低磷胁迫下五种苹果砧木的磷吸收与利用特性   总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2  

季萌萌许海港  彭玲任饴华  葛顺峰姜远茂 《植物营养与肥料学报》2014,20(4):974-980

【目的】磷是植物必需的矿质元素之一,能够促进植株花芽分化,但施入土壤中的磷易被固定从而变成难以利用的闭蓄态磷,使土壤中的有效磷含量降低。因此,研究和发掘磷高效的苹果砧木对于解决低磷胁迫和提高磷利用效率具有重要意义。本研究以5种一年生苹果野生砧木为试材,进行低磷胁迫处理,调查苹果野生砧木对磷的吸收和利用特性。【方法】盆栽试验以正常管理的一年生八棱海棠（M. micromalus Makino）、 平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）、 东北山荆子（M. baccata Borkh.）、 富平楸子［M. prunifolia（Willd）Borkh.］、 新疆野苹果［M. sievesii（Ledeb.）Roemer］5种苹果砧木为试材。试验分为低磷（LP）和正常施磷（CK）两组处理,每个处理6次重复（6盆）。根总表面积、 根系总长度分析用WinRHIZO 根系分析软件进行; 植株各器官组织烘干粉碎后,用钒钼黄比色法测定其含磷量。离子吸收动力学参数的测定采用平邑甜茶水培幼苗,吸收前置于黑色培养瓶饥饿处理24 h,幼苗吸收24 h后采集营养液10 mL,钼锑抗比色法测定含磷量。【结果】5种砧木的相对磷效率从高到低为富平楸子（93.66%）平邑甜茶（87.69%）东北山荆子（83.44%）八棱海棠（74.54%）新疆野苹果（74.01%）。在低磷及正常施磷条件下,5种砧木的磷吸收效率均为富平楸子平邑甜茶东北山荆子新疆野苹果八棱海棠; 磷利用效率为平邑甜茶富平楸子八棱海棠新疆野苹果东北山荆子。H2PO-4离子最大吸收速率（Vmax）最高的为富平楸子［101.81 mol/(gh)］,其次为平邑甜茶［66.40 mol/(gh)］、 东北山荆子［45.00 mol/(gh)］和新疆野苹果［44.32 mol/(gh)］,八棱海棠的Vmax最低,为41.28 mol/(gh); 平邑甜茶的Km值最低,为4.05 mol/L,富平楸子为8.68 mol/L,东北山荆子为12.29 mol/L,新疆野苹果为12.64 mol/L,八棱海棠最高为13.57 mol/L。吸收根总表面积和总根长均以富平楸子最大,八棱海棠最小。【结论】低磷胁迫下富平楸子的相对磷效率和磷吸收效率最高,在低磷胁迫下生长势最好并且磷吸收能力最强,是一种对低磷胁迫适应能力较好的苹果砧木; 平邑甜茶的相对磷效率仅次于富平楸子,磷利用效率最高,其耐低磷胁迫的能力也仅次于富平楸子。进一步分析发现,砧木对磷的吸收效率与吸收根总表面积和总根长存在显著正相关关系,说明低磷胁迫下植物通过增加吸收根总表面积及总根长等方式,扩大根系吸收面积,从而增加根系对磷的吸收。  相似文献   

稻壳炭对紧实土壤中苹果根系硫同化酶活性、H₂S含量及根系构型的影响     

田孝志  徐龙晓  宋建飞  荀咪  张玮玮  杨洪强 《植物营养与肥料学报》2021,27(5):869-877

  【目的】   苹果种植后土壤很少翻动,根系常受土壤紧实胁迫。研究在土壤中掺混稻壳炭提高苹果根系硫同化代谢以及根系构型的效果,为果园土壤管理提供技术参考。   【方法】   以砧木分别为平邑甜茶和八棱海棠的两年生‘红富士’苹果 (Malusdomestica ‘Red Fuji’) 幼树为试材进行盆栽试验。对掺入和没掺入稻壳炭的土壤分别进行镇压 (土壤紧实度值分别为1558和1572 KPa) 和不镇压 (土壤紧实度值分别为923和939 KPa),共4个处理。苹果幼树移栽成活后60天,测定土壤孔隙度、氧气浓度和水溶性硫含量,分析苹果根系硫酸根和硫化氢 (H₂S) 含量及ATP硫酸化酶 (ATPS)、O-乙酰丝氨酸裂解酶 (OASTL) 和L-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶（L-CD）、D-半胱氨酸脱巯基酶 (D-CD) 活性,以及根系活力和形态构型等。   【结果】   镇压处理显著降低了土壤中水溶性硫含量,降低了八棱海棠和平邑甜茶为砧木的苹果幼树根系硫酸根含量,降低了根系ATPS、OASTL和L-CD、D-CD活性以及内源H₂S含量,并显著降低根系活力、根长密度、根系长度、根系体积和根系分形维数,在平邑甜茶为砧木的幼树根系中的降低幅度大于八棱海棠砧木。无论是否镇压土壤,掺入稻壳炭均提高了土壤孔隙度、土壤氧气浓度以及不同形态硫含量,提高了苹果根系硫酸根和内源H₂S含量,根系ATPS、OASTL和L-CD、D-CD活性,根系活力,根系长度,根长密度和根系分形维数,且在紧实土壤中八棱海棠砧木的提升幅度大于在平邑甜茶砧木中,两种砧木的苹果幼树在紧实土壤中的提升幅度均大于在正常土壤中。   【结论】   土壤紧实显著降低土壤水溶性硫含量,抑制苹果根系硫代谢和根系生长,在土壤中掺入稻壳炭可以显著提高紧实土壤中苹果根系硫代谢、根系生长和根系分枝。因此,在苹果移栽时,在土壤中掺入一定比例的稻壳炭可以有效缓解土壤紧实对苹果根系生长和硫代谢的不利影响。  相似文献   

供磷水平对苹果砧木氮、磷吸收和利用特性的影响   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

季萌萌  彭玲  文炤  姜翰  葛顺峰  姜远茂 《植物营养与肥料学报》2015,21(4):1016-1021

【目的】磷能够促进植物体内NO-3的还原和同化,但过量的磷往往致使植株体内游离氨基酸和酰胺含量增加,阻碍蛋白质的合成。为此,本试验研究了不同苹果砧木在不同供磷水平下对氮、磷吸收利用差异,旨在选出不同磷水平下氮素吸收和利用效率高的砧木,确定合理的氮磷肥配比,提高果树的养分利用效率。【方法】以一年生平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)、八棱海棠(M.micromalus Makino)和富平楸子[M.prunifolia(Willd)Borkh.]为试材,设置5个供磷水平(P0~P4),分别为P2O50、50、100、150和200 kg/hm2,同时施入15N-尿素0.1 g,3次重复。整株取样后将植株分成根、茎和叶三部分,烘干,粉碎,称重,备测。用钒钼黄比色法测定各器官含磷量;全氮用凯氏定氮法,15N丰度用MAT-251质谱仪测定。【结果】3种苹果砧木的磷吸收效率在P1水平比不施磷增加,在P2以上水平时略有下降,在P3、P4水平,磷吸收效率显著低于P1处理。富平楸子根、茎、叶从肥料15N中吸收分配制的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)在P0、P1、P2处理下较高,P3处理较低;氮肥利用率在P1处理最高(6.39%),P3处理最低(3.31%)。八棱海棠各器官的Ndff不同供磷水平间波动较小,在P2处理最低;其氮肥利用率随供磷水平的增加逐渐增加,在P3~P4处理氮肥利用率最高。平邑甜茶各器官Ndff在P2处理达到最大值,此时根、茎、叶的Ndff值分别为5.21%、4.55%、5.79%,显著高于相同磷水平下富平楸子和八棱海棠各器官;其氮肥利用率P2处理最高(4.86%),继续提高供磷水平则下降。【结论】富平楸子原产于土壤含磷量较低的陕北高原,其氮肥利用率在低磷时(P2O550 kg/hm2)最高,从磷素利用角度富平楸子可作为该地区苹果砧木的重要参考;八棱海棠在高磷条件下氮肥利用率处于较高水平,可作为环渤海湾产区高磷苹果园砧木的重要参考;平邑甜茶在中等磷水平时氮肥利用率最高,且平邑甜茶具有较强的抗耐性和嫁接亲和力,因此平邑甜茶可在磷素较为充足的山丘地新建苹果园采用。  相似文献   

苹果不同砧穗组合对碳储量的影响研究     

《中国生态农业学报》2021,(8)

作为一种重要的农用植被类型,果园在我国陆地生态系统碳汇评价中占有重要的地位,其碳储量及其碳汇经济价值的估算是全球碳循环研究的重要内容。本研究以山定子、八棱海棠、平邑甜茶3种苹果砧木与‘富士’‘金冠’2种苹果接穗嫁接组成的6种砧穗组合为试验材料,分别对其植株、土壤、枯落物进行碳储量分析,对系统单位面积苹果树的碳储量汇总,探究不同砧穗组合土壤-植被系统固碳能力及其差异,为理清并进一步提升苹果园碳储量提供理论依据。结果表明:相比于其他组织,苹果根含碳率高;各器官中树干生物量最高,占总生物量的33.89%～47.95%。不同器官的碳储量差异较大,表现为树干树枝根,且树干碳储量占植株碳储量的38%以上。对各砧穗组合植株碳储量比较发现,同种砧木、不同接穗的砧穗组合间,植株碳储量差异显著,以山定子、平邑甜茶为砧木时,‘富士’为接穗的组合显著高于‘金冠’为接穗的组合;同种接穗不同砧木间植株碳储量差异不显著。而对各砧穗组合枯落物碳储量比较发现,同种砧木不同接穗间差异显著,以‘富士’为接穗的砧穗组合显著高于‘金冠’为接穗的组合;同种接穗不同砧木间,以山定子为砧木的砧穗组合枯落物碳储量显著高于八棱海棠和平邑甜茶,后两者间无显著差异。0～20cm土壤的碳储量(57.86～80.91t·hm~(–2))显著高于20～40cm(20.15～25.97t·hm~(–2))、40～60 cm (11.54～14.62 t·hm~(–2))及60～100 cm (17.41～33.98 t·hm~(–2))土层。‘金冠’/山定子砧穗组合单位面积碳储量值最高;各砧穗组合碳储量经济价值差异不大,平均17.084万元·hm~(–2)。  相似文献   

重茬胁迫下苹果不同砧木幼苗生长及根系吸收的差异     

郭小静  韩甜甜  王荣  张贞  盖瑞  毛志泉  陈学森  吴树敬  沈向 《植物营养与肥料学报》2015,21(5):1312-1319

【目的】选择合适砧木是防治苹果重茬障碍最有前途的方法之一。本研究比较了三种苹果砧木的幼苗在重茬胁迫下的生长及根系吸收的差异,探讨重茬胁迫对K+、Ca2+吸收的影响,为筛选抗重茬砧木材料和培育抗重茬砧木品种提供理论依据。【方法】以平邑甜茶(Malus hupehensis Rehd.)、新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Ledeb.)Roem.]和富平楸子[Malus prunifolia(Willd.)Borkh.]一年生实生苗为试材,取自泰安市道朗镇玄家庄20年红富士/八棱海棠老果园原树穴深0—40 cm的根际土作为试验用土,于2012年4月25日取砧木幼苗并分为两组,一组利用非损伤微创技术测定根际K+、Ca2+离子流,根系固定于平衡液中,平衡半小时后测定重茬胁迫前的根际离子流速,然后将其在重茬土提取液中浸泡半小时,测定重茬胁迫后的根际离子流速;另一组移栽至直径为25cm、深30cm的苗盆中,7 9月分别测定植株株高、径粗、叶绿素含量和光合速率;生长季结束后扫描根系结构,分别称量幼苗根系、枝条、叶片的鲜重和干重。【结果】三种砧木幼苗受到重茬胁迫后,地上部生长受到不同程度抑制。重茬胁迫前后平邑甜茶株高差异不显著,新疆野苹果和富平楸子株高胁迫后均显著降低;新疆野苹果光合速率重茬土显著低于正茬土,其它两种砧木光合速率在胁迫前后无显著差异;叶绿素含量均表现为重茬土显著低于正茬土;径粗在胁迫前后无显著差异。重茬土中新疆野苹果根系干物质积累下降明显,根/冠比增大;三种砧木的根系生长量显著增大,根系总长度分别是正茬土中根系总长度的1.45倍、2.22倍、1.71倍;三种砧木幼苗在重茬土中的根系活力均低于正茬,但胁迫前后平邑甜茶根系活力下降幅度最小。重茬胁迫后,三种砧木的根际K+离子流均由内流转变为外排,胁迫前后平邑甜茶的根际K+离子平均流速变化较小,说明对其影响小,新疆野苹果根际K+离子平均流速变化最为明显,其吸收K+能力最弱;平邑甜茶根际Ca2+流动方向在胁迫前后未发生变化,均为内流,而另外两种砧木根际Ca2+离子流均由内流转变为外排,且新疆野苹果根际Ca2+离子平均流速变化最为明显。【结论】苹果砧木在重茬胁迫下地上部生长受到显著性抑制,根系总量增大,K+、Ca2+的吸收受到不同程度的影响;重茬使抗性较差的砧木新疆野苹果的物质积累受到较严重的阻碍,根冠比显著增加,K+、Ca2+的吸收受到严重影响;较耐重茬的砧木平邑甜茶的根冠比相对稳定,K+、Ca2+的吸收受到的影响也最小;富平楸子的表现介于两者之间。  相似文献   

苹果砧木苗根际微域环境的研究   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

董淑富  何承顺  黄天栋  束怀瑞 《土壤学报》1997,34(3):323-327

本文以平邑甜茶，平顶海棠和新疆海棠三种苹果常用砧木苗试材，采用分层取样的根际箱法对其根际微域的环境状况进行了研究。结果表明，根际微域ｐＨ和氧化还原电位下降，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ表现根际亏缺，Ｃａ和Ｍｇ在根表积累。  相似文献   

施氮水平对五种苹果砧木生长以及氮素吸收、分配和利用特性的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

王海宁  葛顺峰  姜远茂  魏绍冲  周恩达  王富林 《植物营养与肥料学报》2012,18(5):1272-1277

以一年生平邑甜茶（M. hupehensis Rehd.）、 八棱海棠（M. micromalus Makin）、 楸子［M. micromalus (Willd) Borkh.］、 新疆野苹果［M. micromalus (Ledeb.) Roemer］、 东北山荆子（M. baccata Borkh.）为试材,采用15N示踪技术,研究了施氮量对5种砧木生长及15N吸收、 分配和利用特性的影响。结果表明, 砧木的生物量、 根系总表面积、 总根长和根尖数均随施氮量的增加而增加,但不同砧木增加的程度不同,且地上部生长量对氮素的反应比地下部更敏感。平邑甜茶的生物量最大,楸子的根系总表面积、 总根长和根尖数均最大; 东北山荆子的生物量、 根系总表面积、 总根长和根尖数均最小。不同品种的15N利用率随施氮量增加变化不同且差异显著,并与根系总表面积存在显著正相关关系; 楸子的15N利用率最高,东北山荆子的最低。低氮处理（N1）中各器官从硝态氮中吸收分配到的15N量对该器官全氮量的贡献（Ndff）从大到小顺序为根叶茎,高氮处理（N2）中各器官的Ndff值从大到小顺序为叶根茎。不同砧木的Ndff随施氮量增加变化不同。各砧木15N均主要分配在叶中,其次是根,茎中最少。  相似文献   

适量供锌明显提高平邑甜茶幼苗碳氮吸收和同化效率   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

于波  秦嗣军  吕德国 《植物营养与肥料学报》2021,27(1):97-108

[目的]氮素利用率低严重制约我国果树产业的可持续发展.通过研究不同供锌水平对苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗生长、光合作用、13C同化与分配和15N吸收、利用与分配的影响,探究锌对苹果氮素吸收利用的影响机制,为苹果生产中氮肥利用率的提高提供理论参考.[方法]以苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材进行砂培试验,试验周期为30天.设置ZnO、Z...  相似文献   

供磷水平对平邑甜茶幼苗NO₃^-吸收、利用特性的影响     

彭玲  朱占玲  陈倩  季萌萌  陈汝  葛顺峰  姜远茂 《中国生态农业学报》2017,25(8):1147-1153

运用~(15)N示踪及非损伤微测技术,研究了不同供磷水平(0 mmol×L~(-1)、1.0 mmol×L~(-1)、2.0 mmol×L~(-1)、3.0 mmol×L~(-1)、4.0 mmol×L~(-1)、6.0 mmol×L~(-1)、8.0 mmol×L~(-1)、12.0 mmol×L~(-1)和16.0 mmol×L~(-1) H_2PO_4~-)对平邑甜茶幼苗NO_3~--N吸收及利用特性的影响,为提高果园氮肥利用效率提供理论依据。结果表明,在低磷水平(0~1.0 mmol×L~(-1))时,平邑甜茶根系长度、根系总表面积较小,且根尖数较少。随着供磷水平的增加,在2.0~4.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度处理时,平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、根系长度、根系总表面积及根尖数显著高于其他处理。而在6.0~16.0 mmol×L~(-1)时,过量供磷抑制了根系的生长,使平邑甜茶幼苗根系长度、表面积均大幅降低,根尖数量骤降。非损伤扫描离子选择电极测试表明,当生长介质磷浓度在3.0~6.0 mmol×L~(-1)时,平邑甜茶对NO_3~-有吸收作用,并在3.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度时其吸收速率最高。而在0~2 mmol×L~(-1)及8.0~16.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度处理下,平邑甜茶对NO_3~-有外排作用。随供磷水平的增加,各器官从肥料中吸收分配到的~(15)N量对该器官全氮量的贡献率(Ndff)及植株氮素利用率呈现先升高后降低的趋势,4.0 mmol×L~(-1)磷浓度时植株氮素利用率最大,为42.24%,超过4.0 mmol×L~(-1)植株氮素利用率显著降低。适当充足的供磷刺激了幼苗根系生长,从而促进平邑甜茶对氮素的获取,过量的NO_3~-抑制了平邑甜茶根系的生长,同时叶片硝酸还原酶的活性受到抑制,因此其氮素吸收和利用效率较低。因此,磷浓度在3.0~4.0 mmol×L~(-1)时最有利于平邑甜茶幼苗的生长及氮素的吸收利用。  相似文献   

苹果发酵液对Fe2+的螯合能力及对缺铁平邑甜茶幼苗的影响     

张乔丽  戚亚平  邵微  高利梅  姚允聪  姬谦龙 《植物营养与肥料学报》2013,19(2):517-522

本试验研究了苹果发酵液对二价铁的螯合能力,并以平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis var. pingyiensis）幼苗为试材,研究了平邑甜茶幼苗根系对铁的吸收效应以及发酵液和FeSO4混合施用后,对缺铁平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干粗的增长率、 鲜、 干重根冠比、 全量铁与活性铁含量、 叶绿素及净光合速率的影响。结果表明,当苹果发酵液pH为5.5时,对Fe2+的螯合能力最强,其与FeSO4混合根施后,能促进平邑甜茶幼苗根系对铁的吸收; 发酵液300倍稀释液和FeSO4混合处理对缺铁平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干粗的增长率、 鲜、 干重根冠比、 活性铁含量、 叶绿素含量及净光合速率的提高最为显著。由试验结果推论,苹果发酵液具有较强的Fe2+螯合能力,有利于苹果幼苗对Fe2+的吸收,并能有效地改善缺铁植株叶片的光合效率。  相似文献   

COPPER TOXICITY AND ACCUMULATION IN POTTED SEEDLINGS OF THREE APPLE ROOTSTOCK SPECIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SAFE FRUIT PRODUCTION ON COPPER-POLLUTED SOILS     

Chun-Sheng Liu  Bai-Ye Sun  Shi-Hong Kan  Yan-Zong Zhang  Shi-Huai Deng  Gang Yang 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(9):1268-1277

A 190-d pot cultivation of three apple rootstock species, Malus hupehensis, M. prunifolia, and M. micromalus, was conducted to investigate tolerance, uptake and accumulation of copper (Cu) in different rootstock species. The calculated soil Cu concentration that reduced plant biomass by 50% decreased in M. hupehensis, M. prunifolia, and M. micromalus. This experiment showed that Cu tolerance of M. hupehensis was superior to the other rootstocks. Copper accumulation proportions in shoots or leaves of M. hupehensis were only 0.7–7.4%, which were the lowest among the three species in both control and Cu treatments, and especially were as low as only 40–50% of those of M. prunifolia. The results indicate that Cu-tolerant low-aboveground-Cu-accumulation rootstocks (i.e., excluder rootstocks) could be a good alternative to produce safe fruits with low Cu concentration on Cu-polluted soils without a complete ban on Cu fungicides.  相似文献   

不同绿地类型下城市绿化树种BVOCs排放特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张倩  李洪远  吕铃钥  杨佳楠 《水土保持通报》2017,37(3):22-27,34

[目的]探讨天津市绿化树种在不同绿地生境条件下植物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的排放特征,为城市园林绿地树种的筛选提供依据。[方法]采用动态顶空套袋法和热脱附—气相色谱/质谱联用技术,分析了不同绿地类型下对桧柏(Juniperus chinensis)、绦柳(Salix matsudana)、西府海棠(Malus micromalus)和国槐(Sophora japonica)4种城市常见绿化树种BVOCs排放特征。[结果](1)不同生境条件下桧柏、绦柳、西府海棠和国槐释放BVOCs数量和成分均不同。4种树种在滨水绿地、道路绿地、公园绿地和校园绿地4种不同绿地类型下分别共鉴定出69种、84种、20种和36种挥发性有机物。4种绿地类型下4种树木释放烯烃类物质的相对含量显著高于其他类型物质,且其相对含量均按道路绿地校园绿地公园绿地滨水绿地的顺序依次递减,而酯类和烷烃类物质恰与其相反,二者相对含量均在滨水绿地类型下显著较高。(2)绦柳释放的醇类和酮类物质与4种绿地类型下的光照强度,桧柏释放的烯烃类、烷烃类、醇类、酯类和酮类物质、西府海棠释放的烷烃类和酯类物质、国槐释放的烯烃类和酯类物质与4种绿地类型下的相对湿度,桧柏和绦柳释放的醇类和酮类物质、国槐释放的烯烃类物质与4种绿地类型下的温度分别呈显著相关。[结论]绿地生境条件的差异影响绿化树种排放BVOCs的成分和含量,且仅有部分类型挥发物与环境因子呈显著性相关。  相似文献   

铁肥根系输液矫正果树缺铁失绿症机理   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

杨青琴  薛进军  王秀茹  赵志军  台社珍  张福锁  李绍华 《植物营养与肥料学报》2001,7(4):435-440

邻二氮杂啡铁示踪结果表明 ,铁肥根系输液处理时铁以二价态由根被动吸收 ,并运输到根、茎、和叶的主脉内。运输部位都是靠近形成层的木质部 ,运输速度每小时可达数十厘米。室内营养液培养的八棱海棠苗用59Fe示踪结果表明 ,断根中分配的59Fe为 18.1% ,叶中分配的59Fe占 70 .9% ;断 1、2、3条根的植株59Fe在叶中的分配比例分别为 57.9%、63.6 %、68.0 %。  相似文献   

Ascorbic Acid Alleviates Toxicity Induced by Excess Copper in Brassica campestris Ssp. Chinensis Makino     

J. J. Zhou  J. Ren  X. H. Wang  T. K. Liu  X. L. Hou 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(6):656-664

In this study, the changes in mineral elements content, chlorophyll, malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbic acid (AsA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation level were studied in leaves of three cultivars of non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp., chinensis Makino) under copper stress, and the role of exogenous AsA was also investigated. Under copper stress, the copper content in leaves increased significantly, while it is lowest in “Wutacai”, which showed the highest copper tolerance in the three cultivars of non-heading Chinese cabbage. Mineral elements such as iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) reduced remarkably, the content of chlorophyll decreased, while MDA and DNA methylation level increased significantly. Compared with that under copper treatment, exogenous AsA decreased the contents of copper and MDA, and DNA methylation level, while increased the content of chlorophyll and other mineral contents, which implied that AsA alleviates copper stress in non-heading Chinese cabbage.  相似文献   

Extraction of soil boron for predicting its availability to plants     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):1003-1012

Abstract

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica, Mill). Plant B concentrations were compared to soil B extracted by hot water, 0.05M HCl, 1.5M CH₃COOH, and 0.01M CaCl₂. The r values for extractable soil B versus plant B were: hot water (0.67), 0.05M HCl (0.82), 1.5M CH₃COOH (0.78), and hot 0.01M CaCl₂(0.61). Results of soil B from the 0.05M HCl extracts were generally found to give the best correlation and linear regression among the four extractants tested for predicting the B availability to plants. Overall, the 0.05M HCl proved to be the best extractant and is recommended for predicting the available B status of acid soils. The probability of error with 0.05M HCl is less since it is shaken for a fixed period of time as opposed to subjective error which could be introduced in monitoring the boiling time using hot water. Since HCl is the cheapest among the chemical extractants used it would be most suited for determining soil B in countries with poor economic resources.  相似文献   

Cadmium effects on influx and transport of mineral nutrients in plant species     

X. Yang  V.C. Baligar  D.C. Martens  R.B. Clark 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(3-4):643-656

Solution culture experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions to determine the effects of cadmium(II) [Cd(II)] activity (0, 8, 14, 28, 42, and 54 μM) on influx (IN) into roots and transport (TR) from roots to shoots of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), maize (Zea mays L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Shoot and root dry matter (DM) decreased with increased external Cd, and plant species differed extensively. Ryegrass and cabbage were relatively tolerant to Cd toxicity compared to white clover and maize. Influx and TR of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg were lower with increasing external Cd compared to controls, and species also differed. Influx and TR of P were enhanced in each species with up to 14 μM Cd, decreased in white clover and cabbage at higher Cd levels, while in maize and ryegrass continued to increase as Cd increased. Influx and TR of S were high in white clover at 8 μM Cd and decreased as Cd increased. Influx of S was high in ryegrass, but TR of S remained relatively constant as Cd increased. Influx and TR of S did not significantly change in maize, but decreased in cabbage as Cd increased. With Cd up to 14 μM, decreases in both IN and TR of Zn, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg were greater in white clover than in cabbage. Sensitivity of the dicotyledonous plant species to Cd toxicity might have been associated with Cd effects on IN and TR of Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg. However, differences in plant sensitivities to Cd toxicity between ryegrass and maize were not reflected in Cd effects on IN and TR of mineral nutrients.  相似文献   

Plant tolerance to nickel toxicity: II nickel effects on influx and transport of mineral nutrients in four plant species     

X. Yang  V.C. Baligar  D. C. Martens  R. B. Clark 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(2):265-279

Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient for higher plants but is toxic to plants at excess levels. Plant species differ extensively for mineral uptake and accumulation, and these differences often help explain plant tolerances to mineral toxicities/deficiencies. Solution culture experiments were conducted under controlled conditions to determine the effects of Ni on influx into roots (IN) and transport from roots to shoots (TR) of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) in white clover (Trifolium repens L.), cabbage (ßrassica oleracea van capitata L.), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and maize (Zea mays L.). Nickel decreased both IN and TR of Zn, Cu, Ca, and Mg, but only TR of Fe and Mn in white clover. Both IN and TR of Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, and S were markedly decreased by Ni >30 μM in cabbage, whereas IN and TR of P increased with Ni treatment. For ryegrass, TR of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg was decreased, but IN of these elements except Mg was not affected by Ni. The IN and TR of P and S were increased in ryegrass with increasing external Ni levels. Nickel inhibited IN of Cu, Ca, and Mg, and TR of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg in maize. Plant species differed in response to Ni relative to IN and TR of mineral nutrients. Plant tolerance to Ni toxicity was associated with the influence of Ni on IN and TR of Cu, Fe, and Mn in white clover and cabbage but not in maize and ryegrass.  相似文献   

Contents of heavy metal elements in copper mosses: Scopelophila ligulata,Scopelophila cataractae,and Mielichhoferia japonica and their substrates     

Yoshio Aikawa  Iwao Nagano  Shunjiro Sakamoto  Masaya Nishiyama  Satoshi Matsumoto 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):835-842

Scopelophila ligulata (Spruce) Spruce, S. cataractae (Mitt.) Broth., and Mielichhoferia japonica Besch. (Mielichhoferia mielichhoferi (Hook.) Wijk et Marg. var. japonica (Besch.) Wijk et Marg.) are well known “copper mossess” which show peculiar ecological characteristics consisting of a preference for metal-rich soils, lithosols, rocks, etc. as their substrates. The total and water-soluble element contents in the substrates and heavy metal contents in the moss body were analyzed in this study. The results of these chemical analyses were as follows: The iron contents in the moss body and substrate of S. ligulata were higher than those of S. cataractae and M. japonica. On the contrary the copper contents of the former were lower than those of the latter. The pH values of substrate of S. ligulata were lower than those of S. cataractae and M. japonica. The concentrations of water-soluble iron and sulfate in the substrate of S. ligulata were higher than those of S. cataractae and M. japonica. On the contrary, the water-soluble copper concentrations in the substrate of S. ligulata were lower than those of the others. Although in the substrate of S. cataractae the iron content was several times higher than the copper content, in the moss body the copper content was higher than iron content.  相似文献   

Sources of resistance to bacterial blight of stock (Matthiola incana R. Br.)     

R. Ecker  D. Zutra  A. Barzilay  E. Osherenko  D. Rav-David 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1995,42(4):371-372

Summary Accessions ofM. tricuspidata (L.) R. Br.,M. aspera Boiss. andMatthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. were tested for their reaction to bacterial blight of stock (M. incana R. Br.), caused byXanthomonas campestris pv.incanae. Potted plants were sprayed with bacterial cell suspension, adjusted to 10⁸ cells/ml. The tested accessions of the three species were found highly resistant, while control plants ofM. incana were severely infected. InterspecificF ₁ hybrid plants betweenM. incana andM. tricuspidata also exhibited high resistance to the disease. The implications and the expected difficulties in breeding stock for bacterial blight resistance are discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No 1235-E, 1993 series.  相似文献   

Response of Different Crops to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungal Inoculation in Phosphorus-Deficient Soil     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19):2299-2309

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have the capability to improve crop yields by increasing plant nutrient supply. A pot experiment was conducted under natural conditions to determine the response of AMF inoculation on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), mash bean (Vigna mungo L.), and mung bean (Vigna radiata. L.) crops during 2008. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design in three replications using phosphorus (P)–deficient soil. Three plants were grown in 10 kg soil up to the stage of maximum growth for 70 days. Spores of AMF were isolated from rhizosphere of freshly growing wheat and berseem crops and mixed with sterilized soil with fine particles. Crops were inoculated in the presence of indigenous mycorrhiza with the inoculum containing 20 g sterilized soil mixed with 40–50 AMF spores. Inoculation with AMF improved yield and nutrient uptake by different crops significantly over uninoculated crops. Inoculated millet crop showed 20% increase in shoot dry matter and 21% in root dry matter when compared with other inoculated crops. Increases of 67% in plant nitrogen (N) and iron (Fe) were observed in millet, 166% in plant P uptake was observed in mash beans, 186% in zinc (Zn) was measured in maize, and 208% in copper (Cu) and 48% in manganese (Mn) were noted in sorghum crops. Maximum root infection intensity of 35% by AMF and their soil spore density were observed in millet crop followed by 32% in mash beans. Results suggest that inoculation of AMF may play a role in improving crop production and the varied response of different crops to fungi signifies the importance of evaluating the compatibility of the fungi and plant host species.  相似文献