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1.
Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Wheat as Affected by Cultivar and Nitrogen Fertilization 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To improve nutrient management strategies in wheat more information is needed about the interaction effects among nutrients in their uptake and redistribution in the plants, in relation to different genotypes. Therefore, two bread ( T. aestivum L.) and two durum ( T. durum Desf.) winter wheat cultivars were grown in the field for 2 years (1986, 1987) in a silty-clay soil under different nitrogen (N) levels, in Northern Greece. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha−1 was applied before planting or 100 kg ha−1 before planting and then 50 kg ha−1 at early boot stage. Cultivar differences in phosphorus (p) concentration were observed only in vegetative parts but not in the grain. Maximum p accumulation was observed either at anthesis or at maturity. During grain filling dry matter and p accumulation in the grain followed almost the same pattern. Phosphorus translocation efficiency of the cultivars at the 2 years ranged from 70.7 to 84.3 % and the amount of p in the grain derived from translocation 52 to 100 %. Phosphorus translocation efficiency was weakly correlated with p content in grain only in 1986, while phosphorus harvest index (PHI) was positively correlated with harvest indst (HI) both years (r = 0.82** in 1986 and 0.75** in 1987). Nitrogen application mainly affected p accumulation of the cultivars via its effect on biomass production. The split N application promoted slightly the p uptake in 1987 and this resulted in the reduction of both the contribution of the translocated p to the grain and the efficiency of p utilization for total biomass. Results indicated that p accumulation and translocation and the efficiency of p utilization in wheat were mainly determined by the genotype in relation to environmental condition of growth. 相似文献
2.
研究分层供水施磷对冬小麦磷效率及产量的影响,为指导旱地施磷提供一定理论和实践依据。试验设整体湿润(W1)和上干下湿(W2) 2 种水分处理,不施磷(CK)、表施(SP)、深施(DP)3 种施磷处理,供试品种选用水分敏感型（‘小偃22’）和抗旱型（‘长旱58’）。研究结果表明：磷肥施用深度对冬小麦磷根效率比、磷肥利用效率、磷肥偏生产力(PFPP)及产量的影响随土壤水分和品种而异。2 种水分条件下,‘小偃22’DP较SP处理磷肥利用率、PFPp均显著降低(P＜0.05),磷根效率比及产量则差异不显著;W1 处理下,‘长旱58’DP较SP处理除磷根效率比外其他指标均显著降低(P＜0.05),W2 处理下则相反,上述指标均显著增加(P＜0.05)。本试验结果表明,土壤水分供应不足时,磷肥深施有利于提高抗旱性较强冬小麦品种对磷素的吸收利用能力,从而提高磷肥利用率及产量。 相似文献
3.
为研究麦根质膜氧化还原反应与钾离子吸收的关系,比较不同基因型小麦吸钾差异,以水培和短期生物吸收试验方法,检测到小麦根系铁氰化钾还原酶的存在,而且不同品种铁氰化钾还原酶还原活性不同。反应液中由于根系内外质子和钾离子的迁移,加与不加铁氰化钾,不同品种根系都引起了溶液pH的改变,但外部电子受体Fe(CN)63-的存在即铁氰化钾还原酶底物的存在加强了溶液pH改变（更多为降低）的程度。铁氰化钾还原也明显影响了根系钾离子的吸收或外排动态,但不同品种影响不同。小麦根细胞膜氧化还原系统明显影响质子和钾离子的跨膜运输,不同品种影响不同。 相似文献
4.
缺磷胁迫下不同磷效率小麦品种及其杂种F1的磷吸收利用特性 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在缺磷胁迫下，对磷低效、磷吸收高效和利用高效3个小麦品种及其杂种F1的磷吸收、利用特性进行了研究。结果表明，与磷低效品种Nc37相比，磷吸收高效品种81(85)单株次生根数较多、次生根直径较大、根系干物质重量较大、TTC（氯化三苯基四氮唑）还原力较高和单株全磷量较多。其对磷素吸收量的增加，是根系形态和根体构型改变和对土壤中难溶性磷素利用能力增强两方面共同作用的结果。利用高效品种（蚂蚱麦）具有较高的旗叶酸性磷酸化酶活性和较高的磷利用效率，对于改善植株体内磷的代谢周转和再利用能力，进而提高植株的磷利用效率可能具有较重要作用。在F1-1 [Nc37×81(85)], F1-2 (Nc37×蚂蚱麦)和 F1-3 [81(85) ×蚂蚱麦]3个杂种F1中，单株次生根数、次生根粗度、单位土体根系干重、根系TTC还原力、植株成熟期全磷量和旗叶酸性磷酸化酶活性的离中优势（Hm）和超高亲优势（Hh）多为正向优势。其单株籽粒产量的Hm和Hh均为正值，分别变化在31.7%~32.8%（Hm）和18.5%~29.6%（Hh）之间。用高效吸收、利用2个不同类型的小麦品种作亲本配制杂交组合，充分利用F1代在磷吸收利用上的杂种优势，对于改善在磷胁迫下小麦的磷素营养可能具有重要作用。 相似文献
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6.
宁夏不同基因型春小麦磷营养的差异 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
在不同施磷土壤条件下,研究了宁夏春小麦100个基因型的磷营养性状的差异。结果表明,在低磷条件下,小麦籽粒产量和生物学产量在基因型间存在极显著差异（P＜0.01),而在高磷条件下存在显著差异（P＜0.05)。不论施磷与否,茎叶和籽粒中含磷量以及磷吸收累积量、磷利用效率、磷肥利用率和施磷增产率等在基因型间均存在极显著 相似文献
7.
Root growth of seedlings of old and new winter wheat cultivars and a spelt wheat at varying levels of nitrogen
Root growth of five old (time period 1882–1920) and five new (time period 1975–1982) winter wheal cultivars and a spelt winter wheat cultivar was investigated in two greenhouse trials. Nitrogen (NH4 NO3 ) was supplied at six (Exp. I) and two (Exp. II) levels (sub- to supraoptimal for shoot growth). The seedlings were grown in sand-filled polyethylene tubes of 4.5 cm diameter and 50 cm length at 20 o C. The plants were harvested 11 (Exp. I) and 12 (Exp. II) days after emergence. At this early stage of development root growth o: old and new cultivars differed only slightly. The old T. aestivum cultivars had more seminal roots. The longest roots of the modern cultivars penetrated into deeper layers of the substrate. For some traits, cultivar: seemed to respond specifically to the varying N-supply. However, there were no significant difference: between old and new cultivars. Neither were old cultivars better adapted to low N-fertilization nor were modern cultivars superior in tolerating toxic concentrations of NH4 NO3 . Increasing N supply changes root growth as follows: decline in root dry matter, increase in shoot/root ratio of dry weight, decrease in number of seminal roots, shortening of axes and more laterals, increase in diameter of the laterals and less significantly of the main roots, increase in density of laterals, decline in root surface area. The number of apices was affected only to a very small degree. 相似文献
Root growth of five old (time period 1882–1920) and five new (time period 1975–1982) winter wheal cultivars and a spelt winter wheat cultivar was investigated in two greenhouse trials. Nitrogen (NH
8.
Two sets of disomic substitution lines, derived from the cultivars ‘Presto’ and ‘Rhino’ of triticale, with rye chromosome pairs replaced by their wheat D‐genome homoeologues, were tested in hydroponic culture for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency. The effect of a substitution on the amount of absorbed nutrients was predominantly negative and proportional to the effect on plant dry matter. Significant decreases were found for the substitutions 5D(5R), 6D(6R) of both cultivars, 2D(2R), 4D(4R) of ‘Presto’ and 3D(3R) of ‘Rhino’. On the other hand, the nitrogen utilization efficiency was significantly increased in all substitution lines, with the exception of the 1D(1R) ones. The differences in phosphorus utilization were generally positive, but less pronounced, and significant only in the lines 2D(2R) and 6D(6R). The data suggest that presence of both rye and D‐genome chromosomes is conducive for the best effect of the applied N and P fertilizers. 相似文献
9.
长江中下游小麦品种根系改良特征及其与产量的关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探明小麦品种更替过程中根系改良特征对氮肥的响应及其与产量形成的关系,从而为高产品种选育及根冠构型建成提供理论依据。本研究以长江中下游不同年代大面积推广的代表性小麦品种南大2419、扬麦1号、扬麦158和扬麦16为材料,采用大田和盆栽试验,研究了3个施氮水平(纯氮0、225和300 kg hm–2)下小麦根系形态与生理特性的差异及其与产量的关系。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量随品种育成年代推进逐步增加,现代品种对施氮的响应较早期品种大。现代小麦品种拔节至开花阶段根系干物质积累量和生长速率显著高于早期品种,而播种至拔节期早期品种的根系生长在无氮条件下具有较强的生长优势。小麦根系总根长、表面积、根体积、0~60 cm土层根重密度、根系活力和SOD活性随品种育成年代逐步提高,而MDA含量显著降低。增施氮肥促进了不同年代品种根系生长,但现代品种增幅较早期品种大,说明品种改良提高了小麦根系对氮肥的响应。籽粒产量与开花期根系总根长、表面积、根系生物量和0~60 cm根重密度呈显著正相关。因此,增加根系与土壤接触面积和高氮适应性、提高根系生理活性、延缓根系衰老是长江中下游小麦品种演变的重要特征也是高产高效栽培调控的重要目标。 相似文献
10.
分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、磷、钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究分层供水条件下施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响, 为指导旱地施磷提供一定理论和实践依据。以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤, 进行土柱模拟试验, 研究分层供水施磷对冬小麦产量和氮、 磷、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配的影响。试验设不施磷和施磷于0~30 cm和 30~60 cm土层 3种处理, 每个施磷水平下设整体湿润和上干下湿 （0~30 cm土层干旱胁迫, 30~60 cm土层湿润） 2种水分处理。不同土层水磷处理显著影响冬小麦产量和磷、 氮、 钾养分吸收及其在不同器官分配。结果表明, 与整体湿润处理相比, 上干下湿水分处理下冬小麦产量和籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05), 其他营养器官养分累积量及分配率则差异不显著。磷肥施用深度对冬小麦产量和不同器官氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量和分配率的影响与不同土层的土壤水分状况有关。整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理产量显著降低(P＜0.05), 减产 7.49%, 上干下湿水分条件下, 则相反, 增产 11.2%(P＜0.05); 整体湿润条件下, 与磷肥表施处理处理相比, 磷肥深施处理显著降低叶片+茎鞘氮、 磷、 钾累积量(P＜0.05), 对分配率的影响差异均不显著, 上干下湿水分处理下, 与磷肥表施处理相比, 磷肥深施处理籽粒氮、 磷、 钾累积量及分配率均显著增加(P＜0.05)。本模拟试验结果表明, 土壤水分供应不足时, 磷肥深施提高冬小麦籽粒氮、 磷、 钾养分累积量及分配率, 促进光合产物向穗部转移,从而有利于形成高产。 相似文献
11.
低磷胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为研究低磷胁迫对小麦苗期性状的影响,在对照(200 μmol/L KH2PO4)和低磷(5 μmol/L KH2PO4)条件下比较了6个不同基因型小麦品种苗期性状指标。结果表明,小麦根系和地上部对低磷胁迫的反应不同,低磷诱导小麦根系伸长,根系生物量（根鲜重和根干重）增加,供试的6个小麦品种在低磷条件下的根系鲜重和干重与对照相比差异均达到显著或极显著水平。低磷处理对地上部则表现出抑制作用,但对不同品种的影响程度差异较大。总体来看,低磷胁迫处理对小麦根系性状的影响大于地上部性状,不同苗期性状受低磷胁迫影响的程度分别为：根系鲜重>最长根长>根系干重>地上部鲜重>地上部干重>苗长。6个供试小麦品种中,‘中国春’对低磷胁迫最为敏感,而‘京411’的耐低磷性相对较强。 相似文献
12.
大豆苗期耐低磷性及其QTL定位 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用来自波高和南农94-156（耐低磷种质）的重组自交系群体NJ(SP)BN（151个家系）通过盆栽试验研究与耐低磷有关的性状,并进行耐低磷性状的QTL定位。初步结果表明,不施磷处理的总干重主要由单株P吸收量决定,而与磷利用效率无关;而单株P吸收量与根干重、根效率均极显著正相关,单株P吸收量变异的76.2%由根效率决定。不施磷处理的根冠比（R/S）显著增加主要是茎干重无显著变化而根干重显著增加所致。在D1b+W、F、G、N和O等5个连锁群上共检测到7个QTL与耐低磷有关。分别可解释所对应性状表型变异的4.8%~17.0%,其中5个QTL的增效基因来自亲本波高,2个QTL的增效基因来自亲本南农94-156。 相似文献
13.
Yasir Serag Alnor Mohammed Amin Elsadig Eltayeb Hisashi Tsujimoto 《Breeding Science》2013,63(4):407-416
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the key factor limiting wheat production in acid soils. Soil liming has been used widely to increase the soil pH, but due to its high cost, breeding tolerant cultivars is more cost-effective mean to mitigate the problem. Tolerant cultivars could be developed by traditional breeding, genetic transformation or introgression of genes from wild relatives. We used 30 wheat alien chromosome addition lines to identify new genetic resources to improve wheat tolerance to Al and to identify the chromosomes harboring the tolerance genes. We evaluated these lines and their wheat background Chinese Spring for Al tolerance in hydroponic culture at various Al concentrations. We also investigated Al uptake, oxidative stress and cell membrane integrity. The L. racemosus chromosomes A and E significantly enhanced the Al tolerance of the wheat in term of relative root growth. At the highest Al concentration tested (200 μM), line E had the greatest tolerance. The introgressed chromosomes did not affect Al uptake of the tolerant lines. We attribute the improved tolerance conferred by chromosome E to improved cell membrane integrity. Chromosome engineering with these two lines could produce Al-tolerant wheat cultivars. 相似文献
14.
不同磷素水平对番茄生长及养分吸收的影响 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
为了探究不同磷素水平对番茄生长及养分吸收的影响,设置4个(0、0.165、0.660、3.300 mmol/L H2PO4-)不同溶度的磷素水平,采用水培的方法进行试验研究。结果表明:缺磷、低磷、高磷都会影响番茄生物量的积累;缺磷使番茄叶片POD、MDA、相对电导率显著提高,植株矮小、瘦弱,叶小且叶色变成紫红色,出现明显的磷素缺乏症状;随着磷供给的增加,番茄根茎叶的磷含量不断增加,低磷使磷素向地上部的转移比例增加,高磷增加了磷在根中的累积;低磷显著影响番茄对K、Ca的吸收;高磷影响K、Ca、Mg向地上部运转。 相似文献
15.
不同耐低磷水稻基因型秧苗对难溶性磷的吸收利用 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
选取4个典型耐低磷水稻基因型99011、508、580和99112,并以2个磷敏感基因型99012和99056为参照,采用营养液培养和砂培的方法,研究不同磷处理对秧苗生长的影响以及不同耐低磷基因型对3种难溶性磷源(有机磷、铝磷和磷矿粉)吸收利用能力的差异。结果表明,不同无机磷处理,6个基因型生物量和根干重基本上均为全磷处理（P）>对照+铝磷（CK+Al-P）>对照+磷矿粉（CK+RP）> 对照（CK）;4个耐低磷基因型根干重和根冠比均大于2个磷敏感基因型;对于根冠比,耐低磷基因型580和99011为对照+磷矿粉（CK+RP）>对照+铝磷（CK+Al-P）> 对照（CK）> 全磷处理（P）,耐低磷基因型508、99112和磷敏感基因型99012为CK> CK+RP> CK+Al-P > P,磷敏感基因型99056为CK+Al-P > CK+RP > P>CK;缺磷处理,秧苗活化吸收难溶性磷源的能力均为OP> Al-P> RP,且不同基因型的分解吸收能力对OP为99011> 508> 580> 99012> 99112> 99056（表2）,对Al-P为580> 99011> 99112> 508> 99056> 99012（表3）,对RP为580> 99112> 99011> 508> 99012> 99056（表2）。此外,缺磷即CK处理,508对低浓度的磷吸收最多(表2和表3),而580对磷的利用效率显著高于其他基因型（表3）,这些特征可能也是它们耐低磷的重要贡献因子之一。 相似文献
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灌溉与供磷对复合群体作物根系的调控及其产量效应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用大田和管栽试验结合的方法,选择小麦/玉米/马铃薯和小麦/玉米两种间作模式,对灌溉与供磷条件下间作群体中作物根系时空分布的特征进行了研究。结果表明,适当的干旱有利于根系的下扎和产量的提高,严重干旱大大地降低了带田小麦和玉米的根量和产量;供磷促进根系的下扎,增加根重。供磷与不供磷相比,在小麦拔节期(玉米三叶期)小麦总根量平均高出94.66%,玉米高出67.67%;小麦灌浆期(玉米大喇叭口期)小麦高出42.08%,玉米高出124.13%;小麦收获后(玉米灌浆期) 小麦高出82.58%,玉米高出61.61%。大田试验结果表明,经济产量以中灌（1050 m3 /hm2·次）和高磷（150 kg纯P2O5/hm2）处理最高。 相似文献
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18.
V. T. Sapra E. Savage A. O. Anaele C. A. Beyl 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1991,167(1):23-28
Six wheat ( Triticurn aestivum L.) and ten triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars were screened for water stress tolerance during germination and seedling stages in the laboratory and growth chamber, respectively. Germinating seeds and hydroponically-grown seedlings were subjected to osmotic stresses of –0.3 and –0.6 MPa using polyethylene glycol M. W. 8000. Both species and cultivar differences were found among the tested genotypes for all the parameters analyzed in both germination and seedling tests. Germination stress index was lower for seed exposed to -0.6 MPa than for -0.3 MPa osmotic stress. A significant relationship was found among plant height, fresh weight and dry weight stress indices evaluated during the seedling test. The cultivars that grew taller under stress conditions had greater dry matter accumulation, as well as higher germination and water uptake stress indices indicating the reliability of height to predict cultivar performance under such conditions. The cultivars Stacy (wheat) and Eu 14/15 (triticale) had higher dry matter accumulation, higher water uptake and leaf water potential, greater height and better germination under stress conditions than the other cultivars tested. Conversely, the cultivars GA 781014 (wheat) and Am 4147 (triticale) performed poorly with respect to all the parameters analyzed. Based on results from germination and seedling tests, the cultivars Stacy and Eu 14/15 were selected for more stress studies in the greenhouse and field. 相似文献
19.
小麦/燕麦根系不同分隔方式及施锰对小麦锰营养的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过根系分隔的根盒试验,研究了小麦/燕麦间作体系中根系不同分隔方式及土壤施锰对小麦锰营养的影响。结果表明：与不施锰肥处理相比,施用锰肥显著提高了小麦的地上部干重和吸锰量,小麦/燕麦根系不同分隔方式对小麦的地上部干重、锰浓度和吸锰量均无显著影响。不同作物品种吸收活化土壤锰的能力不同,表现为燕麦＞小麦;9023＞川麦28;坝莜4号＞坝莜3号。但在本试验条件下,与燕麦间作没能改善小麦的锰营养,可能是作物种植密度大,而根系生长空间较小造成的,其具体原因还有待于进一步研究 相似文献
20.
本研究以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花和土著植物一枝黄花为供体材料,并以小麦为受体植物,分析两种供体的浸提培养液对小麦生理生化及其根尖显微结构的影响。结果表明与对照相比,加拿大一枝黄花和对照一枝黄花的浸提培养液中麦苗的生长受到抑制,保护酶SOD、POD和CAT活性增强,根尖结构受破坏,导致麦苗根系活力减弱,对N、P、K的吸收能力下降,并最终使得麦苗鲜干重减少。其中具化感作用潜力的加拿大一枝黄花浸提培养液对小麦生理生化和根尖显微结构的影响程度较一枝黄花大。 相似文献