共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
McPherson JP Lemmers B Chahwan R Pamidi A Migon E Matysiak-Zablocki E Moynahan ME Essers J Hanada K Poonepalli A Sanchez-Sweatman O Khokha R Kanaar R Jasin M Hande MP Hakem R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5678):1822-1826
Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease has been implicated in the rescue of stalled replication forks and the resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates in yeast. We used gene targeting to study the physiological requirements of Mus81 in mammals. Mus81-/- mice are viable and fertile, which indicates that mammalian Mus81 is not essential for recombination processes associated with meiosis. Mus81-deficient mice and cells were hypersensitive to the DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C but not to gamma-irradiation. Remarkably, both homozygous Mus81-/- and heterozygous Mus81+/- mice exhibited a similar susceptibility to spontaneous chromosomal damage and a profound and equivalent predisposition to lymphomas and other cancers. These studies demonstrate a critical role for the proper biallelic expression of the mammalian Mus81 in the maintenance of genomic integrity and tumor suppression. 相似文献
2.
Most organisms rely on interhomolog crossovers (COs) to ensure proper meiotic chromosome segregation but make few COs per chromosome pair. By monitoring repair events at a defined double-strand break (DSB) site during Caenorhabditis elegans meiosis, we reveal mechanisms that ensure formation of the obligate CO while limiting CO number. We find that CO is the preferred DSB repair outcome in the absence of inhibitory effects of other (nascent) recombination events. Thus, a single DSB per chromosome pair is largely sufficient to ensure CO formation. Further, we show that access to the homolog as a repair template is regulated, shutting down simultaneously for both CO and noncrossover (NCO) pathways. We propose that regulation of interhomolog access limits CO number and contributes to CO interference. 相似文献
3.
Crismani W Girard C Froger N Pradillo M Santos JL Chelysheva L Copenhaver GP Horlow C Mercier R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6088):1588-1590
The number of meiotic crossovers (COs) is tightly regulated within a narrow range, despite a large excess of molecular precursors. The factors that limit COs remain largely unknown. Here, using a genetic screen in Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified the highly conserved FANCM helicase, which is required for genome stability in humans and yeasts, as a major factor limiting meiotic CO formation. The fancm mutant has a threefold-increased CO frequency as compared to the wild type. These extra COs arise not from the pathway that accounts for most of the COs in wild type, but from an alternate, normally minor pathway. Thus, FANCM is a key factor imposing an upper limit on the number of meiotic COs, and its manipulation holds much promise for plant breeding. 相似文献
4.
During meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA replication occurs 1. 5 to 2 hours before recombination initiates by DNA double-strand break formation. We show that replication and recombination initiation are directly linked. Blocking meiotic replication prevented double-strand break formation in a replication-checkpoint-independent manner, and delaying replication of a chromosome segment specifically delayed break formation in that segment. Consequently, the time between replication and break formation was held constant in all regions. We suggest that double-strand break formation occurs as part of a process initiated by DNA replication, which thus determines when meiotic recombination initiates on a regional rather than a cell-wide basis. 相似文献
5.
Meiotic recombination in budding yeast requires two RecA-related proteins, Rad51 and Dmc1, both of which form filaments on DNA capable of directing homology search and catalyzing formation of homologous joint molecules (JMs) and strand exchange. With use of a separation-of-function mutant form of Rad51 that retains filament-forming but not JM-forming activity, we show that the JM activity of Rad51 is fully dispensable for meiotic recombination. The corresponding mutation in Dmc1 causes a profound recombination defect, demonstrating Dmc1's JM activity alone is responsible for meiotic recombination. We further provide biochemical evidence that Rad51 acts with Mei5-Sae3 as a Dmc1 accessory factor. Thus, Rad51 is a multifunctional protein that catalyzes recombination directly in mitosis and indirectly, via Dmc1, during meiosis. 相似文献
6.
Weller GR Kysela B Roy R Tonkin LM Scanlan E Della M Devine SK Day JP Wilkinson A d'Adda di Fagagna F Devine KM Bowater RP Jeggo PA Jackson SP Doherty AJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5587):1686-1689
In eukaryotic cells, double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA are generally repaired by the pathway of homologous recombination or by DNA nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Both pathways have been highly conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, but no equivalent NHEJ system has been identified in prokaryotes. The NHEJ pathway requires a DNA end-binding component called Ku. We have identified bacterial Ku homologs and show that these proteins retain the biochemical characteristics of the eukaryotic Ku heterodimer. Furthermore, we show that bacterial Ku specifically recruits DNA ligase to DNA ends and stimulates DNA ligation. Loss of these proteins leads to hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation in Bacillus subtilis. These data provide evidence that many bacteria possess a DNA DSB repair apparatus that shares many features with the NHEJ system of eukarya and suggest that this DNA repair pathway arose before the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages diverged. 相似文献
7.
Zarrin AA Del Vecchio C Tseng E Gleason M Zarin P Tian M Alt FW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5810):377-381
Antibody class switching in activated B cells uses class switch recombination (CSR), which joins activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent double-strand breaks (DSBs) within two large immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus switch (S) regions that lie up to 200 kilobases apart. To test postulated roles of S regions and AID in CSR, we generated mutant B cells in which donor Smu and accepter Sgamma1 regions were replaced with yeast I-SceI endonuclease sites. We found that site-specific I-SceI DSBs mediate recombinational IgH locus class switching from IgM to IgG1 without S regions or AID. We propose that CSR evolved to exploit a general DNA repair process that promotes joining of widely separated DSBs within a chromosome. 相似文献
8.
Chen HT Bhandoola A Difilippantonio MJ Zhu J Brown MJ Tai X Rogakou EP Brotz TM Bonner WM Ried T Nussenzweig A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,290(5498):1962-1965
Genetic disorders affecting cellular responses to DNA damage are characterized by high rates of translocations involving antigen receptor loci and increased susceptibility to lymphoid malignancies. We report that the Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein (NBS1) and histone gamma-H2AX, which associate with irradiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), are also found at sites of VDJ (variable, diversity, joining) recombination-induced DSBs. In developing thymocytes, NBS1 and gamma-H2AX form nuclear foci that colocalize with the T cell receptor alpha locus in response to recombination activating gene (RAG) protein-mediated VDJ cleavage. Our results suggest that surveillance of T cell receptor recombination intermediates by NBS1 and gamma-H2AX may be important for preventing oncogenic translocations. 相似文献
9.
基因组编辑技术及其安全管理 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
基因组编辑技术利用核酸酶对生物体内的DNA双链进行断裂,并以非同源末端连接或同源重组的方式对基因组DNA特定位点进行突变、缺失或者基因的插入与替换。锌指核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶、成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列是目前基因组编辑技术应用中的3种关键核酸酶。基因组编辑技术已在植物基因功能、育种等领域广泛应用,特别是基于成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列的基因编辑技术CRISPR-Cas9。具有优良性状的基因组编辑大豆、玉米等产品已逐步从实验室走向田间,基因组编辑作物展现了较传统转基因作物更为优越的应用前景。本文简要概述了主要使用的3种基因组编辑技术及其原理。对这些技术的优缺点进行了分析,并依据物种分类梳理了利用上述3种技术在动物、植物中突变体建立、基因功能研究、分子育种等方面的研究进展。同时,针对基因编辑产物的产业化应用前景,讨论了基因编辑技术及其产品较传统转基因技术产品的优势,分析了基因编辑技术及其产品可能因脱靶效应而引发的生物安全风险,介绍了美国、欧盟等国家对基因编辑技术及其产品安全管理和商业化应用的政策。文章结合中国现行法规对转基因生物的定义及安全评价(实质等同、个案分析)原则,讨论了基因编辑技术及其产品的安全管理,初步提出了基于传统转基因生物安全评价框架的基因编辑产品的安全评价和管理思路。针对基因编辑产品需要按照个案原则进行评价和管理,安全评价重点开展分子特征及食用安全评价;同时需要针对基因编辑技术的特点建立更加有效、特异的检测新方法,实现对基因编辑产品的有效监测,以促进基因组编辑产品的商业化应用。 相似文献
10.
ATM activation by oxidative stress 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) DNA repair complex and orchestrates signaling cascades that initiate the DNA damage response. Cells lacking ATM are also hypersensitive to insults other than DSBs, particularly oxidative stress. We show that oxidation of ATM directly induces ATM activation in the absence of DNA DSBs and the MRN complex. The oxidized form of ATM is a disulfide-cross-linked dimer, and mutation of a critical cysteine residue involved in disulfide bond formation specifically blocked activation through the oxidation pathway. Identification of this pathway explains observations of ATM activation under conditions of oxidative stress and shows that ATM is an important sensor of reactive oxygen species in human cells. 相似文献
11.
Pawlowski WP Golubovskaya IN Timofejeva L Meeley RB Sheridan WF Cande WZ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5654):89-92
Pairing, synapsis, and recombination are prerequisites for accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis. The phs1 gene in maize is required for pairing to occur between homologous chromosomes. In the phs1 mutant, homologous chromosome synapsis is completely replaced by synapsis between nonhomologous partners. The phs1 gene is also required for installation of the meiotic recombination machinery on chromosomes, as the mutant almost completely lacks chromosomal foci of the recombination protein RAD51. Thus, in the phs1 mutant, synapsis is uncoupled from recombination and pairing. The protein encoded by the phs1 gene likely acts in a multistep process to coordinate pairing, recombination, and synapsis. 相似文献
12.
Yang H Jeffrey PD Miller J Kinnucan E Sun Y Thoma NH Zheng N Chen PL Lee WH Pavletich NP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5588):1837-1848
Mutations in the BRCA2 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 2) tumor suppressor lead to chromosomal instability due to defects in the repair of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination, but BRCA2's role in this process has been unclear. Here, we present the 3.1 angstrom crystal structure of a approximately 90-kilodalton BRCA2 domain bound to DSS1, which reveals three oligonucleotide-binding (OB) folds and a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif. We also (i) demonstrate that this BRCA2 domain binds single-stranded DNA, (ii) present its 3.5 angstrom structure bound to oligo(dT)9, (iii) provide data that implicate the HTH motif in dsDNA binding, and (iv) show that BRCA2 stimulates RAD51-mediated recombination in vitro. These findings establish that BRCA2 functions directly in homologous recombination and provide a structural and biochemical basis for understanding the loss of recombination-mediated DSB repair in BRCA2-associated cancers. 相似文献
13.
Mechanism of RAD51-dependent DNA interstrand cross-link repair 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are toxic DNA lesions whose repair in S phase of eukaryotic cells is incompletely understood. In Xenopus egg extracts, ICL repair is initiated when two replication forks converge on the lesion. Dual incisions then create a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in one sister chromatid, whereas lesion bypass restores the other sister. We report that the broken sister chromatid is repaired via RAD51-dependent strand invasion into the regenerated sister. Recombination acts downstream of FANCI-FANCD2, yet RAD51 binds ICL-stalled replication forks independently of FANCI-FANCD2 and before DSB formation. Our results elucidate the functional link between the Fanconi anemia pathway and the recombination machinery during ICL repair. In addition, they demonstrate the complete repair of a DSB via homologous recombination in vitro. 相似文献
14.
ATR homolog Mec1 promotes fork progression,thus averting breaks in replication slow zones 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Budding yeast Mec1, homolog of mammalian ATR, is an essential protein that mediates S-phase checkpoint responses and meiotic recombination. Elimination of Mec1 function leads to genomewide fork stalling followed by chromosome breakage. Breaks do not result from stochastic collapse of stalled forks or other incidental lesions; instead, they occur in specific regions of the genome during a G2 chromosomal transition. Break regions are found to be genetically encoded replication slow zones (RSZs), a newly discovered yeast chromosomal determinant. Thus, Mec1 has important functions in normal S phase and the genome instability of mec1 (and, analogously, ATR-/-) mutants stems from defects in these basic roles. 相似文献
15.
An oncogene-induced DNA damage model for cancer development 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Of all types of DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) pose the greatest challenge to cells. One might have, therefore, anticipated that a sizable number of DNA DSBs would be incompatible with cell proliferation. Yet recent experimental findings suggest that, in both precancerous lesions and cancers, activated oncogenes induce stalling and collapse of DNA replication forks, which in turn leads to formation of DNA DSBs. This continuous formation of DNA DSBs may contribute to the genomic instability that characterizes the vast majority of human cancers. In addition, in precancerous lesions, these DNA DSBs activate p53, which, by inducing apoptosis or senescence, raises a barrier to tumor progression. Breach of this barrier by various mechanisms, most notably by p53 mutations, that impair the DNA damage response pathway allows cancers to develop. Thus, oncogene-induced DNA damage may explain two key features of cancer: genomic instability and the high frequency of p53 mutations. 相似文献
16.
Sobhian B Shao G Lilli DR Culhane AC Moreau LA Xia B Livingston DM Greenberg RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5828):1198-1202
Mutations affecting the BRCT domains of the breast cancer-associated tumor suppressor BRCA1 disrupt the recruitment of this protein to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). The molecular structures at DSBs recognized by BRCA1 are presently unknown. We report the interaction of the BRCA1 BRCT domain with RAP80, a ubiquitin-binding protein. RAP80 targets a complex containing the BRCA1-BARD1 (BRCA1-associated ring domain protein 1) E3 ligase and the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) BRCC36 to MDC1-gammaH2AX-dependent lysine(6)- and lysine(63)-linked ubiquitin polymers at DSBs. These events are required for cell cycle checkpoint and repair responses to ionizing radiation, implicating ubiquitin chain recognition and turnover in the BRCA1-mediated repair of DSBs. 相似文献
17.
Meiotic recombination in yeast: alteration by multiple heterozygosities 总被引：33，自引：0，他引：33
Although meiotic gene conversion has long been known to be accompanied by crossing-over, a direct test of the converse has not been possible. An experiment was designed to determine whether crossing-over is accompanied by gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nine restriction site heterologies were introduced into a 9-kilobase chromosomal interval that exhibits 22 percent crossing-over. Of all the exchange events that occurred, at least 59 percent of meiotic crossovers are accompanied by gene conversion of one or more of the restriction site heterologies. The average gene conversion tract length was 1.5 kilobases. An unexpected result was that the introduction of as few as seven heterozygosities significantly altered the outcome of recombination events, reducing the frequency of crossovers by 50 percent and increasing the number of exceptional tetrads. This alteration results from a second recombination event induced by repair of heteroduplex DNA containing multiple mismatched base pairs. 相似文献
18.
拟南芥减数分裂重组发生的遗传学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
减数分裂是有性生殖物种世代交替的转折点,而减数分裂过程中发生的遗传重组则是遗传变异的源泉,并为有性生物的进化提供了推动力。现已发现许多基因在重组过程中起重要作用。由于重组蛋白的高度保守性,反向遗传学为研究植物重组蛋白的性质及作用提供了充分的证据。本文就近年来对模式植物拟南芥减数分裂中的DNA双链断裂形成与修复以及同源染色体重组交换等重要事件及其相关基因的功能进行了概述,尤其对ZMM家族蛋白在遗传重组中的作用进行了重点介绍。 相似文献
19.
Centromeres are the structural elements of eukaryotic chromosomes that hold sister chromatids together and to which spindle tubules connect during cell division. Centromeres have been shown to suppress meiotic recombination in some systems. In this study yeast strains genetically marked within and flanking a centromere, were used to demonstrate that gene conversion (nonreciprocal recombination) tracts in mitosis can enter into and extend through the centromere. 相似文献
20.
An interspecific hybrid F1 of Cucumis hystrix Chakr. × Cucumis sativus L. (NC4406) was used to establish the developmental sequence and to characterize the male and female gametophytes at cytological level for further understanding of the phylogenic relationship and the mechanism of fertility or sterility in the interspecific hybrid F1. The development of male and female gametophytes was studied through meiotic analysis and paraffin section observation technique, respectively.Meanwhile, the fertility level was assessed through hybrid F1 backcrossing to cultivated cucumber 4406. Variable chromosome confgurations were observed in the pollen mother cells (PMCs) of hybrid F1 at metaphase Ⅰ, e.g., univalents,bivalents, trivalents, quadravalents, etc. At anaphase Ⅰ and Ⅱ, chromosome lagging and bridges were frequently observed as well, which led to the formation of polyads and only a partial number of microspores could develop into fertile pollen grains (about 23.3%). Observations of the paraffin sections showed numerous degenerated and abnormal embryo sacs during the development of female gametophytes, and only 40% of the female gametophytes could develop into normal eight-nuclear megaspore. On an average, 22.8 and 6.3 seeds per fruit could be obtained from the reciprocal backcross. The interspecific hybrid F1 of C. hystrix × NC4406 was partially fertile; however, the meiotic behaviors of hybrid F1 showed a high level of intergenomic recombination between C. hystrix and C. sativus chromosomes, which indicated that it plays an important role for introgression of useful traits from C. hystrix into C. sativus. 相似文献