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1.
Turkey is one of the most important Rose germplasm centers. About 25% of all rose species are native to Turkey. Flowers of some rose species, such as Rosa gallica and Rosa damascena, have been used for rose oil and rose water production in Anatolia for a long time. Fruits (rose hip) of some other species have economic value and are also used for medicinal purposes. In this paper, Rosa species found in Turkey are listed, their distribution within the provinces is listed, as well as their characteristics and uses.  相似文献   

2.
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.  相似文献   

3.
Lathyrus species are distributed in natural areas of Turkey and are cultivated for use in human and animal food. Plants and seeds of Lathyrus species contain a neurotoxic substance called \upbeta\upbeta-N-oxalyl-L- \upalpha\upalpha, \upbeta\upbeta–diamino propanoic acid (ODAP). When consumed in large quantities, ODAP may cause a kind of paralysis known as lathyrism. In this note, ODAP levels were determined in Lathyrus species collected in the Burdur-Isparta provinces. The leaves and seeds of plant samples were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ODAP was not detected in L. aphaca L. var. pseudoaphaca (Boiss.) Davis, L. sphaericus Retz., or L. aureus (Stev.) Brandza; the seed samples of L. cicera L. and L. clymenum L. contained 0.053 and 0.171% ODAP, respectively. Leaf samples of L. cicera L. contained 0.018% ODAP. This preliminary note seems to point to a secondary gene pool that may serve as a valuable source of genetic material for grass pea improvement.  相似文献   

4.

Wild plants play an important role in the diet of inhabitants in different parts of the world. These plants tend to be drought-resistant and are gathered both in times of abundance and times of need. Used in everyday cooking, these foods may be an important source of nutrients. The purpose of this study was to assess the mineral content of some edible wild leaves. Plants species ( Beta lomatogena Fisch.et Mey., Capparis spinosa L., Chenopodium album L., Eryngium billardieri Delar., Falcaria vulgaris Bernh., Ferula communis L., Gundelia tournefortii L., Lathyrus tuberosus L., Malva neglecta Wallr., Mentha arvensis L., Nepeta concolor Boiss. and Heldr., Ocimum basilicum L., Papaver dubium L., Polygonum bistorta L., Polygonum cognatum Meissn., Portulaca oleracea L., Rheum ribes L . , Rubus sp., Rumex crispus L., Rumex scutatus L ., Scorzonera cana (C.A.Mey.) Hoffm., Scorzonera latifolia (Fish. and Mey.) DC., Scorzonera sp., Sempervivum armenum Boiss et Huet, Tragopogon spp., Urtica urens L.) were collected in late winter and spring, and their taxonomic identifications were made according to Flora of Turkey and analyzed for their mineral content. Moisture content, ash content and pH were found reasonable as compared to some vegetables. However, protein content, N, K, Ca and Mg content of wild plants were higher, while P, S and Na content were lower, and Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu content were equal to, or higher than those of some commonly used vegetables such as spinach, pepper, lettuce, cabbage species.  相似文献   

5.
Seeds from species of Canarium L. (Burseraceae) have been recommended as a potential nut crop for global trade that, if adopted, would be the first ‘new’ nut commodity since the introduction of the Macadamia nut in the early 20th century. The present study addresses several knowledge gaps about the evolutionary biology of Canarium species in order to explore their phylogeny and cultivation history in greater detail. The phylogeny of select Canarium species (16 spp.) from the three taxonomic sections of the genus was reconstructed using DNA sequence data from seven regions and included cultivated species C. album (Lour.) Raeusch., C. decumanum Gaertn., C. harveyi Seem., C. indicum L., C. ovatum Engl., C. tramdenum C.D. Dai et Yakovlev, and C. vulgare Leenh.. Sequence data from the nuclear genome (rDNA external transcribed spacer (ETS), the third intron of nitrate reductase (NIA-i3)) and the chloroplast genome (rbcL, rps16 intron, psbA-trnH spacer, trnL intron and trnL-F spacer) were analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian inference. Results indicate that Canarium comprises at least two distantly related evolutionary lineages within its tribe, desirable fruit characteristics of cultivated and wild-harvested edible species have evolved multiple times, and autopolyploidization rather than allopolyploidization may have been associated with speciation in Canarium sensu stricto. The markers ETS, NIA-i3, rps16 intron, and psbA-trnH spacer will provide the most informative variation for future expanded studies of Canarium phylogeny, although detailed morphological study and taxonomic revision of the genus will be necessary as well.  相似文献   

6.
Following the accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), radiocesium (134Cs + 137Cs) concentrations in deciduous mature fruits were determined in orchards in the northern area of Fukushima Prefecture. At the time of the nuclear accident, most deciduous fruit trees were in the dormant stage prior to bud burst. To evaluate the relationship between radiocesium deposition in the soil and fruit contamination, radiocesium concentrations were measured from the 5-cm topsoil and from six fruit species across 17 orchards in 2011. The vertical distribution of radiocesium in the topsoil (0–30 cm in depth) and its spatial distribution in the 5-cm topsoil underlying the tree canopy of a peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsh, orchard (“Akatsuki” cultivar) were also investigated. Significant correlations between the radiocesium concentration in the mature fruit and that in the 5-cm topsoil layer were observed for the 17 orchards as well as for the trees of the peach orchard. However, 93% of the 137Cs found in the 30-cm soil core was retained within the top 3 cm of the soil in the peach orchard. Considering the profile of the root of this deciduous fruit tree, we assumed a negligible level of radiocesium uptake via the roots. However, the possibility of inward migration via the bark was undeniable, because some radiocesium adhered to the tree canopy before bud burst while depositing on the soil surface. Additionally, transfer factors for peach and grape, hybrid of Vitis labrusca L. and Vitis vinifera L., from young, uncontaminated trees cultivated with contaminated soil were lower than those previously reported.  相似文献   

7.
Summary During a collecting mission in South-West Turkey some lupin plants differing from Lupinus pilosus Murr., L. micranthus Guss. and L. angustifolius L., wild-growing in this region were found. These plants markedly distinguished from a dwarf habit of L. micranthus and exuberant L. pilosus. As found later, these plants with regard to many traits differed still more from the remaining lupin species of the Old World. The collected seeds of these plants were multiplied at the Plant Breeding Station in Wiatrowo. They were characterized by a smooth seed coat and according to classification of Gladstones could be referred to a group of European lupin crops containing the primitive species L. micranthus.New accession was compared to L. micranthus and L. pilosus considering 20 morphological, some physiological features and chemotaxonomic analyses. New accession was also artificially crossed to L. micranthus and L. pilosus but hybrid seeds were not obtained. The most pronounced morphological differences were in the height and exuberance of plants, the size of inflorescences and flowers, the size and coloration of strongly pubescent, ripen pods but first of all, the size and shape of seeds and seed coat surface.Differences in the protein and fat content in seeds as well as those in quantitative and qualitative composition of alkaloids also appear to be significant.Marked differences occurred also in the electrophoretic phenotype of isozymes. They consisted not only in differences of electrophoretic mobility of bands, but also in different number of bands.The obtained results enabled us to give the population of these plants a separate species name — Lupinus anatolicus.  相似文献   

8.
Summary In an outdoor experiment the distribution of earthworms (Lumbricus spp., Allolobophora spp.) under different plant species was studied. Earthworms avoid uncovered areas, but show different reactions under vegetation. This effect reappears in the same manner every year. A particular preference was shown for clover whereas onion was least preferred. Possible reasons for this behaviour are the extent of covering, the moisture regime and exudates of the plants. According to the results obtained the deciding factor seems to be the extent of cover whereas odorous substances are of secondary importance.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov  相似文献   

9.
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10.
Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [(Pseudomonas BA-8 (biological control agent), Bacillus OSU-142 (N2-fixing), and Bacillus M-3 (N2-fixing and phosphate solubilizing)] on yield and some fruit properties of strawberry cultivar ‘Selva’ in the province of Erzurum, Turkey in 2002–2003. Foliar + root application of PGPR strains significantly increased yield per plant as compared with the control. Root application of PGPR strains significantly increased total soluble solids, total sugar and reduced sugar, but decreased titratable acidity. It was also determined that bacteria applications have no important effect on the average fruit weight and pH. The results of this study suggested that Pseudomonas BA-8, Bacillus OSU-142 and Bacillus M-3 have potential for increasing yield in strawberry plant.  相似文献   

11.
Flea beetles are significant insect pests of cruciferous oilseed crops in northern Europe. A two-year small-scale field experiment was performed to determine the species complex and abundance of flea beetles (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) associated with eight cruciferous oilseed plants: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., Brassica napus L. var. oleifera subvar. annua, Brassica nigra (L.) Koch, Brassica rapa L. var. oleifera subvar. annua, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, Eruca sativa Mill., Raphanus sativus L. spp. oleifera (DC) Metzg. and Sinapis alba L. Their relative attractiveness to flea beetles was compared to assess their potential for use within a trap crop system for spring oilseed rape. Adults of six species of flea beetles were found on the test plants. Phyllotreta undulata Kutsch. was the most abundant species followed by Phyllotreta nigripes (Fabr.), Phyllotreta nemorum L. and Phyllotreta vittata (=striolata) (Fabr.), while Phyllotreta atra (Fabr.) and Chaetocnema concinna Marsh. were occasionally present. The species composition of flea beetles on seven of the investigated plant species was fairly similar but differed significantly on C. sativa. The flea beetle species discriminated between the tested host plants, with a general gradient in attraction from E. sativa > B. juncea > B. nigra > R. sativus > S. alba > B. rapa > B. napus through to C. sativa. Brassica juncea and B. nigra developed faster and at early growth stages were more attractive to overwintered adult flea beetles than B. napus and therefore had potential as trap plants to protect spring rape. R. sativus and E. sativa, despite their development rate being slower than B. napus were also more attractive to flea beetles. Thus, further experiments with a complex of attractive early season and late-season plant species (multiple trap crops) should be undertaken.  相似文献   

12.
The response of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill, cultivar Marmande) plants to different levels of arsenic (As) in nutrient solution was investigated—the processes of uptake, distribution and accumulation of As, and the effect of arsenite on yield and plant growth (plant height, diameter of stem, stem and root length, fresh and dry weight of root, stems, leaves, and fruit). The experiment was performed at three levels of As: 2, 5 and 10 mg/L [added as sodium arsenite (NaAsO2)] in a nutrient solution, together with the corresponding control plants. Arsenic uptake depended on the As concentration in solution and As content in the roots increased as the time of treatment increased. The most important finding was the high toxicity of arsenite to roots. The concentration in stems, leaves, and fruit was correlated with the As level in the nutrient solution. Although the As level of 10 mg/L damaged the root membranes, resulting in a significant decrease in the upward transport of As. Arsenic exposure resulted in a drastic decrease in plant growth parameters (e.g., maximum decrease of 76.8% in leaf fresh weight) and in tomato fruit yield (maximum reduction of 79.6%). However, it is important to note that the As concentration in the fruits was not toxic or harmful for human consumption.  相似文献   

13.
Hylocereus (Berger) Britton et Rose, Selenicereus (Berger) Britton et Rose and Epiphyllum Haw. species have commercial potential as exotic fruit crops in semi-arid and arid lands. The high genetic variability among these species offers an opportunity for commercial cultivation. Toward this end we investigated genomic and morphological characteristics including: nuclear DNA content (2C-values), stomatal length and density, potential yield and reproductive parameters in 64 Hylocereus, Selenicereus and Epiphyllum accessions. Nuclear DNA content ranged from 3.21 pg for S. grandiflorus (L.) Britton et Rose spp. grandiflorus to 8.77 pg for H. megalanthus (Vaup.) Bauer. All species were diploid except the tetraploids H. megalanthus and S. vagans (Bgek.) Britton et Rose. Stomatal length and density, fruit weight, potential yields, number of viable seeds per fruit and fruit maturation times were highly variable among accessions. No significant correlations were found between stomatal length, density, and nuclear DNA content, nor between fruit weight and seed number. The high genetic variability found between the accessions here provides further support for the excellent prospects of conserving and domesticating these exotic species.  相似文献   

14.
Morphological variation and genetic variation at 15 enzyme lociwere studied in genebank accessions of Aegilopsumbellulata Zhuk., the diploid genome donor to all thepolyploid species of the section Aegilops ofAegilops. Accessions from the Greek Islands hadshorter spikes with smaller number of spikelets and smaller number ofawns on the empty glume. The number of alleles per locus (A= 2.01) and the proportion of polymorphic loci (P= 0.627) were similar to those of the other species ofAegilops so far reported. Genetic distancescalculated from isozyme variations among five regions revealed thataccessions from the Greek Islands are more distantly related to theother four continental regions, Iran and Iraq, Southeast Turkey,Central Turkey and South and West Turkey. The present resultsindicated the importance of collection covering the whole range ofgeographical distribution to capture the genetic variation present inAe. umbellulata.  相似文献   

15.
Pure-culture isolation from roots was compared with transformation of total DNA from roots followed by sequence analysis of ITS 1/2 rDNA of representative clones as methods for determining the abundance and composition of microbiota in roots of Betula pendula, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Prunus serotina and Quercus petraea. The results from the two methods differed greatly, with no overlap between the taxa identified. Pure-culture isolation revealed greater species diversity (47 taxa), the most frequent fungi being Ascomycota, including Penicillium spp., Phialocephala fortinii, Pochonia bulbillosa, Sesquicillium candelabrum and Trichoderma spp. Transformation of total DNA and sequencing revealed less diversity (22 taxa), the most frequent taxa being Basidiomycota, including Coprinus fissolanatus and Mycena spp., and Ascomycota, including Podospora–Schizothecium spp., Helgardia anguioides and Microdochium sp. Communities characterized by either method showed slightly greater fungal diversity and less species dominance on F. sylvatica than on roots of other trees, whilst DNA sequencing showed least diversity and greatest species dominance on Q. petraea.  相似文献   

16.
Soybean (Glycine max L.) is the most widely cultivated crop in the world and an important commodity. Besides its main role in human nutrition, this grain is also used in animal feed and production of biofuels, among other purposes. Due to these factors, soybean became important in the global economy and is the most exported agricultural product from Brazil. Fungal diseases are among the limiting factors on soybean production; sudden death syndrome, caused by Fusarium spp., has been responsible for severe losses on this crop in Brazil. Four species of Fusarium can be considered causal pathogens: F. brasiliense, F. crassistipitatum, F. tucumaniae, and F. virguliforme. The Fusarium spp. isolates characterized in this work were collected in different soybean-producing regions in Brazil. The genetic variability of these isolates was determined through the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Disease severity was evaluated on moderately resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars in greenhouse trials. RAPD analysis demonstrated a great genetic diversity among the isolates and a clear tendency to split into two main species groups, F. tucumaniae and F. brasiliense, both prevalent in Brazil. The disease severity experiments, in which soybean plants were artificially inoculated, have shown that all isolates caused significant damage to the seedling root system. In fact, the genetic diversity of isolates does not correlate with disease severity, and also does not correlate with geographic distribution.  相似文献   

17.
 Populations of plant parasitic nematodes and their effects on symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation in herbaceous legumes and on some selected characteristics of other plant species associated with such cover crops were studied. Two legume species [mucuna, Mucuna pruriens (L) DC. var. utilis (Wright) Bruck and lablab, Lablab purpureus L. Sweet], one grass/weed species [imperata, Imperata cylindrica (L.) Rauschel] and a cereal (maize, Zea mays L.) were used. There were three soil treatments (fumigation, fumigation plus inoculation with Meloidogyne species, and an untreated control). Plant parasitic nematode populations in soil, roots and nodules were determined at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after planting. The response of the phytoparasitic nematodes to soil treatments varied according to the plant species present. The predominant nematodes in soils, roots and nodules of legumes were of the genus Meloidogyne, whereas other genera of parasitic nematodes dominated the fauna in soils and roots of maize and imperata. Biomass yield of mucuna was not significantly affected by either Meloidogyne spp. or the other genera of phytoparasitic nematodes. In contrast, the dry matter yield of lablab measured at 12 weeks was reduced by 16% in inoculated compared with fumigated soils. Similarly, the biomass yields of maize and imperata were reduced by 10% and 29%, respectively, in unfumigated rather than fumigated soils. The amounts of N accumulated in mucuna, maize and imperata were not significantly affected by the two groups of plant parasitic nematodes. However, at 12 weeks, lablab grown on inoculated soils accumulated only 69% of the N found in plants grown on fumigated soils. Inoculation of soil with Meloidogyne spp. significantly increased the number of nodules on lablab roots compared with the non-inoculated treatments, whereas nodulation in mucuna was not affected by soil treatment. After 12 weeks, the quantity of N2 derived from symbiotic fixation in mucuna was not significantly affected by soil treatments whereas the amount of fixed N in lablab was 32% lower in inoculated than in fumigated soils. Possible mechanisms for the non-suppressive effect of plant parasitic nematodes on mucuna are discussed. Received: 12 March 1999  相似文献   

18.
Responses of three multipurpose fruit tree species, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth, Tamarindus indica L. and Zizyphus mauritiana Lam., to inoculation with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Acaulospora spinosa Walker and Trappe, Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe, Glomus intraradices Schenck and Smith, Glomus aggregatum Schenck and Smith emend. Koske and Glomus manihotis Howeler, Sieverding and Schenck, differed markedly with respect to functional compatibility. This was measured as root colonization, mycorrhizal dependence (MD) and phosphorus concentrations in shoots of plants. Root colonization of fruit trees by A. spinosa, G. aggregatum and G. manihotis was high and tree growth increased significantly as a consequence. G. intraradices also colonized well, but provided little growth benefit. G. mosseae colonized poorly and did not stimulate plant growth. The MD of P. biglobosa and T. indica was similar, reaching no more than 36%, while Z. mauritiana showed the highest MD values, reaching a maximum of 78%. The Z. mauritiana A. spinosa combination was the most responsive with respect to total biomass production; phosphorus (P) absorption probably contributed to this more than the absorption of sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium. The density and length of root hairs were positively correlated with MD, suggesting that root hairs are not indicative of MD. Received: 20 January 1997  相似文献   

19.
Wheat (Triticum spp.) landrace populations in Ethiopia are mostly species mixtures. However, no quantitative data is available with regard to their species components. We studied here 32 wheat landrace populations originating from two regions (Bale and Wello). A total of 2559 individual plants, 45–110 plants representing each population, were classified into their species components. Five tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) and one hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) wheat species were found in mixtures of varying proportions. These included the tetraploids Triticum durum Desf., Triticum turgidum L., Triticum aethiopicum Jakubz., Triticum polonicum L., Triticum dicoccon Schrank and the hexaploid Triticum aestivum L. Also found, however in a rare frequency, in two populations from Wollo was T. durum Desf. convar. durocompactoides Flaksb. (Triticum pyramidale Percival), which is a very dense spiked durum. Discriminant analysis using seven qualitative traits revealed 91.5% correct classification of the wheat species, beak awn and awn length with the most significant importance. Single species were found in eight of the populations; six were for T. durum and two for T. aethiopicum. Two to three species-combinations were the most frequent; a maximum of four species was recorded in one population. The highest diversity index (H′) observed was 0.44. T. durum was the most predominant species. The hexaploid T. aestivum was found in nine of the Wollo populations and, in one population, its frequency reached up to 35.5%. On altitudinal basis, no clear trend of clinal variation was observed both from the frequency distributions and H′ estimates. The results confirmed that Ethiopian wheats, despite the morphological overlaps, could be classified into their species components with high degree of certainty. For the future, therefore, genetic diversity estimations should be dissolved into their species components for more expeditious utilization and conservation of this important genetic resource.  相似文献   

20.
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in tropical sedges of southern India   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Twenty-four species of sedges (representing six genera) from different vegetation types in Western Ghats, South India, were examined for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) associations. All the sedges had VAM fungal infections with hyphae and vesicles, but arbuscules were observed only in 42% of the total species. The VAM fungal colonization varied considerably between species, ranging from 9 to 62%. Root colonization was positively and negatively correlated with root diameter and root hair length, respectively. The number of VAM fungal spores in the rhizosphere varied from 5 to 86 g-1 soil. No significant relationship was found between spore numbers or root colonization and either soil pH or moisture. Four Glomus spp., one Acaulospora sp., one Sclerocystis spp., and one Gigaspora sp. were identified among the VAM fungal spores. The results reflect a high incidence of VAM in sedges occurring in Western Ghats and emphasize the need to assess the VAM status of plant species from different ecosystems to understand their mycorrhizal status.  相似文献   

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