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通过对我国海南、云南、广东三大植胶区橡胶产业发展情况的调研,简要阐述橡胶采胶及病虫害防控方面的现状。探讨分析橡胶采胶及病虫害方面所面临的采胶技术管理执行不够好,橡胶树割面干涸病防控技术仍未获得突破,橡胶树常规病虫危害日趋严重及新病虫害不断涌现,橡胶栽培技术经济合理性研究不够等问题。提出通过切实做好采胶技术管理,割面干涸病防控技术研发,高效安全的采胶技术及新型刺激剂复方的研发,橡胶树突发病虫害监测预报及应急防控技术,橡胶树根病综合防控及植保药物技术研发等建议,发展提升橡胶产业整体水平。 相似文献
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由于大气环流的异常影响,云南西双版纳州2009/2010年秋冬春气候异常,出现了本州自有气象记录以来最严重的秋冬春连旱。异常的高温干旱对橡胶树造成了严重影响：橡胶树物候异常、病虫害频发、开割时间比往年推迟10～30d、干胶减产;橡胶树抗旱定植困难大、成本高;随干旱而至的大风、冰雹灾害严重,造成严重经济损失。 相似文献
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茉莉酸刺激的橡胶树胶乳cDNA消减文库的构建及其序列分析 总被引：19，自引：6，他引：13
采用抑制性消减杂交(suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH)技术,构建了外源茉莉酸刺激条件下橡胶树胶乳与未处理橡胶树胶乳差异表达的cDNA消减文库,经蓝白斑筛选共得到121个含有插入片段的阳性克隆。通过菌落PCR的方法分别对阳性克隆的插入片段进行扩增,结果表明,95％左右阳性克隆插入片段的大小在200-600 bp之间。随机选取25个克隆进行测序,并对所得的25条表达序列标签(EST)序列用Blastn(基本局域联配搜寻工具)检索基因文库(genbank),其中10条EST片断可找到碱基序列相似性大于80％以上的同源基因序列,其余15条EST为没有任何功能线索的未知序列。外源茉莉酸刺激条件下橡胶树胶乳cDNA消减文库的构建和在此基础上克隆橡胶树胶乳中JA信号的候选应激基因,将为开展茉莉酸调控橡胶树胶乳代谢和橡胶生物合成的分子机理研究打下基础。 相似文献
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橡胶树种子电导率特性及其与种子活力的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
用完整的橡胶树种仁在室温下浸泡于无离子水中测定种子渗漏质电导率。研究结果表明,橡胶树种子渗漏质电导率与浸泡时间之间呈直线相关,因品种、种子质量、贮存时间和季节而异,但这种差异是相对稳定的。不同质量的橡胶树种子的电导率之间的显著差异可以在种子浸泡7h内观测到。橡胶树种子电导率与发芽率及籽苗生势之间均呈显著负相关关系。因此,橡胶树种子电导率有可能作为快速测定橡胶树种子活力的一个重要指标。另外,橡胶树种子在敞开贮存期间,种子电导率出现波动性变化现象,这种变化也因品种和种子质量等而异。 相似文献
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橡胶树胶乳几丁质酶基因表达的品种差异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨不同品系橡胶树胶乳中几丁质酶基因在表达水平上的差异,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术,克隆得到长为935bp的橡胶树几丁质酶基因,对其进行序列测定。结果表明,该基因序列与EvertBokma(2001)发表的橡胶树几丁质酶基因序列一致。此外,从3个不同品系橡胶树胶乳中提取总RNA,以已克隆的基因为探针进行Northern狭线杂交。结果表明:3个不同排胶特性品系PR107,GT1,RRIM600的几丁质酶基因杂交信号强度表现为PR107GT1>RRIM600。 相似文献
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割胶制度与天然胶乳挥发脂肪酸值的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了橡胶树新、旧割胶制度及不同刺激强度、不同割胶频率对其胶乳VFANo.和蔗糖含量的影响。探讨了6种割制所得田间胶乳在贮存过程中VFANo.的变化规律。结果表明:在一定时间的自然贮存过程中,不同割制胶乳其VFANo.变异很大。新割制胶乳VFANo.升高较快;不同刺激强度胶乳明显呈现高强度高VFANo.的趋势;不同割胶频率胶乳明显呈现高频率高VFANo.的趋势;各种割制胶乳刚采集时其VFANo.无明显差异且均很低,随后VFA的生成随氨含量的增加而后滞。不同割制胶乳蔗糖浓度差异极显著。 相似文献
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Ugandan farmers were interviewed in order to investigate their knowledge, perceptions and ability to manage pests in agroforestry generally and on Alnus species particularly. Farmers’ ability to recognise pest problems on Alnus species was significantly influenced by their length of experience in cultivating the species, but not their age, sex or formal education. Most farmers (77%) were aware of pest problems on Alnus species. However, identification of pest problems was based largely on damage type rather than causal agents. Whereas farmers had good knowledge of vertebrate pests of Alnus, insects and diseases that infest the tree species were unknown to most farmers. Apis mellifera damage on Alnus was the most frequently described damage, but its cause was either unknown or misdiagnosed. Most farmers did not control insect and disease infestations on Alnus because they did not know the causal agents and/or appropriate control measures. Farmers were generally more knowledgeable on insect and disease infestations on crops than on multipurpose tree species (MPTS) and most of them (98%) perceived that crops suffer more damage from such pests than do MPTS. However, farmers’ ability to manage insect pests and diseases seemed weak on both crops and MPTS. Most farmers suggested the use of pesticides to combat pests, but they mentioned only one insecticide, permethrin and one fungicide, mancozeb. More alarming were the suggestions by a few farmers on the use of mancozeb against aphids, and permethrin to combat crop wilt and dieback. Farmers need to be educated about diagnosis, basic ecology and management strategies for both crop and tree pests to ensure sustainable pest control in agroforestry. 相似文献
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Initial detection of plant pests (includes diseases) is often made by the growers and consultants that work directly with crops; this form of detection is referred to as general surveillance. General surveillance activities have an important role in plant biosecurity for the early detection of pests and for demonstrating area freedom. In the Western Australian grains industry, reports of suspect high priority pests to the state Department of Agriculture and Food is the main form of general surveillance. There is little information on the level of knowledge of high priority pests in the grains industry in Western Australia and the ability of members to detect high priority pests if they were present. This study details a survey of members of the grains industry to determine their knowledge of the signs of high priority grains pests and the likelihood that they would detect a high priority pest if it were present in grain or crops. Knowledge of the signs of the high priority grain diseases, Karnal bunt and Barley stripe rust, were found to be higher than those of the high priority insect pests, Khapra beetle and Russian wheat aphid. A wide range of responses was collected from respondents’ self-rated likelihood of detecting each of these pests and diseases in crop or harvested grain. However, respondents were more confident in their ability to detect the two plant diseases than the two insect pests. The results of this study suggest that further training in recognition of the signs and symptoms of high priority grains pests is required to increase the ability of members of the grains industry to confidently detect and differentiate high priority pests from common pests in the course of routine activities. 相似文献
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主要利用RS-485总线、无线移动网络(GPRS)、互联网(Internet)和数据库技术等实现热带农业环境数据远程采集平台系统。通过后台系统对环境数据进行挖掘、分析与推理，从病虫害数据库中实时智能检索并预测近期可能发生的病虫害，为我国热带农业决策、生产管理及病虫害防治提供一种简单有效的途径。 相似文献
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J.D. Mumford 《Crop Protection》1982,1(3):283-288
The aim of two postal surveys of farmers in England and New Zealand was to measure farmers' perceptions of losses from weeds, insects, and diseases in their arable crops. While the perceived losses differ among the crops and pest types, significant positive associations are found both between the surveyed farmers' perceptions of different pests within crops and between the same type of pest among different crops. Insecticide and fungicide use is found to be greater when herbicides are used. Estimated benefit-cost ratios are presented for herbicides, insecticides and fungicides. Most farmers consider that these ratios are favourable. 相似文献
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水稻有害生物生态调控的理论与实践 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对水稻重大病虫害防治问题和农药污染造成的生态问题，从生态学观点出发，阐述了有害生物生态调控的形成及其理论基础。为了农业的可持续发展，在生产实践中研究和探讨了有害生物生态调控的多项技术措施及其控害效果。结果表明：经济作物与高产优质水稻连作种植模式及其农田景观多样性耕作制，可显著的影响与它关联的害虫及其天敌在种群数量上的变动，并促使田间生物群落发生变化，从而导致水稻主要害虫种群对稻田生态环境的非适应性减少，而蜘蛛等天敌种群则适应性增加，生物多样性指数提高。与此同时，在水稻高产栽培中坚持合理施肥控制施氮量，利用水稻品种多样性混合间栽。开展稻鸭生态种养，应用频振式杀虫灯等措施，都能显著减少稻田主要病虫的发生和危害。实现有害生物的可持续治理。 相似文献
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Among the various sectors of the Brazilian economy, agriculture plays a prominent role, generating jobs and income for the country. However, the agricultural sector faces systematic annual losses due to pests and diseases. The damage caused by insect pests is one of the primary factors leading to the reduced production of major crops. The study presented here estimates the production losses of major crops caused by insects and the economic impact related to the direct damage caused by insects, to the purchase of insecticides, and to medical treatment for humans poisoned by insecticides. The results indicate that insect pests cause an average annual loss of 7.7% in production in Brazil, which is a reduction of approximately 25 million tons of food, fiber, and biofuels. The total annual economic losses reach approximately US$ 17.7 billion. These results are important for government policies in the agricultural sector, as well as indicate the need for updated data regarding the losses caused by insects in Brazil and the need for systematic monitoring of these losses. 相似文献
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为提高枇杷特级果比例,研究二次短截修剪对早钟6号枇杷结果母枝质量、果实品质和产量效益的影响.结果表明:枇杷结果母枝经过二次短截修剪可诱导侧生枝转为中心枝,且中心枝增粗,节间变短,叶片增多增厚增重,从而提高结果母枝的质量.二次短截修剪的中心枝,与对照中心枝相比,单果重增加19.87 g,提高了34.69％;穗重增加55.72 g,提高了32.05％；果实的总糖含量比对照增加1.23个百分点:特级果比例大幅增加,65.0 g以上特级果率为75.76％,是对照的2.8倍;每公顷产值增加34 739.27元,提高了61.14％.说明枇杷结果母枝二次短截修剪可达到大果、优质、丰产、高效的目的. 相似文献
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稻菜复种可以提高土地利用率、减少蔬菜的病虫害、防止保护地内土壤的盐渍化。结合盘锦地区稻菜复种的实践,提出了日光温室冬春茬果菜类与水稻复种、大中棚春茬甘蓝或西葫芦与水稻复种及中小拱棚生叶菜类与水稻复种三种模式。 相似文献
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J. E. van der Waals K. Krüger A. C. Franke A. J. Haverkort J. M. Steyn 《Potato Research》2013,56(1):67-84
A set of daily weather data simulations for 1961 to 2050 were used to calculate past and future trends in pest and disease pressure in potato cropping systems at three agro-ecologically distinct sites in South Africa: the Sandveld, the Eastern Free State and Limpopo. The diseases and pests modelled were late blight, early blight and brown spot, blackleg and soft rot, root-knot nematodes and the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (as indicator of Potato virus Y and Potato leaf roll virus). The effects of climate on trends in relative development rates of these pathogens and pests were modelled for each pathogen and pest using a set of quantitative parameters, which included specific temperature and moisture requirements for population growth, compiled from literature. Results showed that the cumulative relative development rate (cRDR) of soft rot and blackleg, root-knot nematodes and M. persicae will increase over the 90-year period in the areas under consideration. The cRDR of early blight and brown spot is likely to increase in the wet winter and wet summer crops of the Sandveld and Eastern Free State, respectively, but remains unchanged in the dry summer and dry winter crops of the Sandveld and Limpopo, respectively. Climate change will decrease the cRDR of late blight in all of the cropping systems modelled, except in the wet winter crop of the Sandveld. These results help to set priorities in research and breeding, specifically in relation to management strategies for diseases and pests. 相似文献