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1.
A survey of Theileria parasites in cattle in eastern Turkey was carried out using specific polymerase chain reaction. A total of 252 blood samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle between June and July 2004. Of 252 blood samples examined, 41 (16%) were positive for piroplasms by microscopy, whereas 114 (45%) were positive for the presence of at least one species of Theileria by PCR. The percentages of positive animals for Theileria annulata and benign Theileria species (Theileria sergenti/buffeli/orientalis) were 39% (99/252) and 7% (18/252), respectively. By allele-specific PCR examination of 18 field isolates which were positive for benign Theileria parasites, 8 samples were only amplified by B-type specific primers and 10 samples were amplified by both of the B and C-type specific primers, indicating a mixed infection with B and C-type of the parasite. None of the field isolates was amplified by I-type specific primers. Three samples were co-infected with T. annulata and benign Theileria parasites. Two of them which were infected with B-type parasite were also infected with T. annulata, the other sample which was infected both of B and C-type parasites was also infected with T. annulata. A total of 724 ixodid ticks were collected from the cattle. Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was the dominant species with 32% (230/724) in the region. H. a. excavatum, Boophylus annulatus and Rhipicephalus bursa represented 25% (183/724), 19% (140/724) and 15% (112/724) of the total number of ticks, respectively. R. sanguineus was the minor species and represented 8% (59/724) of the tick population. 相似文献
2.
Blood from sick cattle in Bahrain transmitted piroplasms of Theileria annulata to a splenectomized calf. Larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were infected on the calf and, after moulting, induced clinical theileriosis, associated with numerous schizonts, in the same calf. The animal was cured by specific treatment. Antigenic differences thus shown between piroplasms on the one hand, and sporozoites and schizonts on the other hand, were confirmed in the indirect fluorescent antibody test, as a significant titre to T. annulata piroplasm antigen developed after the inoculation of blood, but to schizont antigen only after the infective ticks had induced the appearance of schizonts. 相似文献
3.
Immunization of cattle with nymphal Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum extracts: effects on tick biology
Antigens derived from partially engorged nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum were used in immunizing crossbred (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) cattle against larval, nymphal and adult H. a. anatolicum and H. dromedarii. The cattle were either infected with Theileria annulata at low parasitaemia or were uninfected. Whole nymphal extract (WNE), nymphal membrane antigens (NMA) and nymphal soluble antigens (NSA) were used for immunization. The group immunized with WNE showed significant and better rejection of H. a. anatolicum ticks as compared to calves immunized with either NMA or NSA. The moulting rates of both engorged larvae and nymphs remained unaffected. Nymphs which engorged on the immunized calves were fully susceptible to infection by T. annulata as indicated by the intensity and abundance of Theileria infections in the resulting adult ticks from immunized and unimmunized Theileria infected cattle. These ticks also transmitted fatal theileriosis to susceptible calves. 相似文献
4.
利用蜱传播试验确定小亚璃眼蜱对中国新分离的牛的巴贝斯虫未定种和环形泰勒虫的传播能力与传播方式，进而明确其在中国牛梨形虫病传播中的流行病学意义。试验结果表明：小亚璃眼蜱可在雌虫阶段受到巴贝斯虫未定种的感染，并可在次代若虫（2／2）和成虫（3／3）阶段将病原传播给试验牛；小亚璃眼蜱幼虫和若虫吸入环形泰勒虫，饱血脱落的幼虫和若虫所蜕化发育的饥饿若虫（2／2）和成虫（2／2）均可将病原传递给敏感动物；感染巴贝斯虫未定种的小亚璃眼蜱饱血雌虫所孵育出的次代幼虫和若虫仍可被环形泰勒虫感染，所发育出的若虫（2／2）和成虫（2／2）可在一次传播试验中将环形泰勒虫和巴贝斯虫未定种同时传播给试验动物。 相似文献
5.
A total of 2388 cattle and 442 shelters, from two provinces (Elazig and Malatya) endemic for tropical theileriosis in the east of Turkey, were studied for Hyalomma tick populations from July 1993 to July 1995 in Elazig and from May 1998 to January 1999 in Malatya. Four thousand five hundred and eighty one of 7455 Hyalomma ticks were collected from cattle, the other ticks (2874) were collected from shelters. All of the ticks collected from shelters were Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Two thousand eight hundred and ninety five (63.1%) of 4581 Hyalomma ticks collected from cattle were H.a. anatolicum. 23.8% (1047/4581), 11.7% (536/4581) and 0.6% (3/4581) of Hyalomma ticks were Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum, respectively. A total of 5909 Hyalomma adult ticks collected from cattle (3362/5909) and shelters (2447/5909) were dissected and salivary glands were stained with Methylgreen/Pyronin method. Thousand one hundred and fifty (46.9%) of 2447 H.a. anatolicum collected from shelters and 412 (19.1%) of 2147 H.a. anatolicum collected from cattle were positive for Theileria infection. Twenty (2.4%) of 820 H.a. excavatum and 23 (4.6%) of 495 H. detritum collected from cattle were positive. The mean number of infected acini per infected male and female ticks collected from cattle were 11.3 and 22.4 in H.a. anatolicum, 4 and 6.8 in H.a. excavatum, 17.9 and 18.3 in H. detritum, respectively. In H.a. anatolicum collected from shelters, the above rates were 11.8 and 17.6 in male and female ticks, respectively. The prevalence and intensity of Theileria infection was greater in female ticks than in males. 相似文献
6.
Razmi GR Ebrahimzadeh E Aslani MR 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2003,50(6):309-310
The aim of this study was to determine the population of ticks in infected cattle and to identify the tick vectors of bovine theileriosis in an endemic area of Iran from 1998 to 1999. A total of 120 suspected cattle suffering from theileriosis were clinically examined and investigated for the presence of Theileria annulata in blood smears and the presence of any tick species on the body of cattle. In this study, 680 ticks were collected from 107 cattle infected with T. annulata. The prevalence of ticks infesting cattle was 92.35% Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, 5.14% H. marginatum marginatum, 1.17% H. asiaticum asiaticum and 1.32% Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The examination of 510 tick salivary glands revealed that 51% of H. a. excavatum and 1.3% of H. a. asiaticum were infected with sporozoites of T. annulata. 相似文献
7.
Sayin F Karaer Z Dincer S Cakmak A Inci A Yukari BA Eren H Vatansever Z Nalbantoglu S Melrose TR 《Veterinary parasitology》2003,113(2):115-121
In this comparative study unfed nymphs of four Hyalomma tick species (Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Hyalomma detritum and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum) were allowed to engorge on calves experimentally infected with Theileria annulata. The infection prevalence in the salivary glands of the adult female and male ticks of each Hyalomma species used in the study were assessed. The infection prevalence with T. annulata was high and did not vary markedly in the four Hyalomma tick species. The mean number of infected acini per tick in female and male ticks was different with female ticks having higher numbers of infected acini than the male ticks. The sex difference was more significant between H.a. anatolicum and H.a. excavatum than between H. detritum and H.m. marginatum. This study clarifies the roles of four Hyalomma tick species, and their sex, in the development of T. annulata. 相似文献
8.
In a series of experiments, sporozoite stabilates of a Theileria lestoquardi (Lahr) and a T. annulata (Ankara) stock prepared from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks, were used to examine the infectivity of both parasite species for sheep and cattle and to study the development of cross-immunity between these parasite species. In the first experiment sheep and cattle were inoculated with T. lestoquardi sporozoites. Surviving animals and naive sheep and cattle were, in the second experiment, inoculated with T. annulata. In the third experiment, naive sheep and sheep previously infected with T. annulata, were inoculated with T. lestoquardi. The following responses to inoculations were monitored: clinical and haematological signs of infection, appearance of parasitic stages of the parasites in lymph node biopsies and in peripheral blood and serological response to T. lestoquardi and T. annulata schizont antigens. While T. lestoquardi readily infected sheep and caused severe disease, it did not infect cattle. On the other hand, T. annulata infected both cattle and sheep. However, whereas cattle became severely affected, infected sheep showed mild clinical symptoms only and piroplasms did not develop. Despite their different behaviour in the host species examined, cross-immunity studies suggested that the parasite species are very closely related. Experiments in sheep indicated that T. lestoquardi infection protected against subsequent T. annulata infection. On the other hand, recovery from T. annulata infection did not prevent infection by sporozoites of T. lestoquardi, resulting in the establishment of schizonts and their subsequent development into piroplasms, although it protected against the major clinical effects of T. lestoquardi infection. 相似文献
9.
The effects of experimental Theileria annulata infection on the i.m. (20 mg/kg) pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline were investigated in crossbred calves. The serum concentration-time curves of oxytetracycline (OTC-LA), before and after experimental infection, were best described by a one-compartment open model. The experimental infection by subcutaneous administration of ground-up tick supernate (GUTS), equivalent to 30 Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with Theileria annulata, produced a clear temperature rise and signs of clinical disease in calves. Subsequently, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leucocyte count and serum Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations decreased after infection. The absorption and elimination half-lives (t1/2 Ka and t1/2 Ke), mean absorbance time (MAT), time to peak concentration (Tmax), mean residence time (MRT), area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC infinity) and the bioavailability (F) were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. The peak serum concentration (Cmax), however, remained unchanged after infection. These changes may necessitate alterations in the dosage regimen of oxytetracycline used to treat Theileria annulata infections in cattle under field conditions. 相似文献
10.
Viseras J Hueli LE Adroher FJ García-Fernández P 《Zentralblatt für Veterin?rmedizin. Reihe B. Journal of veterinary medicine. Series B》1999,46(8):505-509
The role of the ixodid tick Hyalomma lusitanicum Koch 1844 as a vector of Mediterranean or tropical theileriosis (caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria annulata Dschunkowsky et Luhs 1904) in southern Spain was studied. Hyalomma lusitanicum was the most common tick, and the only species of the genus Hyalomma L., found on T. annulata-infected cattle from the theileriosis enzootic area studied (province of Cádiz, southern Spain). Likewise, we found that all sera of the cattle previously considered as suspected of theileriosis by clinical signs, tested for T. annulata antibodies, were positive and all blood samples of these suspected cattle examined had infected erythrocytes. Partially fed H. lusitanicum adults were collected in the field on T. annulata-infected cattle in this enzootic area and fed on an uninfected calf in an experimental farm free of theileriosis and ticks. At approximately 3 weeks post-tick feeding on the calf, this became positive for T. annulata antibodies and T. annulata merozoites were found in erythrocytes from blood smears. These results show the ability of H. lusitanicum to transmit the protozoan parasite T. annulata to susceptible cattle and indicate that H. lusitanicum is probably an important vector of T. annulata in the enzootic area surveyed. 相似文献
11.
The maturation of Theileria annulata in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum stimulated by incubation or feeding to produce sporozoites 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Adult Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks infected with Theileria annulata (Hissar strain) were incubated at 36 degrees C or fed on rabbits. Tick salivary glands were stained whole with methyl green pyronin or ground up and deposited on microscope slides and stained with Giemsa's solution. Separate batches of ticks from both treatments were ground up, centrifuged and filtered to produce sporozoite suspensions. The suspensions were examined as deposits on microscope slides stained with Giemsa's solution. The Theileria in the salivary glands of the fed ticks matured more completely and rapidly than in the incubated ticks. The peak numbers of sporozoites from the fed ticks was greater by at least tenfold than the peak from the incubated ticks. This peak was on the third day of feeding or on the fourth day of incubation. It was confirmed that fed ticks will be more suitable for sporozoite production for infection of cattle and production of stabilates. 相似文献
12.
P Jacquiet M L Dia N M Perié F Jongejan G Uilenberg P C Morel 《Revue d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux》1990,43(4):489-490
A fatal case of bovine theileriosis by Theileria annulata is reported from Mauritania in a Friesian cow born in a dairy farm in Nouakchott. The farm was originally established with cattle imported from France. Specific diagnosis was based on piroplasm morphology and on high specific antibody titres in some of the animals. The only tick found in the herd was Hyalomma dromedarii. Four of 49 local zebus sampled at random in the south of the country had high specific antibody titres to T. annulata, while 14 had lower or doubtful titres. The infection therefore appears to be autochthonous. 相似文献
13.
Methods are described for the production of nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum for later use in transmission experiments with Theileria annulata where the timing of the application of nymphs to infected cattle needs to be accurately controlled. Larvae are fed on the torsos of rabbits where approximately 98% undergo a two-host feeding cycle. This cycle is interrupted 2 days after the first larvae moult into nymphs by killing the rabbits and the nymphs are then collected with a suction pump. Nymphs produced by the interrupted larval feeding method feed well on cattle, in regard to timing of detachment and weight, compared with nymphs produced by interrupted feeding on rabbits. 相似文献
14.
为建立特异、敏感、快速的二温式PCR诊断方法,根据牛环形泰勒虫裂殖子表面抗原(tams1)基因,设计了一对特异性引物,扩增出大小为154bp基因片段,经克隆、测序分析,与已知基因序列的相似性为96%。用建立的牛环形泰勒虫病二温式PCR诊断方法,对从新疆牛环形泰勒虫病流行地区采集的50份全血样品进行诊断,阳性率为88%,而血涂片检出的阳性率只有58%。经试验验证,该方法具有特异性高、敏感性强、重复性和稳定性好等优点。表明本试验所建立的二温式PCR诊断方法可用于牛环形泰勒虫病的临床诊断、隐性感染检测和流行病学调查。 相似文献
15.
G S Miranpuri 《Veterinary parasitology》1986,22(1-2):9-19
Rabbits immunized with purified sporozoites from Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum produced antibody to Theileria annulata specific antigens as measured by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Nonspecific fluorescence which compounded the interpretation of the test was observed. Incorporation of Eriochrome black and Evans blue as a counterstain in the diluent buffer for the conjugate significantly reduced the background fluorescence. 相似文献
16.
Galuppi R Bonoli C Aureli S Cassini R Marcer F Foley JE Tampieri MP 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,183(3-4):364-368
This study was carried out to compare different diagnostic techniques to reveal the presence of piroplasms in asymptomatic cattle kept at pasture. Nineteen blood samples were collected from animals of two different areas of Emilia Romagna Region of Italy and processed for microscopic observation, PCR, serological test (IFAT) for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina antibodies and in vitro cultivation. The cultures were performed on both bovine and ovine erythrocytes. Seventeen blood smears (89%) were positive for piroplasms, while PCR was positive on 18 samples (95%). DNA sequencing of 18S rRNA identified the piroplasms as Theileria spp. In vitro cultures were successful for 6 samples (32%) cultured on bovine blood and subsequent identified these as Babesia major by PCR. On IFAT analyses of 16 samples, 36.8% resulted positive for B. bovis and 31.6% positive for B. bigemina. These results show, in the same animals, the co-infection with Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.; the detection of B. major was possible only using the in vitro cultures. 相似文献
17.
C M Rubaire-Akiiki 《Veterinary parasitology》1990,34(4):273-288
Two Bos taurus calves were made resistant to tick infestation by exposing them to approximately 500 rabbit-reared nymphs of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum twice at a 2-week interval. These two calves, together with a tick-susceptible control calf, were inoculated with a stabilate of Theileria annulata (Ankara). Patent infection resulted in all three calves. Seven-hundred and fifty gerbil-reared nymphs were then applied on each of these calves as well as another tick-susceptible calf that was Theileria free. This infestation was carried out on Day 8 post-inoculation. Ticks that dropped on Day 13 post-inoculation were examined to note the development of T. annulata in them and the histological changes that occurred in the gut and salivary glands. During the second phase of feeding, the gut epithelia of the ticks from the tick-resistant calves were less active. There were no notable differences in the characteristics of the developmental stages of T. annulata between the ticks from the tick-resistant calves and those from the susceptible calf. However, ticks from one calf that acquired a higher level of tick resistance were significantly less susceptible to infection by T. annulata. Bovine tick resistance therefore compromises the vector capacity of H. a. anatolicum and this may be of epidemiological significance in the endemic areas of tropical theileriosis. 相似文献
18.
Lysates prepared from the salivary glands of uninfected Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and from ticks of these species infected with 2 strains of Theileria annulata and 1 strain of T. parva respectively have been examined for enzyme polymorphism using thin layer starch gel electrophoresis. Representative enzymes from 3 of the major metabolic pathways, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway were investigated. Only 1 enzyme, glucose phosphate isomerase, showed differences between the host cell activity and the parasite activity and also inter- and intraspecific differences between the parasites. This technique represents a useful complement to the present histochemical methods for identification of Theileria infections in the salivary glands of ticks. 相似文献
19.
The effect of temperature on the transtadial transmission of Theileria annulata in Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was studied. Variation in temperature (4-40 degrees C) had a significant effect on moulting rate of the ticks and transmission of theilerial parasites from nymphs to resultant adults. The temperatures above 40 degrees C and below 12 degrees C prevented moulting. Maximum infection levels were obtained in salivary glands of adult ticks when the infected engorged nymphs were incubated at 24-28 degrees C. The infection rate in salivary glands was assessed using a methyl green pyronin technique. 相似文献