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1.
潮土农田微生物研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
土壤微生物对不同施肥的响应和反馈对于评价和解释科学施肥具有极为重要的意义。本文总结了本课题组在我国华北平原潮土碳、氮、磷循环相关微生物对不同施肥,特别是对单施有机肥的响应方面的研究结果,明确了潮土地力提升过程中的微生物学机制。长期定位试验研究结果表明,长期平衡施肥,特别是施用有机肥能够显著增加潮土中有机碳和养分含量,特别是磷含量,进而改变土壤微生物群落结构,提高微生物生物量碳、转化酶活性、呼吸强度及微生物功能多样性(碳代谢活性),并且土壤微生物代谢熵与代谢热显著降低。相反,在缺素特别是缺磷条件下,土壤微生物不仅代谢效率低下,而且代谢过程会散逸相对多的热量、排放相对多的CO2,导致土壤质量明显下降。长期施用氮肥可增强潮土硝化活性、增加氨氧化细菌的数量和多样性,且无机氮肥比有机氮肥影响更显著;但是,科学施用氮肥的前提是必须合理地添加磷肥,才能更好地促进潮土作物生长、减少氮素损失和提升土壤地力。对于缺磷的潮土,长期施用磷肥,尤其是平衡施肥使得作物对菌根真菌(AMF)依赖性下降,进而导致土壤中AMF多样性下降,更多的土壤养分分配给其他微生物,有利于潮土农田地力的可持续性。潮土中一种土著微生物Bacillus asahii对长期施用有机肥的响应最为显著,该物种需要2~4 a会成为潮土中优势微生物,其有着独特的生理特征和丰富的代谢多样性,能够加速和促进其他微生物对潮土有机质累积和磷素循环过程的作用,在作物生长和土壤地力中起到"领军性"的作用。以上认知加深了对长期施用有机肥提升华北平原潮土地力过程中微生物学机制的认识,有助于指导调控土壤微生物更好地服务农田生态系统。 相似文献
2.
长期平衡施肥对潮土微生物活性和玉米养分吸收的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站农田生态系统养分平衡长期定位试验地,研究氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)与缺素施肥(NK、PK、NP)对土壤微生物生物量、酶活性、呼吸强度以及玉米养分吸收的影响。结果发现,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,NPK处理玉米根系与茎叶生物量、籽粒产量以及植株氮磷钾吸收量均大幅提高,NP处理次之,PK与NK处理则无显著影响;同一处理玉米茎叶与根系养分含量接近,而籽粒的全氮和全磷含量较高、全钾含量偏低;与NPK处理相比,缺施氮、磷或钾肥均直接导致玉米植株相应养分的明显亏缺或其他养分的过量富集,但在根系、茎叶和籽粒部位的累积情况存在一定差异。与CK相比,所有施加磷肥的处理(NPK、NP、PK)土壤微生物生物量(碳、氮、磷)、脱氢酶、转化酶、脲酶与碱性磷酸酶活性以及土壤微生物代谢活性和土壤基础呼吸强度均显著升高(p<0.05),土壤微生物代谢熵则显著下降(p<0.05),而缺施磷肥的NK处理除显著提高脲酶活性外(p<0.05),对其他指标均无显著影响。结果表明,氮磷钾平衡施肥在促进土壤微生物繁育和保育微生物代谢活性以及促进作物生长和保证养分吸收等方面显得非常重要,而缺素施肥中以缺施磷肥的不利影响最为突出。 相似文献
3.
《土壤与作物》2020,(3)
秸秆还田和化肥施用等管理措施将改变农田土壤碳和养分浓度及其化学计量比,进而影响土壤酶活性乃至土壤肥力。为了明确土壤中可利用态碳与氮、磷、硫等营养元素含量变化及其化学计量关系对土壤酶活性的影响,本研究选取亚热带地区典型稻田土壤,通过外源添加葡萄糖和氮磷硫养分试验,测定培养3 d和60 d时参与土壤碳氮磷循环过程的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP) 4种土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明,在添加初期(3 d),葡萄糖添加提高了稻田土壤4种酶的活性;然而,不管是否有葡萄糖加入,稻田土壤酶活性均不受养分添加水平的影响。在培养后期(60 d),葡萄糖添加显著降低高养分添加处理中稻田土壤酶活性;而且添加葡萄糖处理中,土壤4种酶活性均与养分元素添加水平呈显著的负相关关系。在培养60 d时,碳水解酶与氮水解酶的比值([BG+CBH)/NAG]与养分添加水平呈显著正相关关系,表明随着养分添加水平的增加,微生物的氮限制程度减弱。然而,碳水解酶与磷水解酶的比值([BG+CBH)/AP]与养分添加水平之间呈显著负相关关系,这意味着养分添加量的增加加剧了微生物的磷限制作用,导致土壤磷酸酶活性升高。研究结果揭示了土壤酶活性与土壤碳和养分有效性之间的化学计量学耦合关系,对于加强农田土壤养分管理和提升土壤肥力具有重要意义。 相似文献
4.
生态化学计量学是研究生态系统与多重化学元素平衡的有效方法,明确不同施肥制度对植物—土壤—微生物连续体碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比的影响,可为揭示生态系统养分循环、实现矿山复垦农业系统元素平衡及可持续发展提供参考依据。以武家塔露天煤矿排土场复垦地为研究对象,设置微生物菌剂配施不同有机肥(A1B0、A2B0、A3B0、A1B1、A2B1、A3B1) 6个施肥处理,结合苦参的种植,研究其植物—土壤—微生物碳氮磷特征及内稳性。结果表明：(1)与单施有机肥相比,有机肥配施微生物菌剂对茎叶磷、土壤碳氮磷和微生物量氮影响显著(p<0.05),但对根系养分影响不显著。其中,微生物菌剂与A1有机肥配施下对土壤全磷影响最大,增加90.06%;与A2有机肥配施下,对土壤有机碳和生物量氮影响最大,分别增加104.60%和71.95%;与A3有机肥配施下,对茎叶全磷和土壤全氮影响显著,茎叶全磷减少183.96%,土壤全氮增加29.14%。(2)施肥处理下,相比于茎叶和微生物,苦参根系内稳性较弱,对于外源养分的输入比较敏感。(3)施肥处理下,植物根系养分与土壤及土壤微生物之间相关性较强,因此可通过根系敏... 相似文献
5.
长期施肥处理对玉米生长期潮土微生物生物量和活度的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
以1989年建立的中国科学院封丘农田生态系统国家试验站的长期定位试验为平台,研究经18a连续不同施肥处理后玉米季土壤微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的动态变化及其与土壤有机碳之间的相互关系,并探讨施肥措施对土壤微生物及其活性的影响。施肥处理包括:(1)有机肥(OM);(2)1/2化肥和1/2有机肥(1/2OM+1/2NPK);(3)氮磷钾肥(NPK);(4)氮磷肥(NP);(5)磷钾肥(PK);(6)氮钾肥(NK);(7)不施肥,即对照(CK)7个处理。结果表明,微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度在玉米生长期内均有明显的时间变异性,其中微生物生物量碳与微生物活度的动态变化比较一致,其间的极显著相关关系表明潮土微生物生物量碳的变化可以在很大程度上代表土壤微生物活度的变化。施肥制度显著影响微生物生物量碳氮和微生物活度的变化,总体趋势为OM1/2OM+1/2NPKNPKNPPKNKCK,表明OM有利于保持土壤的生物化学环境及促进土壤的生物学活性;与OM处理相比,化学肥料的长期施用有降低土壤微生物生物量和微生物活度的趋势,尤其是缺素处理的表现更为明显,其中以缺磷处理的表现最为严重。土壤微生物生物量碳氮、微生物活度与土壤有机碳变化均呈极显著正相关。 相似文献
6.
甘肃中部地区水砂田玉米土壤养分丰缺指标研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《土壤通报》2017,(1):182-189
采用"3414"完全试验设计,对甘肃中部地区水砂田玉米土壤养分丰缺指标和推荐施肥指标进行了研究,因地制宜选择最优施肥方案。通过比较分析历年来土壤普查结果,得出当地水砂田玉米土壤养分的变化趋势;通过对不同肥力水平下土壤速效养分与缺素区相对产量及氮、磷、钾最佳施肥量的趋势拟合,分别导出了函数模型,划定土壤养分丰缺区间,进而演算出丰缺指标和推荐施肥指标。当地水砂田玉米土壤养分的变化趋势为:1983年以来,碱解氮、有效磷均呈逐渐提高趋势,速效钾在整个过程中则总体处于明显下降趋势。从丰缺指标可以看出:当地水砂田土壤氮素养分缺乏,磷素中度较缺,而钾素养分相对较为丰富,玉米要实现高产,既要合理增施氮、磷肥,且应根据土壤钾素丰缺状况适当补施钾肥。 相似文献
7.
【目的】碳是微生物代谢活动的优质养分和能量来源,对根际微生物的群落结构和生态功能具有重大影响。解析碳驱动微生物周转对作物吸收利用磷的影响,探索富磷土壤中磷素高效利用的绿色途径。【方法】蔬菜田间试验分别在山东东营（潮土）和淄博（褐土）进行,供试作物依次为番茄、西葫芦。设置不施肥对照(CK)、优化施肥(OPT)、优化施肥+腐植酸(OPT+HA)、优化施肥+蚯蚓粪(OPT+EC)、优化施肥+菌渣(OPT+MR) 5个处理。在拉秧期采集土样分析土壤碳、磷养分含量,碳、磷相关胞外酶活性以及土壤细菌群落特征。【结果】1)有机物料投入提高了番茄和西葫芦产量及磷吸收积累量。2)在OPT基础上,增施HA、EC和MR可显著提高土壤肥力和酶活性,以MR的提升效果最为显著。在东营,增施MR处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量较OPT处理分别提高了17.46%和17.03%,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-GC)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性分别显著提高了19.75%和13.12%,土壤有效磷含量显著降低了28.50%;在临淄,增施MR土壤各类碳组分含量较OPT处理均有显著提高,增幅在16.19%～... 相似文献
8.
长期施用化肥和有机肥显著改变了我国土壤肥力和农田生态系统的稳定性。微生物在土壤养分循环和肥力形成过程中扮演了重要角色,其数量、多样性及群落结构是评价土壤肥力和农田生态系统稳定性的重要指标。随着研究土壤微生物的方法和技术的成熟,当前关于如何选择微生物学参数以有效评价土壤肥力及健康状况、土壤微生物对不同施肥管理措施的响应机制及功能微生物如何调控土壤养分循环等问题已成为土壤生态学中的研究热点。本文梳理了基于我国长期定位施肥农田的土壤微生物学研究进展,综合分析了土壤微生物生物量和酶活性、细菌群落及近些年倍受关注的氨氧化菌群落三方面的研究进展及发展方向,其中综合分析了构成细菌群落的八大门类菌群对施肥的响应及其驱动因素,最后从不同角度提出了微生物在土壤学及农业生产中的研究和应用方向。 相似文献
9.
黄土高原森林带土壤养分和微生物量及其生态化学计量变化特征 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
选择黄土高原森林带自东向西8个地区优势植物的土壤作为研究对象,探究不同经度下土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量生态化学计量特征。结果表明:土壤碳、氮和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量随经度整体呈现出先减少后增加的变化趋势,土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷与土壤碳氮之间存在耦合关系,对环境因子的响应具有一致性。土壤磷含量空间分布比较稳定。土壤碳氮比为8左右,土壤有机碳与全氮的空间分布具有一致性。土壤微生物生物量碳氮比为9左右,微生物生物量氮磷比为5左右,反映了土壤微生物生物量碳氮、氮磷的比值较稳定,但土壤微生物生物量碳磷比呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。土壤养分及土壤微生物量碳氮磷与土壤水分含量相关性较强。土壤养分与土壤微生物量碳氮磷及其生态化学计量是环境因子综合作用的结果。 相似文献
10.
黑龙江省农田养分循环与平衡状况的初步探讨 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
本文对黑龙江省 1977～ 1997年农田生态系统中氮、磷、钾三要素输入输出及其平衡状况、土壤养分变化状况进行了研究 ;分析了农田养分循环与平衡的变化趋势 ,提出了黑龙江省土壤实行稳氮减磷补钾的施肥措施 相似文献
11.
氮素有机替代对东北黑土区土壤微生物碳磷资源限制的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
12.
Wang Xiangxiang Cui Yongxing Wang Yuhan Duan Chengjiao Niu Yinan Sun Ruxiao Shen Yufang Guo Xuetao Fang Linchuan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2022,22(2):536-546
Purpose
Variation in soil microbial metabolism remains highly uncertain in predicting soil carbon (C) sequestration, and is particularly and poorly understood in agroecosystem with high soil phosphorus (P) variability.
Materials and methodsThis study quantified metabolic limitation of microbes and their association with carbon use efficiency (CUE) via extracellular enzymatic stoichiometry and biogeochemical equilibrium models in field experiment employing five inorganic P gradients (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg P ha?1) in farmland used to grow peas.
Results and discussionResults showed P fertilization significantly increased soil Olsen-P and NO3?-N contents, and enzyme activities (β-1,4-glucosidase and β-D-cellobiosidase) were significantly affected by P fertilization. It indicated that P fertilization significantly decreased microbial P limitation due to the increase of soil available P. Interestingly, P application also significantly decreased microbial nitrogen (N) limitation, a phenomenon primarily attributable to increasing NO3?-N content via increasing biological N fixation within the pea field. Furthermore, P fertilization increased microbial CUE because the reduction in microbial N and P limitation leads to higher C allocation to microbial growth. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) further revealed that the reduction of microbial metabolic limitation is conducive to soil C sequestration.
ConclusionsOur study revealed that P application in agroecosystem can alleviate not only microbial P limitation but also N limitation, which further reduces soil C loss via increasing microbial CUE. This study provides important insight into better understanding the mechanisms whereby fertilization mediates soil C cycling driven by microbial metabolism in agricultural ecosystems.
相似文献13.
红壤水稻土累积酶活性及养分对长期不同施肥处理的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本研究基于鹰潭农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站24年的长期定位试验,揭示对照(不施肥,CK)、有机肥(C)、化学氮磷钾肥(NPK)、化学氮磷钾肥+有机肥(NPKC)等不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土酶活性及土壤养分的影响。于晚稻收获后采集各小区耕层土壤,测定红壤水稻土中转化酶、脲酶活性(测定时并设加0.5 ml甲苯与不加甲苯处理)及转化酶动力学特征,同时测定土壤养分含量及微生物生物量碳,分析酶活性与养分含量及微生物生物量碳间的关系,明确土壤中累积酶活性及土壤养分对长期不同施肥处理的响应。结果发现,与对照相比,施肥处理下土壤转化酶活性显著提高了31.3%~131.7%,微生物生物量碳显著提高了84.9%~125.1%;在没有甲苯抑制微生物活性下,施肥处理的转化酶底物蔗糖转化速率增加量提高了89.5%~153.7%,脲酶底物尿素转化增加量提高了59.2%~98.9%,表明微生物显著影响两种累积酶表观酶活性;转化酶活性、脲酶活性与微生物生物量碳呈显著正相关。与对照处理相比,施肥处理显著增加了土壤有机碳(30.1%~36.3%)、全磷(28.6%~102.9%)、速效磷(62.2%~445.0%)、碱解氮(35.9%~56.4%)含量;统计分析显示,转化酶活性、脲酶活性均与碱解氮、有机碳含量显著正相关。与对照相比,各施肥处理土壤的转化酶米氏常数(Km)差异并不显著,而转化酶表观活性(Vmax)及转化系数(Vmax/Km)均显著增加。长期施肥处理增加了土壤养分含量和微生物生物量碳,提高了土壤中累积酶的活性。 相似文献
14.
不同施肥处理的土壤肥力指标及微生物碳、氮在玉米生育期内的动态变化 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16
动态监测了沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站不同施肥处理土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及土壤微生物量碳、氮在玉米6个生育期内的变化.试验结果得出,长期施肥处理使土壤pH值降低;M4和M4N2P1处理使土壤有机质提高,而N4处理使土壤有机质降低;施肥处理土壤碱解氮含量都高于对照处理,在玉米生育期内土壤有机质和碱解氮变化都呈下降趋势;长期施用有机肥或有机无机肥配合施用可以大幅度提高土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量,M4处理土壤速效磷在玉米拔节期达到最大值.同时,除N4处理土壤微生物量碳、氮的平均值较对照降低外,其他施肥处理都较对照提高,且在抽雄期都表现出较高的水平. 相似文献
15.
湘南典型植烟土壤养分供应及烟株吸收特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
养分是烤烟生长与烟叶品质形成的基础，为探究烤烟大田生育期间土壤养分供应、烟株养分吸收以及两者匹配情况及其与烟叶品质问题的关系，本研究测定和分析了湘南目前施肥模式下典型植烟土壤速效养分含量（铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾）、表观肥料养分利用率、烟株养分吸收以及有关烟叶品质指标，并监测了烤烟大田生育期间的气候条件及土壤温湿度变化状况。结果表明：①施氮总量较高(183 kg/hm2)，且基施氮量占比高(48.4%)，烤烟大田生育前期(0~36 d)土壤速效养分丰富，但烟株生长较慢，导致当季肥料养分利用率不高；②最后一次追肥时间(43 d)偏晚，使得后期烟株脱氮困难，造成顶叶和上二棚叶烟碱含量过高，还原糖含量偏低；③早春低温是烤烟大田生育前期烟株生长缓慢的重要影响因子。针对目前施肥模式与烟株养分需求不匹配问题及其主要影响因素，提出减施基肥、适时适量追肥的优化施肥模式以及应用控缓释肥料、促生微生物、高效多功能叶面肥和施加外源碳等对策。 相似文献
16.
《Applied soil ecology》2006,31(1-2):20-31
Plant-microbial competition for nutrients is considered to be a strong mechanism affecting nutrient distribution in subarctic ecosystems, but the role of grazers on the distribution of nutrients between the plants and soil microorganisms remain poorly understood. We designed a factorial fertilization and clipping experiment to study the potential competition between plants and soil microorganisms for soil nitrogen in an ecosystem under grazing. We assumed that clipping reduces plant photosynthetic capacity and C flux to the soil, which ultimately results in lower microbial substrate availability and reduced potential for N immobilization. In concurrence with microbial substrate availability, increased nutrient availability through fertilization was expected to enhance microbial N in the unclipped but not in the clipped treatment.Clipping significantly reduced microbial respiration, suggesting that grazing reduces the labile C available for soil microbes in the system. Clipping had no effect on microbial C and N and the amount of NH4-N captured in ion exchange resin bags, which was used as an index of net N mineralization. Microbial potential for N immobilization thus seemed insensitive to grazer-mediated changes in microbial availability of labile substrates. Fertilization had no effects or interactions with clipping on microbial C and N. By contrast, we found a close negative correlation between the plant root biomass and microbial N, indicating that plants had a negative impact on the microbial nutrient acquisition. The subarctic grassland vegetation seemed superior to the soil microorganisms in the competition for nutrients even when the plants were subjected to artificial grazing. We suggest that nutrient competition by higher plants constrained the microbial N immobilization in the system, which could explain why the reduction in microbial C availability by clipping had little effects on microbial N acquisition. In this subarctic system, grazing has significant influences on soil C cycling, but due to plant predominance in the competition for nutrients, does not affect N allocation between the plants and the soil microorganisms. 相似文献
17.
Ming Liu Jia Liu Chunyu Jiang Meng Wu Ruisheng Song Renyi Gui Junxian Jia Zhongpei Li 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(4):917-926
Purpose
Intensive management, such as fertilization and organic mulching, is applied frequently in Lei bamboo (Phyllostachys praecox) plantations to achieve higher production in subtropical China. However, responses as well as key impact factors of soil microbial properties under such management remain uncertain. We analyzed the relationships between nutrient changes and microbial properties and assessed the main factors determining microbial biomass, activity, and functional diversity in soils under intensive management in a Lei bamboo plantation.Materials and methods
Soil samples of treatments of no fertilization (control), chemical fertilization (CF), and chemical and organic fertilization combined with organic mulching (CFOM + M) were taken before mulching. The soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon, and total and available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were measured. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration, and mineralization were also analyzed. Community level of physiological profile (CLPP) of microorganisms was analyzed by BIOLOG method to estimate the functional diversity and carbon (C) source utilization patterns of microbes. Principal component analysis (PCA), principal response curve (PRC), correlation analysis, regression analysis, and redundancy analysis (RDA) were performed to clarify changes in variables and determine the factors influencing microbial properties.Results and discussion
SOC and total and available N, P, and K increased as follows: CFOM + M > CF > control. However, C/P and N/P ratios showed an opposite trend. MBC and respiration were not affected, but microbial quotient and metabolic quotient declined under intensive management. McIntosh diversity index was much higher in CFOM + M. The PCA showed that microorganisms in CFOM + M had a stronger ability to use most C sources. Weaker utilization of serine indicated an alleviation of nutrient deficiency in CFOM + M. PRC of CLPP showed a significant treatment effect and that utilization of serine sensitively responded to nutrient status over the whole incubation time. RDA showed that total and available N, total K, and C/P were the main factors influencing utilization of C sources by microbial communities.Conclusions
Fertilization combined with organic mulching increased soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and respiration in a Lei bamboo plantation. Abundant nutrients also increased C source use efficiency of microorganisms under intensive management. Changes of N and K and C/P might have led to a shift in microorganisms toward a different life strategy and determined the change in C source utilization patterns of microbial communities.18.
Nutrients constrain the soil carbon cycle in tropical forests, but we lack knowledge on how these constraints vary within the soil microbial community. Here, we used in situ fertilization in a montane tropical forest and in two lowland tropical forests on contrasting soil types to test the principal hypothesis that there are different nutrient constraints to different groups of microorganisms during the decomposition of cellulose. We also tested the hypotheses that decomposers shift from nitrogen to phosphorus constraints from montane to lowland forests, respectively, and are further constrained by potassium and sodium deficiency in the western Amazon. Cellulose and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and combined) were added to soils in situ, and microbial growth on cellulose (phospholipid fatty acids and ergosterol) and respiration were measured. Microbial growth on cellulose after single nutrient additions was highest following nitrogen addition for fungi, suggesting nitrogen as the primary limiting nutrient for cellulose decomposition. This was observed at all sites, with no clear shift in nutrient constraints to decomposition between lowland and montane sites. We also observed positive respiration and fungal growth responses to sodium and potassium addition at one of the lowland sites. However, when phosphorus was added, and especially when added in combination with other nutrients, bacterial growth was highest, suggesting that bacteria out-compete fungi for nitrogen where phosphorus is abundant. In summary, nitrogen constrains fungal growth and cellulose decomposition in both lowland and montane tropical forest soils, but additional nutrients may also be of critical importance in determining the balance between fungal and bacterial decomposition of cellulose. 相似文献