivotal step for management, because a delay in treatment may lead to serious complications or even death. In a prospective study, newborns with diagnosis of prolonged icterus were evaluated during a six-month period in Tabriz Children Teaching Hospital. Data regarding the past medical history, physical examination and appropriate laboratory and paraclinical investigations were gathered and accordingly, the underlying cause of jaundice was documented. One hundred newborns, 67 males and 33 females with a mean age of 21.5 +/- 4.5 days were enrolled. Breastfeeding, urinary tract infection, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and hypothyroidism were found as the main underlying causes in 75, 7, 7 and 4% of the cases. The exact etiology was unknown in 4% of newborns. ABO incompatibility, sepsis and Down syndrome were underlying etiologies in remaining three patients. Present study showed that the underlying causes of prolonged neonatal jaundice could be determined in majority of cases and breastfeeding is the most common one in this regard.  相似文献   

5.
Oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant status have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malaria. To assess the antioxidant level ofbilirubin and uric acid associated with falciparum malaria infection, 60 untreated patients (30 men and 30 women) in Douala, Cameroon were screened for the study. Sixty five healthy individuals (29 men and 36 women) were used as controls. Total and conjugated bilirubin were calculated using Jendrassik-Grof method while uric acid was determined using Barham-Trinder method. It was observed that total and conjugated bilirubins were significantly (p < 0.001) higher in malaria patients (10.722 +/- 4.043 and 3.627 +/- 1.571 mg L(-1), respectively) when compared to control (6.830 +/- 2.436 and 1.777 +/- 0.729 mg L(-1)) and these bilirubin levels increased significantly with parasite count (p < 0.050). There was also significant increased (p = 0.021) of uric acid in malaria patients (56.262 +/- 13.963 mg L(-1)) compared to controls (49.838 +/- 15.419 mg L(-1)). No significant differences based on sex were observed on uric acid, parasite count, total and conjugated bilirubins in malaria patients. Positive correlations were obtained between parasite count and total bilirubin (r = 0.320, p < 0.050), conjugated bilirubin (r = 0.477, p < 0.001), uric acid (r = 0.060, p > 0.050) and between total and conjugated bilirubin (r = 0.729, p < 0.001). From this study, it has been hypothesized that the augmentation of plasma level ofbilirubin and uric acid could provide more protection against oxidative stress induced by malaria.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
Previous studies have shown that inflammatory factors increases in pregnancy and is associated with several complications of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to assess effects of daily consumption of probiotic yoghurt on inflammatory factors in pregnant women. In a randomized clinical trial, seventy primigravid (the first pregnancy) and singleton pregnant women aged 18-30 years were assigned to two groups. Subjects consumed daily 200 g probiotic yoghurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium animalis BB12 (10(7) CFU g(-1) for each) or 200 g conventional yoghurt for 9 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline (28 weeks of gestation) and after intervention (37 weeks of gestation). Inflammatory factors, hs-CRP and TNF-alpha, were measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Independent t-test was used to compare the two groups after intervention and paired-sample t-test compared variables before and after treatment. The results showed that the probiotic yogurt brought about a decrease in the serum hs-CRP level, from 10.44 +/- 1.56 to 7.44 +/- 1.03 microg mL(-1) (p = 0.041). There was no significant change in the conventional yogurt group in the serum hs-CRP level (12.55 +/- 1.57 to 14.51 +/- 1.62 microg mL(-1), p = 0.202). The probiotic yogurt had no effect on TNF-alpha (from 73.75 +/- 6.59 to 77.91 +/- 5.61 pg mL(-1), p = 0.633). Serum TNF-alpha did not change in the conventional yogurt group (p = 0.134). In conclusion probiotic yogurt significantly decreased hs-CRP in pregnant women but had no effect on TNF-alpha.  相似文献   

8.
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9.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of red Grape Seed Extract (GSE) on lead induced hypertension (HTN) and Heart Rate (HR) in male Wistar rats. The rats were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: Each group received lead acetate (100 ppm in drinking water), GSE (100 mg kg(-1), orally) or Lead + GSE for 45 days. Another group assigned as control group provided with tap water and regular pellet food. The Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and heart rate were determined by tail plethysmography coupled to a computer system. There was a sustained elevation of SBP in lead exposed rats that significantly increased at day 18 (lead treated, 112.7 +/- 2.7 mmHg, vs. control, 105.6 +/- 2.6 mmHg, n = 10, p < 0.05) and reached a maximum level at day 36 (lead treated, 124.9 +/- 2.3 mmHg, vs. control, 103.6 +/- 3.1 mmHg, n = 10, p < 0.001). However, the other three groups; showed no significant changes in SBP. Furthermore, the heart rate was increased sustainly in lead exposed animals that was statistically significant at days 36 and 45 (lead treated group, 404.5 +/- 9.4 vs. control group, 381.7 +/- 6.7, n = 10, p < 0.05). The blood lead level in both lead and lead + GSE treated groups was increased significantly compared with control and GSE treated groups (p < 0.001). However, GSE administration had no effect on the blood lead level in lead treated group. According to the result of this study, it may be concluded that GSE could have beneficial effect in protecting the cardiovascular system through its antioxidant activity against oxidative stress.  相似文献   

10.
In the 1st phase of this study, thirty patients were investigated. Five milliliter stimulated saliva was collected just before and after MRI. The magnetic flux density was 0.23 T and the duration of exposure of patients to magnetic field was 30 minutes. In the 2nd phase, fourteen female healthy University students who had not used mobile phones before the study and did not have any previous amalgam restorations were investigated. Dental amalgam restoration was performed for all 14 students. Their urine samples were collected before amalgam restoration and at days 1, 2, 3 and 4 after restoration. The mean +/- SD saliva Hg concentrations of the patients before and after MRI were 8.6 +/- 3.0 and 11.3 +/- 5.3 microg L(-1), respectively (p < 0.01). A statistical significant (p < 0.05) higher concentration was observed in the students used mobile phone. The mean +/- SE urinary Hg concentrations of the students who used mobile phones were 2.43 +/- 0.25, 2.71 +/- 0.27, 3.79 +/- 0.25, 4.8 +/- 0.27 and 4.5 +/- 0.32 microg L(-1) before the amalgam restoration and at days 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Whereas the respective Hg concentrations in the controls, were 2.07 +/- 0.22, 2.34 +/- 0.30, 2.51 +/- 0.25, 2.66 +/- 0.24 and 2.76 +/- 0.32 microg L(-1). It appears that MRI and microwave radiation emitted from mobile phones significantly release mercury from dental amalgam restoration. Further research is needed to clarify whether other common sources of electromagnetic field exposure may cause alterations in dental amalgam and accelerate the release of mercury.  相似文献   

11.
Changes of cervical ultrasonographic physical parameters and their association with outcome of cerclage have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed at evaluating association between ultrasonographic physical cervical shapes before and after McDonald cerclage with the length of pregnancy. Cervical length, width and funneling rate were assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography before and after the procedure. Mean pre-cerclage cervical length, width and funneling rate were 29.28 +/- 5.54, 19.92 +/- 10.30 mm and 12.90 +/- 18.87%, respectively. The mean post-cerclage cervical length, diameter and funneling rate were 31.68 +/- 4.21, 9.78 +/- 13.86 and 4.32 +/- 10.89%, respectively (p < 0.001 for all pre- and post-cerclage changes). The mean post-cerclage duration of pregnancy was 19.78 +/- 5.94 weeks. There were significant direct correlations between the pre-and post-cerclage cervical lengths with pregnancy duration (r = 0.24, p = 0.04 and r = 0.44, p < 0.001, respectively). There were significant indirect correlations between the pre- and post-cerclage funneling rate with pregnancy duration (r = -0.30, p = 0.01 and r = -0.20, p = 0.01, respectively). Similar correlations were not significant for the cervical widths. This study showed that the pre- and post-cerclage ultrasonographically determined cervical length and funneling are good predictors of pregnancy duration.  相似文献   

12.

Background  

Biological rhythmicity, particularly circadian rhythmicity, is considered to be a key mechanism in the maintenance of physiological function. Very little is known, however, about biological rhythmicity pattern in preterm and term neonates in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). In this study, we investigated whether term and preterm neonates admitted to NICU exhibit biological rhythmicity during the neonatal period.  相似文献   

13.
Preeclampsia is a disease regarding with altered vascular reactivity leading to hypertension of the mother and metabolic alterations in the fetus. This study aimed to assess nitric oxide and bleeding time following administration of magnesium sulfate to preeclamtic patients compared to normotensive pregnant women. A total of 112 subjects (56 preeclamtic patients and 56 normotensive pregnant controls) were enrolled in this case-control study. Cases and controls were matched for age, BMI, gestational age, parity and gravidity. Total concentration of nitrite and nitrate (NOx) was measured before and during magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) treatment using a modified Griess-based method. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly decreased during MgSO4 treatment in preeclamtic patients (p < 0.0001). NOx levels were significantly increased in preeclamtic women after MgSO4 administration (33.7 +/- 18.5 vs. 50.2 +/- 21.6, p < 0.0001) but it was not seen in normotensive parturients (52.4 +/- 28.9 vs. 57.3 +/- 21.7, p = 0.362). The bleeding time was scarcely increased following magnesium sulfate treatment in preeclamptic patients compared to normotensive pregnant women but it was not significant (p = 0.18). In addition, there was only a significantly reverse correlation between NOx levels and systolic or diastolic blood pressure in preeclamtic parturients after MgSO4 treatment (r = -0384; p = 0.003 and r = -0.29; p = 0.03, respectively). This study demonstrates that administrating MgSO4 to preeclamtic patients induced significant changes in NOx production which had a major role in modulating vasculature changes in preeclamsia.  相似文献   

14.
This study aimed to provide the analysis of clinical presentation, results of laboratory and imaging investigations as well as clinical outcome of children with cholestasis. Infants with neonatal cholestasis referred to Children's Hospital from 2002 to 2007 were participated in the study in a cross-sectional prospective study. Appropriate diagnostic criteria and tests were employed for diagnosis the underlying etiologies of neonatal cholestasis. One year mortality rate was determined. One hundred twenty one infants, 75 males and 46 females, with the mean age of 58.3 +/- 15.3 (14-120) days were enrolled in study. Jaundice (94.2%) and hepatomegaly (66.1%) were the most frequent symptom and signs on admission. Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (36.4%), extrahepatic biliary atresia (24.8%), metabolic disease (20.7%), intrahepatic ductal paucity (10.7%), intrauterine infection (3.3%) were the most frequent causes of neonatal cholestasis. One year mortality was 5.8%. There is still not one effective and specific diagnostic method in differentiating between the causes of cholestasis in the newborns and infants. Some potentially important differences in the disease pattern, initial presentation and long-term outcome are suggested from the present study when compared to previous reports from other parts of the world.  相似文献   

15.
The management of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) avulsion is principally by surgery. There are two major techniques in this regard; fixation through open surgery (arthrotomy) or arthroscopically-assisted repair. These are not new in the literature; however, the debate regarding the better approach is still under debate. This study focused on comparing outcome and consequences of arthroscopically-assisted vs. open surgery in repairing ACL avulsion. In a randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with unilateral ACL avulsion were recruited in Tabriz Shohada teaching Centre during a 12 month period of time. These patients were randomized in two equal age and sex-matched groups underwent either arthroscopically-assisted or open ACL repair. The constructive technique was the same in both groups without using any graft. The minimum follow-up period was 6 months including 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. Range of Motion (ROM), laxity, Anterior Drawer Test (ADT) result, duration of hospital stay, wound status, nonunion and return to previous work were compared between the two groups. Mean time of suture removal (p = 0.10), minimum and maximum ROM at months 3 (p = 0.43 and 0.22, respectively) and 6 (p = 0.73 and 0.77, respectively), ADT at months 3 and 6 (p = 0.16 for both), laxity at month 6 (p = 0.28) and wound status at week 3 (p = 0.35) were not significantly different between the two groups. There was no case of nonunion at month 6 in either group. The mean hospital stay was significantly shorter in the arthroscopy group (3.77 +/- 0.92 vs. 2.50 +/- 0.51 days; p < 0.001). The mean laxity score was significantly higher in the open surgery group at month 3 (4.82 +/- 0.59 vs. 4.45 +/- 0.60; p = 0.05). The rate of nonunion was significantly higher in the open surgery group at month 3 (40.9% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.02). Patients in the arthroscopically-assisted technique group returned sooner to previous work (17.41 +/- 1.53 vs. 14.82 +/- 0.96 weeks; p < 0.001). Based on our results, arthroscopically-assisted reconstruction of ACL avulsion is superior to open surgery.  相似文献   

16.
To evaluate the impact of preemptive local analgesia at the incision site for postoperative pain in patients undergoing disc operation. In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study 166 patients were assigned to either lidocaine (n = 83) or placebo (n = 83) groups. The incision site was infiltrated with either 20 mL of 2% lidocaine and 0.9% saline in lidocaine group or 0.9% saline before the incision. Morphine (5 mg) was used for postoperative pain treatment. Postoperative pain was measured with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, using Chi-square and t-tests. The groups were matched for age, sex, type of operation, mean length of hospital stay and mean length of operation. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in visual analog scores of pain severity at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery between lidocaine and placebo groups (6 h: 38.22 +/- 26.87 vs. 34.52 +/- 24.43, p = 0.35; 12 h: 33.26 +/- 28.83 vs. 28.01 +/- 24.71, p = 0.20; 24 h: 26.71 +/- 23.31 vs. 22.85 +/- 22.48, p = 0.27; 48 h 16.35 +/- 10.16 vs. 15.23 +/- 8.90 p = 0.45). The amount of narcotics used post operatively had no meaningful difference in the groups (lidocaine 10.07 +/- 8.24 mg vs. placebo 10.54 +/- 9.31 mg p = 0.73). Preemptive analgesia with lidocaine 2% used subcutaneously before skin incision has no effect in reducing postoperative pain, narcotics demand and duration of hospital stay.  相似文献   

17.
Veterinarians working under remote field conditions are routinely presented with variety of surgical interventions in equines like castrations, management of wound, traumatic and congenital hernias and musculoskeletal disorders thus necessitating the use of general anaesthesia for management of these conditions. The present study was carried out to evaluate and recommend the suitable short term anaesthetic technique for Spiti ponies under field conditions. Seven clinically healthy male Spiti ponies presented for castration were evaluated for short term Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA) using detomidine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), butorphanol (0.01 mg kg(-1)), 5% guaifenesin (20 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.0 mg kg(-1)). The studies conducted were open label trials and all the animals received same treatment. After proper tetanus prophylaxis and preanesthetic fasting, detomidine was administered intravenously. Subsequently at head down position the animals received butorphanol intravenously. Thereafter, guaifenesin was administered intravenously. As soon as the signs of ataxia developed, the induction of surgical anaesthesia was achieved by intravenous administration of ketamine hydrochloride. The onset of sedation was observed in 2.43 +/- 0.53 min following detomidine administration and the animals were ataxic in 1.43 +/- 0.43 min after butorphanol and guaifenesin administration when ketamine was injected. The ponies were in surgical plane of anaesthesia within 2.28 +/- 0.42 min following ketamine administration. During recovery the limb/head movement and sternal recumbency were attained in 18.71 +/- 1.98 and 26.14 +/- 1.62 min, respectively whereas standing ataxia and normal gait were seen at 29.42 +/- 3.21 and 71.14 +/- 4.74 min, respectively. There was excellent to good muscle relaxation. The surgical anaesthesia remained for 22.57 +/- 1.48 min. The recovery was smooth. Moderate to good suppression of palpebral and corneal reflexes were observed immediately after induction and during anaesthesia. The analgesia was excellent. A highly significant (p < 0.01) to significant (p < 0.05) decrease in respiration rate was observed after induction, during anaesthesia and after recovery. The mean SpO2 value in equines of this group was 76.50 +/- 4.14 and 83.33 +/- 4.18% after induction and during anaesthesia, respectively. Some of the blood biochemical parameters like plasma alanine amino transferase (ALT), total proteins and glucose showed significant increase without clinical consequence. It was concluded that detomidine (0.02 mg kg(-1)), butorphanol (0.01 mg kg(-1)), guaifenesin 5% (20 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.0 mg kg(-1)) combination can safely be used for short term total intravenous anaesthesia in equines under field conditions where the monitoring facilities are meager.  相似文献   

18.
There are several methods for the diagnosis and evaluation of coarctation of the aorta. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) is the standard detection method, though it entails complications and side-effects. The aim of the present study was to compare Computed Tomography (CT) angiography with DSA for diagnosing aortic coarctation. We performed a cross-sectional study of 15 patients (11 males and four females aged between two and 30 years) referred to Tabriz Shahid Madani Hospital and Imaging Center between August 2005 and February 2006 with suspected aortic coarctation. All patients were subjected to DSA and CT angiography for diagnosis of aortic coarctation. The mean age of the patients was 14.6 years; 11 were male (74.4%) and four (26.6%) were female. The DSA and CT angiography results were comparable in all patients in terms of diagnosis and the detection of complications, particularly cardiovascular complications. However, CT angiography was less time-consuming to perform than DSA (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, CT angiography, comparableto DSA, diagnosed coarctation of aorta in all the patients. However, CT angiography is a non-invasive, cost effective procedure that takes significantly less time to carry out than DSA. Therefore, CT angiography is recommended as an appropriate method for diagnosing the coarctation of aorta.  相似文献   

19.
This study aims at assessing the relation between hypoalbuminemia and inhospital mortality in patients with acute stroke. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 112 consecutively admitted patients with first acute stroke in Ahvaz Jundishapur Hospital were enrolled. All patients hospitalized for 7-9 days or expired in this period of time. Admission hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin < 3.5 mg dL(-) as well as other prognostic factors were determined and compared between the two groups. One hundred and twelve patients, 74 males and 38 females with the mean age of 69.2 +/- 12.1 (66-79) years were enrolled. Twenty nine (25.9%) patients expired during the hospitalization. Totally, admission hypoal buminemia was present in 49 (43.8%) patients. 43% of the patients were Hypoalbuminemia. Frequency of patients with admission hypoalbuminemia and is chemic heart disease was significantly higher in the nonsurvivors (75.8-32.5%, p = 0.001; 34.5 vs. 16.9%, p = 0.047, respectively). The mean Glasgow Coma Scale score was significantly lower in the nonsurvivors (8.1 +/- 1.8 vs. 9.4 +/- 0.5, p = 0.003). These three parameters remained significant in multivariate analysis. Sex, age, history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, anemia, heart failure and smoking habit, admission atrial fibrillation, ethnicity and stroke type were comparable between the two groups. In conclusion, hypoalbuminemia is an independent predictor of inhospital mortality in patients with acute stroke.  相似文献   

20.
The vitamin A status of 101 pregnant women attending clinic at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH), Calabar, Nigeria was assessed based on 24 h dietary recall, serum retinol concentration, history of night blindness, physical appearance and clinical eye signs. The study revealed that the mean dietary vitamin A intake of the respondents (2645.31 +/- 188.91 microg RE) and their mean serum retinol concentration (31.18 +/- 2.94 microg dL(-1)) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the FAO/WHO recommended intake and cutoff level for VAD. No case of night blindness, physical signs and symptoms, or clinical eye signs attributable to VAD was observed. There was a significant (p < 0.01) correlation between the amount of 24 h vitamin A intake of the women and their serum retinol concentration (r = 0.31). Also, women who had above 50% of their vitamin A intake from provitamin A sources had a significantly (p < 0.05) lower serum retinol concentration (23.10 +/- 21.12 microg dL(-1)) than those who had above 50% intake from preformed sources (49.54 +/- 42.63 microg dL(-1)) and those with about equal intake from both sources (55.75 +/- 30.80 microg dL(-1)). There was a significant (p < 0.05) and steady decline in serum retinol concentration in the women from the first trimester (37.79 +/- 6.65 microg dL(-1)), through the second trimester (35.12 +/- 4.72 microg dL(-1)), to the third trimester (21.54 +/- 1.46 microg dL(-1)) of pregnancy.  相似文献   

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