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3.
Beginning in July 2000 legislation in Lower Saxony restricted the keeping of bull terriers, American Staffordshire terriers, pit bull terriers, and 11 other breeds. Exemption was possible after attending an especially developed test. The tests analyzed for breed predisposition for excessively aggressive signaling or aggressive behavior in inappropriate situations, differences in behavior between breeds, and factors differentiating biting from nonbiting dogs.The test results of 415 dogs were analyzed. The test consisted of a veterinary examination; a learning test; situations of dog-human, dog-environment, and dog-dog contact; and obedience. Escalation in aggressive behavior was scored using a scale of 1-7. No aggressive behavior (1 on the scale) was shown by 38.07% of the dogs, 61.69% showed aggressive behavior scored as 2 to 5 on the scale, and 0.24% bit without previous threatening signals (6 on the scale).Concerning a score of 1 on the scale, pairwise comparison (chi-square test) showed significant differences between bull terriers and American Staffordshire terriers ( P = 0.004), pit bull terriers ( P = 0.01), Doberman pinschers ( P = 0.003), and rottweilers ( P = 0.009). Concerning scores of 2 to 7 on the scale,, no significant differences were found.Ninety-five percent of the animals reacted appropriately in the test situation. Five percent displayed excessive aggressive signaling or aggressive behavior in inappropriate situations. These displays were associated with unusual movements and the dogs' apparent apprehension. Correlation between test results and owners jerking on the leash or misinterpreting their dogs' behavior and dogs trying to elude physical manipulation was found. No significant difference in behavior between breeds was detected.The results show no indication of dangerousness in specific breeds. Justification for specific breed lists in the legislation was not shown. 相似文献
4.
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cold‐pelleting, the length of the fasting period before feeding of the test diet and the nature of die test diet on apparent ileal nitrogen (N) digestibility in the broiler chicken. 2. Four‐week‐old broiler chickens were given a pelleted or non‐pelleted maize/soyabean meal (basal) diet. The birds were starved for 24 h, given a single test meal (25 g) by intubation and killed 4 h after the start of feeding by administration of a barbiturate, to allow sampling of ileal digesta (terminal 15 cm). Cold‐pelleting did not affect apparent ileal N digestibility. 3. Four‐week‐old broiler chickens were fasted for 12 or 24 h and then received a test meal (1 h free access) of either a pelleted soyabean meal or a pelleted meat‐and‐bone meal diet or were continuously fed on one of the two diets. The imposition of a fast did not affect apparent ileal N digestibility. However, a 24 h fasting procedure was preferred, as the between animal variation for apparent ileal N digestibility was lower than for the 12 h fast or for continuous feeding. 4. Four‐week‐old broiler chickens were given either semi‐synthetic starch‐based diets containing maize, wheat bran, meat‐and‐bone meal or fish meal as the sole sources of protein or each of these diets in combination with the basal diet (50:50 on a dry matter basis). With the exception of the maize diet, the apparent ileal N digestibility values calculated by correcting for the digestibility of the basal dietary component were significantly lower than when digestibility was determined directly using a diet in which the respective proteins were the sole protein source. This implies that interactions between the dietary ingredients influence estimates of apparent ileal N digestibility. 相似文献
5.
1. Precise measurements of shell deformation and fracture force were made to examine the destructive and non‐destructive quasi‐static compression tests of egg shell strength. 2. Prediction of shell strength from shell deformation (d) was not greatly improved by combining egg length, diameter and shell thickness with shell deformation. At the equator 54% of the variation in fracture force (F) was accounted for by an equation F = 8467 ‐ 115630i+584166d2 compared with 57% when 13 measured and generated parameters were included (singly and in combination) in the analysis. 3. Cracks changed the deformation by an average of 8% providing the crack was not near the points where force was applied. Cracked eggs could be tested to reduce the bias introduced by eliminating such eggs from experiments. Empirical factors must, however, be established to correct such deformation readings. 4. Use of a hole or rubber on the lower compression surface to stabilise the egg increased the force required to fracture the shell at the upper flat surface Such surfaces are undesirable because the fracture site is biased towards the upper contact point when force is distributed at the lower surface. Shell deformation and its correlation with strength was also reduced. 5. The fracture force predicted by a non‐destructive deformation measurement was greatly affected by the force applied. The optimum test force was 1 kg at the equator. 相似文献
6.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of commercial heartworm antigen tests in dogs harbouring Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae near its distribution limit in South America. A total of 4934 blood samples of adult dogs from Southern Greater Buenos Aires were examined to detect circulating microfilariae in the buffy coat interface between December 2005 and April 2006. Microfilariae were detected in 88 (1.8%) blood samples and all the microfilariae observed were identified as D. immitis by acid phosphatase stain technique. In a first trial, 69 (78.4%) out of the 88 serum were positive by Speed((R)) Diro. Then, a new test was performed over 25 microfilariae-positive serum samples randomly selected among the 88 previously tested samples and using simultaneously Speed((R)) Diro, Witness((R)) Dirofilaria and Snap((R)) 3dx. This second trial showed identical results for the three different tests, in which 19 (76%) samples were positive. Therefore, more than 20% of microfilaremic dogs were antigen negative. The main hypothesis that could explain our finding is a low worm burden in the study area. According to our preliminary results, it is highly recommendable the complementary use of antigen tests and other procedures to obtain an accurate diagnostic near the distribution limit of the parasite. 相似文献
7.
Reasons for performing study: The flexion test is used routinely as part of lameness and prepurchase examinations. However, little is known about the mechanisms that cause a positive response to a flexion test. Objective: To determine which anatomical regions play a role in a positive outcome of a flexion test of the distal aspect of a forelimb in a nonlame horse. Methods: Eight clinically sound Dutch Warmblood horses were subjected to a standardised flexion test (force 250 N, time 60 s) inducing a consistent lameness. To discriminate between different areas of the distal aspect of a forelimb, effects of various nerve blocks on the outcome of the flexion test were investigated. Low palmar digital, palmar at the abaxial aspects of the base of the proximal sesamoids, high palmar, ulnar and low 4‐point nerve blocks were performed. Flexion test induced lameness was scored before and after each nerve block in separate sessions. Results: The low palmar digital nerve blocks and nerve blocks of the palmar nerves at the abaxial aspect of the base of the proximal sesamoid bones had no significant effect on the flexion test induced lameness score. The ulnar, high palmar and, most dramatically, the low 4‐point nerve blocks all caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the flexion test induced lameness score. Conclusions: Anatomical structures (soft tissue nor synovial structures) located distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint appear to contribute only minimally to the outcome of a positive flexion test of the distal aspect of a forelimb in a clinically nonlame horse. The structures in the region of, and including, the metacarpophalangeal joint appear to contribute most to a positive flexion test of the distal aspect of a forelimb in a nonlame horse. Potential relevance: The flexion test of the distal aspect of a forelimb may be sensitive for investigating the metacarpophalangeal joint region in horses free from lameness, but may be less relevant for structures distal to this region. 相似文献
8.
The intradermal tuberculin tests and the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay are the principal tests used worldwide for the ante-mortem diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The conventional reagent currently in use in these tests is purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin obtained from Mycobacterium bovis culture. The components of PPD are poorly characterized and difficult to standardize. To overcome this issue, antigens specific to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex are being studied. Here we have assessed the biological potency of ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv-3615c presented as peptide or recombinant protein cocktails in comparison with the standard bovine PPD used routinely in Spanish eradication campaigns. The study was performed in cattle (n=23) from a herd with natural M. bovis infection. Animals were simultaneously injected with PPD and the peptide and protein cocktails. The percentages of cattle reacting positively to single intradermal test were 60.9% (bovine PPD), 47.8% (peptide cocktail) and 60.9% (protein cocktail), with no significant difference between the actual skin fold thickness increases (p>0.05). The IFN-γ assay detected 60.9% of animals when stimulation was performed with bovine PPD, but decreased to 52.2% when stimulation was performed with the peptide cocktail and to 47.8% when stimulation was performed with the protein cocktail. However, no significant differences were found between IFN-γ responder frequencies (p>0.05). These results show a potential use of these defined reagents for in vivo tuberculosis diagnosis. 相似文献
10.
AIM: To gather information on the repeatability of a faecal nematode egg count (FEC) reduction (FECR) test (FECRT), evaluating both different methods of calculating efficacy and variations within a method, in order to supply veterinarians and other advisors with sufficient information to apply some level of confidence around a diagnosis of anthelmintic resistance based on FECRT results. METHODS: Two commercial sheep farms were selected on the basis of having previously recorded FECR <95% after treatment with ivermectin (Farm 1) or albendazole (Farm 2). On each farm at least 250 lambs, managed as a single mob, were individually ear-tagged and sampled for FEC. The resulting counts were used, 3-4 days later, to sort the lambs into 24 groups of 10. First, the animals were split into three groups of 80, having high, medium or low FEC. Second, within each of these groups the 80 animals were further divided into four replicate mobs of 20 (each with the same mean count). Third, each of these replicates was further split into two groups of 10: those that would be drenched and those that would remain as untreated controls. All animals were again faecal-sampled and those in the drenched groups were dosed, using a syringe, to their individual liveweight, with ivermectin (Farm 1) or albendazole (Farm 2). Ten days after treatment all animals were individually faecal sampled again. FEC and larval cultures were undertaken for all 24 groups from both pre- and post-treatment samples. Efficacy (FECR) of the undifferentiated FECRT was calculated using three different equations, and efficacy by genus was also calculated. RESULTS: Calculated efficacies differed between equations, and the equation which did not utilise an untreated control yielded significantly lower efficacy estimates on both farms. Faecal cultures varied considerably in the proportions of parasite genera recovered. In general, this did not differ between FEC groups, except on Farm 1 where Haemonchus spp were more common and Cooperia spp less common in high-FEC samples. Estimated efficacies against individual genera varied considerably or very little, depending on the level of resistance. On both farms, differing proportions of tests against some genera passed or failed FECRTs based on a threshold pass mark of > or =95% FECR. CONCLUSION: There was considerable variability in the outcomes of FECRTs and in larval culture results. Caution is warranted in interpreting the results of FECRTs when efficacy values fall into the 90-95% range. Further, the possibility of a test returning a false-negative result is raised, indicating that even an efficacy estimated > or =95% may not guarantee the absence of resistant parasites. 相似文献
13.
1. Pullets of 2 high‐producing commercial stocks (both brown‐egg layers) were exposed to 5 different lighting patterns between 18 and 72 weeks to test the hypothesis that photoperiods used in commercial lighting programmes early in the laying year may be unnecessarily long and, by accelerating the development of photorefractoriness, may contribute to the decline in egg production observed after the initial peak. Two rooms of 288 pullets were allocated to each treatment. 2. The rate of lay observed with a Step‐Up treatment which gave increases in photoperiod from 8L:16D at 18 weeks to 15L:9D at 27 weeks of age was not significantly different from that of treatments which held the birds on 11L:13D during peak egg production but gave increments up to 15L:9D later in the laying year. 3. A control group maintained on 11L:13D from 20 to 72 weeks laid 295 eggs per bird housed and a further group held on 8L:16D from 0 to 72 weeks laid 284 eggs per bird. These yields were lower than the Step‐Up treatment (299 eggs) but show the potential of modern hybrid stocks to lay prolifically even without light stimulation. 4. It is concluded that the stocks tested in this experiment showed no advantage when given lighting programmes in the first laying year which were designed to minimise the adverse effects of photorefractoriness. 相似文献
14.
Measures taken on animals are subject to variations and their reliability may represent one of their main limitations when used in a welfare assessment tool. Test–retest reliability refers to the likelihood that the same results will be obtained if the assessment is repeated by the same observer. This study discusses the test–retest reliability of quantitative and qualitative animal-based measures included into the Welfare Quality ® protocol on a sample of 15 intensive conventional farms of growing pigs. An average of 12 months elapsed between the two visits and no changes in management routines or housing conditions were made by the farmers during this interval. A Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test whether the mean results obtained during the two visits were significantly different. Different methods were used to assess repeatability of mean prevalences at farm level: Spearman's correlation coefficient (rs), intra class correlation coefficient (ICC) and limits of agreement (LoA). Moderate bursitis, widespread skin discolouration and positive social behaviour presented mean results significantly different between the two visits ( P<0.05). From a discriminative point of view, only moderately soiled body (rs=0.7; ICC=0.8) and the panic response (rs=0.7; ICC=0.5) were consistent the 12 month period. However, inconsistencies between Spearman's correlation and ICC were found when interpreting the reliability of several quantitative measures such as severely wounded animal and severely soiled body. The Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) was subject to a significant effect of visit, however, the two sets of scores were moderately related on the first axis of the principal component analysis (rs=0.5). A more evaluative approach such as the limits of agreement can be useful to guide the interpretation of test–retest reliability of quantitative measures based on farm averages and to detect farms that present a persistent welfare problem. Unless the assessment relates only to the relative ranking of a farm within the same visit, the QBA is not consistent over the 12 month period. 相似文献
20.
The uterotubal junction (UTJ) and caudal isthmus are recognized as a functional pre-ovulatory sperm reservoir (SR).
Spermatozoa are released from the SR in a complex and concerted action. However, whether this functionality is restricted
only to the ovulatory period is still open to debate. Our study was aimed to analyze the presence of spermatozoa within the
UTJ (SR), isthmus (ISTH) and ampulla (AMP) after laparoscopic intrauterine insemination (LIUI) either in the peri- (PERI) or
post-ovulatory (POST) period or at mid cycle (MID). Each uterine horn of estrus synchronized gilts (n=12) was inseminated
with 20 ml sperm (29.5×10 6 cells/ml). Oviducts were recovered 7 h after LIUI and separated into the UTJ, ISTH and
AMP, and sections were flushed with 10 ml PBS+EDTA solution. After centrifugation, the sperm pellet was evaluated by Čeřovský
staining. The median sperm numbers in the PERI, POST and MID groups were 578, 171 and 789 in the UTJ; 545, 233 and 713 in the
ISTH; and 496, 280 and 926 in the AMP, respectively, and there were differences between the POST and MID groups (P<0.05)
but not between the oviductal sections of each group (P>0.05). Compared with the MID group, the percent of intact sperm
cells was higher (P<0.01) in the PERI and POST groups (32.8 vs. 66.4 and 76.8 %). Also,
the percentages of aberrations in the acrosome and tail were higher (P<0.05) in the MID group. Based on this, it can be
assumed that the sperm reservoir is active during different phases of the estrus cycle. However, the mid-cycle oviduct
environment considerably impairs sperm cell quality. 相似文献
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