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1.
采用GC-MS技术分析了从松树不同部位所得精油的化学成分,并利用提取的精油进行了抗菌活性实验。结果表明,松针、松枝和球果部位精油得率分别为0.40%、0.26%、0.05%,精油主要化学成分由α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、α-异品油烯等萜烯类化合物组成。所得精油溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌抗菌活性显著,且随着精油溶液浓度的提高,其抗菌活性增强。菌种接种5d后,5%精油溶液试样的抗菌活性为81.8%。  相似文献   

2.
采用气相色谱-质谱法对不同化学类型樟树叶精油组成进行分析,对比4种樟树叶精油的成分差异;采用DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法对樟树叶精油的体外抗氧化活性进行评价,并使用丁基羟基茴香(BHA)作为阳性对照。研究结果表明:4种类型樟树叶精油共检测出46种主要化学成分,其中,异樟叶精油检测出35种化学成分,主要成分异橙花叔醇为29.48%;芳樟叶精油检测出33种成分,主要成分芳樟醇为71.91%;脑樟叶精油检测出33种化学成分,主要成分樟脑为46.28%;油樟叶精油中共检测出33种化学成分,主要成分1,8-桉叶油素为30.31%。4种樟树叶精油均具有一定的抗氧化活性,且随着精油浓度增加抗氧化能力增强,但其抗氧化能力均低于BHA。其中,脑樟叶精油的DPPH自由基清除能力及Fe 3+还原能力最强,当质量浓度为8 g/L时,脑樟叶精油的DPPH自由基清除率为30.34%±1.25%,FRAP值为(1.44±0.13)mmol/L;而异樟叶精油的ABTS自由基清除能力最强,当质量浓度为8 g/L时,异樟叶精油的ABTS自由基清除率为14.93%±2.32%。  相似文献   

3.
【目的】研究肉桂、香茅、大蒜和互叶白千层4种芳香植物精油对12种竹林病原真菌的抗菌性能和4种精油的有效抗菌成分,以期将芳香植物精油利用到竹林病害防治中,开发出高效、经济、无污染的竹用生物农药。【方法】试验用3%聚乙烯醇乳化肉桂、香茅、大蒜和互叶白千层4种植物精油,利用含不同体积分数(0.005%～2.0%)精油的PDA培养基测试4种精油对12种竹林病原真菌(裂褶菌、暗色节菱孢、丝核菌、长蠕孢、尖孢镰刀菌、尖孢枝孢、腐皮镰刀菌、链格孢、出芽短梗霉、黑附球菌、竹针孢座囊菌和竹黄)的MIC(最小抑菌浓度)和MFC(最小杀真菌浓度)。根据MIC和MFC的结果,选择不同体积分数的精油:肉桂0.01%(黑附球菌与竹针孢座囊菌采用肉桂0.02%),大蒜0.05%,香茅0.1%(链格孢菌采用香茅0.03%),互叶白千层0.1%(包括尖孢枝孢、链格孢菌、出芽短梗霉、黑附球菌与竹针孢座囊菌)和0.5%(其余7种菌)及不同体积分数的化学成分(反式肉桂醛、二烯丙基硫醚、二烯丙基二硫醚、香茅醛、松油烯-4-醇体积分数与对应精油相同,香茅醇和香叶醇体积分数为香茅的25%);通过连续记录菌体的生长直径,评估各成分抗菌能力。【结果】肉桂、香茅、大蒜和互叶白千层精油均对12种供试病原菌有不同程度的抑制作用。肉桂精油对12种真菌的MIC多为0.005%(2个菌为0.010%),MFC为0.01%～0.10%;大蒜精油的MIC为0.005%～0.01%(1个菌为0.200%),MFC为0.1%～1.5%(有2个菌超过供试体积分数2.0%);香茅精油的MIC为0.005%～0.03%,MFC为0.04%～0.50%;互叶白千层精油的MIC为0.03%～0.2%,MFC为0.2%～1.5%。经过耐药性分析(MFC/MIC比值),肉桂和互叶白千层精油耐药性较好,香茅精油次之,大蒜精油最差。此外经过验证,肉桂精油的抗菌有效成分是反式肉桂醛,香茅精油的有效抗菌成分是香茅醇和香叶醇,互叶白千层精油的有效抗菌成分是松油烯-4-醇,大蒜的抗菌成分为二烯丙基硫化物。【结论】肉桂、香茅、大蒜和互叶白千层精油均可以抑制竹林病原真菌的生长。综合MIC、MFC和耐药性分析结果,肉桂精油抗菌效果最佳;其次是香茅精油和互叶白千层精油,但互叶白千层精油价格昂贵,应用的经济价值较低;大蒜精油MFC过高且耐药性差,不适合开发利用。  相似文献   

4.
侧柏不同部分精油化学成分的比较研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
取江苏徐州林场侧柏叶、木材、树皮和果壳等进行水蒸汽法蒸油,所得精油分别用气-质联用仪定性分析和毛细管色谱测定各组分的相对含量。结果表明,侧柏叶精油和果壳精油主要化学成分相似,有α-蒎烯、Δ~3-蒈烯、柏木脑等20多种单萜和倍半萜化合物,α-蒎烯是主成分,占全油的40％;侧柏木材精油主要含罗汉柏烯和柏木脑,分别占全油的45％和21％。侧柏树皮精油除了上述主要成分外,尚含约7％的α-侧柏烯和10％的β-水芹烯,主成分是α-蒎烯,Δ~3-蒈烯和罗汉柏烯分别占全油的14％,16％和13％。侧柏木材精油的品质冠于其余3种精油。侧柏精油化学成分同其它种柏木精油化学成分差别很大。因此,在植物分类上侧柏应属于侧柏(Platycladus[Biota])属,不应属于崖柏(Thuja)的亚属。  相似文献   

5.
为给鸭儿芹的综合利用提供科学依据,以鸭儿芹茎、叶为原料,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取鸭儿芹精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对鸭儿芹精油成分进行了分析,利用DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力试验与FRAP试验及打孔法抑菌试验对其精油的抗氧化抗菌活性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)精油成分方面,从鸭儿芹精油中共分离出32个峰,占总离子峰的93.75%,共鉴定出30种化合物,其主要成分分别为α-芹子烯(42.01%)、β-芹子烯(19.86%)、(Z)-β-金合欢烯(12.76%)、镰叶芹醇(4.16%)、α-没药醇(3.93%)等;(2)抗氧化能力方面,当鸭儿芹精油浓度由19μg/m L上升到38μg/m L时,DPPH反应液中Trolox的当量由0.003μmol上升到0.007μmol,ABTS反应液中Trolox的当量由0.069μmol上升到0.074μmol,FRAP反应液中Trolox的当量由0.225μmol上升到0.280μmol,当精油浓度在一定范围内,其DPPH清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力及铁离子还原抗氧化能力与其浓度间均呈量效关系,且均呈正相关效应,表明鸭儿芹精油具有良好的抗氧化能力;(3)抗菌活性方面,当鸭儿芹精油浓度为1 280 mg/m L时,金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌圈直径可达7.05 mm,表现出一定的抑菌活性,且其对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果显著优于其对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果。  相似文献   

6.
天竺桂叶精油成分分析及其对蚊虫的毒杀作用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
用水蒸汽蒸馏法从天竺桂鲜叶中提取精油,用GC-MS(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry)检测其化学成分,采用浸液法研究其对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊的毒杀活性。结果表明:天竺桂叶精油中,化合物相对含量最高的成分为2—莰醇(28.30%),其它依次为桉叶油醇(20.98%)、乙酸龙脑酯(6.65%)、芳樟醇(5.94%)、α—松油醇(5.87%)、(-)-环氧石竹烯(5.11%)等;天竺桂精油对白纹伊蚊Ⅳ龄期幼虫和蛹的LC50值分别为75.466、87.508μg/mL,而对致倦库蚊则分别是61.804、77.654μg/mL。结果表明天竺桂叶精油对这2种蚊虫的幼虫和蛹均有显著的毒杀效果。  相似文献   

7.
以高4-松油醇含量的樟树优良种质为研究对象,采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)从樟树的枝、叶中提取挥发油,测定其含油率,用气相色谱法(GC)测定其化学成分含量,用气质联用法(GC-MS)鉴定其化学成分。结果发现,叶高得油率和精油高4-松油醇含量是该樟树的特殊显著特点。叶的平均得油率为2.67%;从樟树枝、叶精油中鉴定出相对质量分数≥0.16%组分36种;其中枝、叶精油中均含有的组分23种,含量较高的组分有α-水芹烯、α-蒎烯、香桧烯、邻伞花烃、γ-松油烯、4-松油醇、石竹烯等。其中枝、叶精油中相对含量最高的组分都为4-松油醇,在叶精油中平均含量为27.99%,枝精油中平均含量为35.25%。  相似文献   

8.
为研究樟树叶精油的高效提取技术,拓宽其应用范围,以1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(R134a)为萃取溶剂,通过正交试验优化亚临界R134a萃取樟树叶精油工艺,并比较其和传统方法水蒸气提取的樟树叶精油化学成分差异和抑菌活性。研究结果表明：亚临界R134a萃取樟树叶精油最佳工艺条件为原料粒度≤2 mm,液料比为6∶1(L∶kg),萃取温度45℃,萃取时间40 min/次,萃取4次,得率为(2.87±0.08)%,GC-MS分析水蒸气提取和亚临界R134a萃取得到的2种叶精油分别鉴定出39和35种化合物,相对总峰面积分别为99.97%和99.91%。2种叶精油的化学组分均以醇类和烃类化合物为主,龙脑是2种叶精油的主要化学成分,水蒸气提取精油的龙脑相对峰面积(64.29%)大于亚临界R134a萃取精油的龙脑相对峰面积(58.09%)。2种叶精油对植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,亚临界R134a萃取樟树叶精油对病原真菌的抑菌效果优于水蒸气提取的,2种叶精油均对辣椒疫霉病菌的抑制率最高,分别为71.74%和62.87%。  相似文献   

9.
缅甸大果紫檀精油的化学成分及其抑菌活性研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用水蒸气蒸馏(SD)、溶剂热浸提(STE)和亚临界流体萃取(SFE)3种方式提取缅甸大果紫檀精油,并通过GC-MS对3种精油的化学成分进行分析。结果表明:亚临界流体萃取的得率最高(1.95%),水蒸气蒸馏的得率最低(1.03%),溶剂热浸提的精油得率为1.74%。通过GC-MS分析,从水蒸气蒸馏紫檀精油中共检测出38种化合物,主要为β-桉叶醇(69.897%)和桢楠醇(18.055%);溶剂热浸提紫檀精油中检测出48种化合物,主要为β-桉叶醇(50.907%)、后莫紫檀素(13.322%)、桢楠醇(9.333%)、对叔丁基苯甲醚(2.481%)和匙桉醇(2.285%);亚临界流体萃取紫檀精油中检测出48种化合物,主要为β-桉叶醇(47.786%)、后莫紫檀素(13.516%)、二甲基-2,3-二氰-2-丁烯二酸(5.429%)、桢楠醇(5.232%)、对叔丁基苯甲醚(2.699%)和匙桉醇(2.636%)。采用抑菌圏法、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)及最低杀菌浓度(MBC)法比较了3种精油的抑菌作用,发现水蒸气蒸馏精油对肺炎克雷伯氏菌、白色念珠菌和枯草芽孢杆菌没有抑制作用,而亚临界流体萃取精油对这3种菌有较好的抑菌效果,其MIC值分别为6.25、25和6.25 g/L。  相似文献   

10.
应用毛细管气相色谱—质谱—计算机联用技术和标准样添加法,分析了臭冷杉枝皮精油的化学成分。从分离出的50多个色谱峰中鉴定了21个成份,占精油总量的98.01％。其中主要成分为檀烯(1.6636％)、α-蒎烯(14.5519％)、莰烯(9.3148％)、β-蒎烯(4.6190％)、β-月桂烯(1.0595％)、环化小茴香烯(7.7254％)、柠檬烯(40.1202％)、芳樟醇(1.2928％)、乙酸龙脑酯(9.7286％)、乙酸萜品酯(1.4200％)、α-葎草烯(1.2137％)、α-红没药醇(0.9025％)。  相似文献   

11.

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.  相似文献   

12.

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.  相似文献   

13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

14.

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.  相似文献   

15.
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.  相似文献   

17.

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.  相似文献   

18.

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.  相似文献   

19.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。  相似文献   

20.
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.  相似文献   

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