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1.
Endoscopically Assisted Annular Ligament Release in Horses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ALAN J. NIXON BVSc MS Diplomate ACVS REW E. SAMS DVM NORM G. DUCHARME dmv msc Diplomate acvs 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1993,22(6):501-507
An endoscopically assisted technique for internally dividing the palmar or plantar annular ligament was developed in six cadaver limb specimens and two anesthetized horses. Under arthroscopic view, a slotted cannula was inserted into the digital sheath through a stab wound proximal to the annular ligament and advanced through the fetlock canal superficial to the flexor tendons with the slot oriented toward the fibers of the annular ligament. Division of the annular ligament by 90-degree tipped open and guarded blades was observed and verified by direct arthroscopic view. At necropsy, complete division of the annular ligament without iatrogenic damage to the neurovascular structures was confirmed by dissection. Annular ligament division was performed in seven horses with complex tenosynovitis conditions. Tenoscopic examination and removal of tendon and digital sheath adhesions, masses, and bands was followed by endoscopically assisted annular ligament transection. At follow-up, five horses were sound athletes without recurrent digital sheath problems, one horse had residual lameness, and one horse was still convalescing. 相似文献
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3.
Objective: To describe partial removal of the intrathecal component of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis unresponsive to conventional therapy, and to report long‐term outcome. Study Design: Case series. Animals: Horses (n=4). Methods: Four horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis were treated by surgical tenectomy of the intrathecal component of the DDFT, followed by stabilization in casts and subsequent corrective shoeing. All horses were previously managed unsuccessfully with combinations of conventional therapy consisting of systemic antibiotics, through and through tendon sheath lavage/open drainage, regional limb perfusions, tenoscopy with debridement and transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament, and intrathecal antibiotics. Results: Time from initial injury/diagnosis to tenectomy ranged from 10 to 210 days. Mean hospitalization time after surgery was 82 days. Long‐term follow‐up (>1.5 years; mean, 3.8 years) was available. All 4 horses were able to walk comfortably at pasture and were used as broodmares. Conclusions: Intrathecal tenectomy is a viable surgical procedure for treatment of chronic septic tenosynovitis of the digital sheath that is complicated by septic tendonitis of the DDFT. 相似文献
4.
Proximal digital annular ligament (PDAL) desmitis occurs in horses for which PDAL desmotomy is the only reported treatment. The presented work aims to develop a technique for safely performing PDAL desmotomy in horses. Twenty hind limbs and 13 forelimbs, harvested from horses dead or euthanized for reasons unrelated to any structure in the pastern region, were used. All horses were free of disease at the level of their PDAL. Proximal digital annular ligament desmotomy was performed using a minimally invasive approach to the digital flexor tendon sheath between the palmar (plantar) annular ligament and the PDAL, using a medial or a lateral access. Limbs were immediately dissected after the procedure to assess the completeness of the PDAL desmotomy and any possible damage to surrounding structures. The PDAL was successfully transected in all limbs except one. Damage to the surrounding tissue included transection of the palmar digital nerve (n = 1), longitudinal tear of the superficial digital flexor tendon (n = 3), and transection of the ligament of the ergot (n = 21). A medial approach was found to be safer than a lateral approach. In conclusion, PDAL desmotomy can be performed in a safe, repeatable, and technically easy way. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of a standardized technique for performing a PDAL desmotomy in the horse. 相似文献
5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of horses with "complex" digital tenosynovitis treated by tenoscopic proximal annular ligament desmotomy and resection of synovial masses or adhesions, or both, within the digital sheath. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Twenty-five horses with a clinical and ultrasonographic diagnosis of palmar or plantar proximal annular ligament constriction and ultrasonographic evidence of synovial masses or adhesions within the digital tendon sheath. METHODS: Each horse had tenoscopic surgery for annular ligament desmotomy combined with adhesiolysis and/or synovial mass resection. Mean follow-up time was 3.4 years. Spearman's rank correlation was used to assess the relationship between functional outcome or cosmetic results and preoperative variables including duration of clinical signs, digital sheath synovial fluid total protein concentration and nucleated cell count, thickness of the palmar or plantar proximal annular ligament (PAL), severity of adhesions, severity of synovial masses, degree of synovial distention, or limb affected. RESULTS: A total of 18 (72%) horses returned to athletic soundness, 4 were improved but not sound, and 3 were not improved. Cosmetic outcome was normal in 10 horses, improved but not normal in 12, and not improved in 3 horses. Cosmetic and functional outcome were significantly adversely affected by the duration of clinical signs and the severity of synovial masses. CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate tenoscopic surgical attention, horses with complex tenosynovitis syndrome characterized by synovial masses, adhesions, or both adhesions and masses, and PAL constriction, have a good prognosis for return to athletic soundness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with PAL constriction and additional digital tendon sheath pathology such as adhesions and synovial masses have a 72% chance of returning to sound athletic performance, however 60% of horses retain some degree of cosmetic blemish in the affected limb. There is an inverse relationship between the duration of clinical signs and outcome, and therefore, prompt surgical attention is advised. 相似文献
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The diagnosis of restriction of free movement of the flexor tendons through the fetlock canal usually rests on the characteristic clinical appearance of this condition, or airtendography. In a series of seven normal Warmblood horses and 16 diseased horses of various breeds, the efficacy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of this condition was determined. In normal limbs, the annular ligament is a very thin structure usually not visible on sonograms. In diseased limbs, ultrasonography outlined flexor tendon injury, distension and thickening of the digital sheath, peritendovaginal tissue proliferation and thickening of the annular ligament. Four different types of constriction syndrome were noticed. The first type (nine cases), was characterised by thickening of the annular ligament and distension of the digital sheath; the second type (three cases) was dominated by distension of the digital sheath; the third type (three cases) was characterised by superficial digital flexor tendon injury and thickening of the annular ligament and in the fourth type (one case), the constriction resulted from distension of the digital sheath and extensive peritendovaginal tissue proliferation. 相似文献
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Desmitis of the fetlock annular ligament was diagnosed in 30 horses during a period of eight years. Most of the horses had been lame for a prolonged period and had chronically distended digital flexor tendon sheaths. Air tendograms demonstrated thickened palmar or plantar annular ligaments. In 25 horses the ligament was cut longitudinally; of these, 16 horses returned to full work without any difficulty and one became sound after a second operation. Follow up time varied from three months to seven-and-a-half years. None of the five untreated horses returned to work. 相似文献
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Reasons for performing study: Annular ligament desmotomy is commonly performed in horses with chronic tenosynovitis. Previously reported tenoscopic techniques have limitations related to haemorrhage and awkward instrumentation. Radiofrequency (RF) energy affords precision and excellent haemostasis and may be a good alternative to sharp transection of the annular ligament in horses. Objective: To describe a technique for using a RF probe for tenoscopic‐guided annular ligament desmotomy and to report the clinical outcome of horses in which it was performed. Methods: Cadaver specimens (n = 14) and live horses undergoing unrelated terminal procedures (n = 2) were used to optimise the tenoscopic‐guided RF annular ligament desmotomy technique. Records were examined for all horses undergoing annular ligament desmotomy with an RF probe from 2003 to 2008 for which follow‐up of >1 year post operatively was available. Results: The annular ligament was successfully transected in the cadaver and live horse model limbs using 2 different commercially available RF probes. Complete transection was achieved with practice and confirmed on gross dissection. Histopathology did not reveal any collateral damage to surrounding tissue. Follow‐up of >1 year was available for 6 of 7 clinical cases. Four of 6 horses returned to work. Owners were satisfied with the outcome in all cases. Conclusions: Desmotomy using a RF probe allows precise tissue transection under tenoscopic guidance without damage to surrounding structures or haemorrhage. With experience, it is an easily performed technique. In clinical patients, an acceptable outcome may be expected. Potential relevance: Tenoscopic‐guided RF annular ligament desmotomy offers advantages, including reliable haemostasis and precise tissue transection, over previously reported techniques and is a viable surgical alternative for treating horses with annular ligament desmitis and other complex pathology within the tendon sheath. 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Inflammation of the digital flexor tendon sheaths is a chronic and nebulous condition often unresponsive to medical and surgical treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of longitudinal tears (LT) as the underlying cause of chronic tenosynovitis and annular ligament constriction syndrome (ALCS) in warmblood horses. METHODS: The records of 25 horses with chronic tenosynovitis and ALCS in which tenoscopical inspection of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) was performed between 1999-2000 were reviewed. Of 25 horses, 17 were diagnosed with an LT in the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). All horses had a history of distension of the DFTS and/or signs of an ALCS. All cases presented typical signs of a chronic inflamed DFTS on ultrasonography and 11 horses showed ultrasonographic changes (echogenic material or an irregular outlining) at the lateral or medial border of the DDFT. The diagnosis of LTs of the DDFT was established in all cases by tenoscopy. Surgical treatment consisted of removal of the torn collagen fibrils using a mechanical resector and decompressing the fetlock canal by a transection of the palmar annular ligament (PAL) using a hook knife under tenoscopic control. RESULTS: Ten horses became sound and resumed their previous level of work, 3 horses remained lame, 4 horses returned to previous level of work but needed intrasynovial treatment of the DFTS and reduced competition frequency to remain sound. CONCLUSIONS: Horses presented with chronic inflamed DFTS and/or ALCS might suffer from LTs in the DDFT; however, the diagnosis cannot be established with absolute certainty using only ultrasonography. Longitudinal tears should be suspected if ultrasonographic changes are present lateral or medial to the border of the DDFT but tenoscopical examination of the tendon sheath is essential to establish an accurate diagnosis and an effective treatment. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The presence of these LTs might explain why some cases of chronic tenosynovitis of the digital flexor tendon sheath and/or ALCS do not respond on surgical transection of the PAL alone without tenoscopy. 相似文献
10.
Over a period of 16 years, 26 horses were treated for open fractures involving the splint bones. Treatment consisted of surgical excision of fracture fragments and sequestra, and curettage of infected and unhealthy tissues. The splint bone distal to the fracture was removed in nine horses in which the attachment of the splint bone to the cannon bone via the interosseous ligament did not provide adequate stability. In two horses it was considered necessary to stabilise the proximal fragment by internal fixation and infection developed in both of them; one of these horses was destroyed on humane grounds. In the other 25 horses an excellent result was obtained in terms of cosmetic appearance and return to soundness. 相似文献
11.
Grewal JS McClure SR Booth LC Evans RB Caston SS 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2004,225(12):1881-1888
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the podotrochlear apparatus in horses by use of standardized measurements and identify soft tissue changes associated with navicular syndrome. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 7 clinically normal horses and 28 horses with navicular syndrome. PROCEDURE: The feasibility of identifying and measuring the soft tissue structures of the podotrochlear apparatus ultrasonographically via the transcuneal approach was assessed in 2 additional horses without navicular syndrome; both horses were euthanatized, and the structures identified ultrasonographically were confirmed at necropsy. Ultrasonographs were obtained in the study horses. Objective and subjective data were obtained to characterize ultrasonographic changes associated with navicular syndrome. RESULTS: Abnormalities of the flexor surface of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, the impar ligament, the distal digital annular ligament, deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and the podotrochlear (navicular) bursa were assessed via the transcuneal ultrasonographic approach. No significant differences were found between the measurements of the podotrochlear apparatus in normal horses and those with navicular syndrome; however, important subjective differences were detected ultrasonographically in horses with navicular syndrome. In horses with navicular syndrome, ultrasonographic findings were indicative of navicular bursitis, dystrophic mineralization of the DDFT and impar ligament, tendonitis and insertional tenopathy of the DDFT, desmitis of the impar ligament, and cortical changes in the flexor surface of the navicular bone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings of ultrasonographic evaluation of the hoof appear to be useful in determining the cause of caudal heel pain and characterizing the components of navicular syndrome in horses. 相似文献
12.
Endoscopy of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath in Horses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An arthroscopic procedure for examination of the digital flexor tendons and tendon sheath was developed in 16 equine limbs and 12 horses. Distension of the tendon sheath and insertion of the arthroscope was accomplished through a cul-de-sac on the palmar or plantar surface of the tendon sheath 1 to 2 cm palmar or plantar to the digital neurovascular structures and between the annular ligament and proximal digital annular ligament. A single arthroscope entry point allowed examination of all regions of the tendon sheath cavity and most surfaces of the digital flexor tendons within the sheath. Distal to the fetlock, surgical procedures could be performed through additional entry portals on the lateral, medial, or palmar surfaces of the tendon sheath. The palmar digital vessels and nerves were avoided by palmar placement of the instrument incisions and insertion of a needle before incising the skin. The fetlock canal and proximal regions of the tendon sheath were examined by redirecting the arthroscope. Flexion of the fetlock aided passage of the arthroscope into the proximal tendon sheath regions. Evaluation of the palmar surface of the superficial digital flexor tendon was limited by the midline attachment of the tendon sheath, otherwise the surfaces of the tendons and tendon sheath could be examined with 25 degrees and 70 degrees arthroscopes. The tendon sheath was more tightly invested to the tendons in the proximal regions, limiting the arthroscope movements and second instrument access. 相似文献
13.
LIARA M. GONZALEZ MICHAEL C. SCHRAMME IAN D. ROBERTSON DONALD E. THRALL RICH W. REDDING 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2010,51(4):404-414
Lameness originating from the metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (MP) joint has a significant effect on the use and athletic competitiveness of a horse. The identification of the cause of lameness originating from the MP joint can be challenging, given the limitations of radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Our purpose was to describe the injury types and incidence in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies from 40 horses with lameness attributable to the MP joint region where it was not possible to reach a clinically plausible diagnosis using other imaging modalities. Horses were examined in a 1.5 T magnet (Siemens Medical Solutions) under general anesthesia. The frequency of occurrence of MR lesions was subchondral bone injury (19), straight or oblique distal sesamoidean desmitis (13), articular cartilage injury and osteoarthritis (eight), suspensory branch desmitis (seven), osteochondral fragmentation (seven), proximal sesamoid bone injury (seven), intersesamoidean desmitis (four), deep digital flexor tendonitis (four), collateral desmitis (three), superficial digital flexor tendonitis (two), enostosis‐like lesions of the proximal phalanx or MCIII (two), desmitis of the palmar annular ligament (one), desmitis of the proximal digital annular ligament (one), and dystrophic calcification of the lateral digital extensor tendon (one). Twenty‐five horses had multiple MR abnormalities. MRI provided information that was complementary to radiography, ultrasonography, and nuclear scintigraphy and that allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of all structures in the MP joint region and a diagnosis in all 40 horses. 相似文献
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Objective— To describe a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath for desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon. Study Design— The surgical procedure was developed with use of normal forelimbs from equine cadavers and experimental horses. Animals or Sample Population— Twelve equine cadaveric forelimbs, 4 forelimbs from 2 horses anesthetized for terminal surgical laboratories, and 10 forelimbs from five experimental horses were used. Methods— The limbs were positioned lateral side up with the carpus slightly flexed. After distention of the carpal sheath, a portal was made approximately 2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis for arthroscope insertion. An instrument portal was made approximately 0.2 cm proximal to the distal radial physis. After flexion of the limb to 90°, the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon was palpated and desmotomy was performed. Cadaveric limbs were dissected to confirm complete desmotomy. Experimental horses were monitored for short- (perioperative) and long- (4 weeks) term postoperative complications. Results— A tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath provided adequate surgical access to the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for desmotomy. Most of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be easily seen within the sheath, except for the proximal 2 cm that could be readily palpated and subsequently transected. Important technical considerations were location of the arthroscope portal, adequate sheath distention, limb flexion to 90°, and desmotomy location. It was beneficial, but apparently not essential, to avoid the proximal perforating vessel. Postoperatively, some horses had swelling but were not lame and had normal range of motion of the carpus. Conclusions— Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon could be performed by using a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath. Clinical Relevance— Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon by using a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath is an alternative technique to the medial incisional approach. 相似文献
15.
Restriction of free movement of the flexor tendons through the fetlock canal results in lameness. The commonest cause was chronic synovitis of the digital sheath. The condition is characterised by an unremitting lameness, synovial distension and a notch on the caudal aspect of the limb. The condition can be relieved by section of the annular ligament of the fetlock. In a series of 24 cases 16 horses returned to work with no recurrence of lameness, three cases were lost to follow up and five animals remained lame; three of these had intercurrent disease. 相似文献
16.
Vanderperren K Ghaye B Snaps FR Saunders JH 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(5):631-638
OBJECTIVE: To determine the detailed computed tomography (CT) anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in healthy horses. SAMPLE POPULATION: 10 cadaveric forelimbs from 10 adult horses without orthopedic disease. PROCEDURES: CT of the MCP joint was performed on 4 forelimbs. In 1 of the limbs, CT was also performed after intra-articular injection of 30 mL of contrast medium (40 mg of iodine/mL). Transverse slices 1-mm thick were obtained, and sagittal and dorsal planes were reformatted with a slice thickness of 2 mm. The CT images were matched with corresponding anatomic slices from 6 additional forelimbs. RESULTS: The third metacarpal bone, proximal sesamoid bones, and proximal phalanx could be clearly visualized. Common digital extensor tendon; accessory digital extensor tendon; lateral digital extensor tendon; superficial digital flexor tendon (including manica flexoria); deep digital flexor tendon; branches of the suspensory ligament (including its attachment); extensor branches of the suspensory ligament; collateral ligaments; straight, oblique, and cruciate distal sesamoidean ligaments; intersesamoidean ligament; annular ligament; and joint capsule could be seen. Collateral sesamoidean ligaments and short distal sesamoidean ligaments could be localized but not at all times clearly identified, whereas the metacarpointersesamoidean ligament could not be identified. The cartilage of the MCP joint could be assessed on the postcontrast sequence. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CT of the equine MCP joint can be of great value when results of radiography and ultrasonography are inconclusive. Images obtained in this study may serve as reference for CT of the equine MCP joint. 相似文献
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MATTHEW T. BROKKEN ROBERT K. SCHNEIDER SARAH N. SAMPSON RUSSELL L. TUCKER PATRICK R. GAVIN CHARLES P. HO 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2007,48(6):507-517
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging abnormalities in horses with lameness localized to the proximal metacarpal or metatarsal region have not been described. To accomplish that, the medical records of 45 horses evaluated with MR imaging that had lameness localized to either the proximal metacarpal or metatarsal region were reviewed. Abnormalities observed in the proximal suspensory ligament or the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon included abnormal high signal, enlargement, or alteration in shape. Twenty-three horses had proximal suspensory ligament desmitis (13 hindlimb, 10 forelimb). Sixteen horses had desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One horse had desmitis of the proximal suspensory ligament and the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon on the same limb and one horse had desmitis of the proximal suspensory ligament on one forelimb and desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon on the other forelimb. Four horses did not have abnormalities in the proximal suspensory ligament or accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. Eighty percent of horses with forelimb proximal suspensory ligament desmitis and 69% of horses with hindlimb proximal suspensory ligament desmitis returned to their intended use. Sixty-three percent of horses with desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon were able to return to their intended use. MR imaging is a valuable diagnostic modality that allows diagnosis of injury in horses with lameness localized to the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions. The ability to accurately diagnose the source of lameness is important in selecting treatment that will maximize the chance to return to performance. 相似文献
18.
S. Dyson 《Equine Veterinary Education》2014,26(10):538-542
The accessory ligament of the hindlimb suspensory ligament arises from the plantar aspect of the calcaneus and fourth tarsal bones and blends with the suspensory ligament in the proximal aspect of the metatarsus. The accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament of both hindlimbs of 12 mature horses, with no history of hindlimb lameness, was assessed ultrasonographically. The ligament comprised linear parallel echoes which were consistently shorter than those of the lateral digital flexor tendon; the dorsal and plantar borders were parallel. Lameness associated with injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament was identified in 6 of 8 lame hindlimbs of 5 horses, unilaterally in 4 horses and bilaterally in one horse. In all horses there was concurrent proximal suspensory desmopathy. There was localised oedematous swelling on the distal medial aspect of the chestnut extending distally in 2 horses. Lameness was best identified when the horses were ridden. Perineural analgesia of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve abolished lameness in 3 horses but perineural analgesia of the tibial nerve was required to abolish lameness in the hindlimb with injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament in 2 horses. Injury of the accessory ligament of the suspensory ligament was characterised by marked decrease in echogenicity of the ligament and loss of parallel alignment of the linear echoes, which were shorter than normal in longitudinal images. 相似文献
19.
Frees KE Lillich JD Gaughan EM DeBowes RM 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(12):1823-1827
OBJECTIVE: To determine history, physical and diagnostic examination findings, medical treatment, and outcome of horses with open injuries to the digital flexor tendon sheath treated with the assistance of tenoscopy. DESIGN: Betrospective study. ANIMALS: 20 horses. PROCEDURE: Medical records of 20 horses with open injuries to the digital flexor tendon sheath were reviewed. Signalment, history, physical and diagnostic examination results, bacteriologic culture and susceptibility testing results, surgical and medical treatments, and follow-up examination results were determined. Outcome was determined by use of telephone interview or physical examination. RESULTS: All horses were treated with tenoscopic-assisted lavage and debridement. Eighteen horses survived, and 2 were euthanatized during treatment. All horses were either grade-4 or grade-5 lame before treatment. Ten horses returned to previous use. Four horses were considered mildly lame and in athletic use. Three horses were considered mechanically lame and are in use with reduced expectations. One horse was lost to follow-up after being sold. One horse was euthanatized for financial reasons and 1 because of complications from regional sepsis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Tenoscopy appears to be a useful modality in the treatment of open injury to the digital flexor tendon sheath in horses. Direct viewing, guided debridement, and targeted large-volume lavage are advantages obtained with intrathecal arthroscopy. Tenoscopy, when combined with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatment, appears to offer a good chance of survival for affected horses. 相似文献
20.
OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate a technique for radical resection of the entire intrathecal component of the common digital extensor tendon (CDET) in horses. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS OR SAMPLE POPULATION: Seven client-owned horses. METHODS: Seven horses with wounds that resulted in septic tenosynovitis of the CDET sheath were treated by complete surgical resection of the affected tendon and ablation of the tendon sheath; 5 had previous surgery that was unsuccessful. Time from initial injury to complete resection was 1-22 weeks. In 6 horses, the wound was closed primarily using a closed suction (4 horses), penrose (1), or passive open drainage system (1). In 1 horse, the surgical wound healed by second intention. All horses had postoperative bandaging, antibiotic administration, and physiotherapy. RESULTS: Surgical wounds healed primarily in 6 horses and by second intention in 1 horse. Follow-up (mean, 26.4 months; range, 18-38 months) was available for 6 horses; all returned to their athletic performance level without lameness or gait abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Complete resection of the CDET was an effective surgical technique for management of chronic septic tenosynovitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Horses with infection of the CDET and its sheath may be returned to long-term soundness without gait abnormality after radical resection. 相似文献