共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
1.
我国兴安、长白及华北落叶松种的天然群体交配系统研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
一个树种的群体交配系统（Ｍａｔｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍ）提供了该树种是如何将其遗传物质从一个世代传递到下一个世代的基本信息。因此交配系统研究可有助于：（１）推测群体的基因型组成;（２）分析多基因位点连锁不平衡程度;（３）推测种子园的种子质量及提供种子园营建设计的有关信息;（４）在一定的程度上,可用于分析天然群体的遗传结构分化水平。在落叶松的１０个种和３个变种中,目前已报道了２个种的交配系统：一个是美洲落叶松（Ｌ．ｌａｒｉｃｉｎａ［ＤｕＲｏｉ］Ｋ．Ｋｏｃｈ）,另一是欧洲落叶松（Ｌ．ｄｅｃｉｄｕａＭｉｌｅｒ）。我国兴安、长白及华北落叶松的交配系统的研究尚未进行。本研究目的就是应用同功酶标记：（１）测定和比较这３个兴安落叶松种间及种内群体的异交率;（２）比较与其它针叶树的交配系统差异;（３）推测群体内自交或双亲近交发生的可能性。本文采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术,应用由６个酶系（ＰＧＩ,ＭＤＨ,６ＰＧＤ,ＡＡＴ,ＰＧＭ及ＳＤＨ）产生的７个多态性位点的同功酶标记分析了我国３个落叶松种（兴安、长白及华北落叶松）的共９个天然群体交配系统。结果发现兴安落叶松的加格达奇（内蒙古）群体表现出几乎完全的异交（ｔｍ＝０．９８６±０．０８１）。华 相似文献
2.
林木杂交育种研究的发展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
1林木杂交育种研究的回顾英国学者A．Henry是在林木改良中率先提倡杂交的开拓者，他1921年开展了杨树、栎类和白腊树等的种间杂交，并第一个育成杨树人工杂交品种。美国在1925年以后开展了针叶树种的种间杂交。30年代前苏联也开展了杨、栎、落叶松、松类的种间杂交有种。20年代丹麦和英国发现日本落叶松和欧洲落叶松天然杂种的优势，出现了建立落叶松杂交种子园的设想。针对当时多数树种或者种间杂交困难、或者得到的少量优良种间杂种没法投入生产的问题，有人曾提出用F1植株相互交配生产种子，或把F1植株无性繁殖应用于生产的思想。这一… 相似文献
3.
4.
在联邦德国,有8个从事林木遗传育种研究的机构,其中4个全国性研究所侧重于应用基础理论研究,另4个地区性研究机构则致力于育种实用技术的开发与推广.研究工作中重视国内、国际协作.着重介绍了种源试验、种子园、杂交育种、抗性育种、无性繁殖方法及生物技术应用这几个方面的主要研究进展.应用同功酶分析技术研究挪威云杉天然群体的地理遗传变异、欧州赤松种子园的交配系统、以及空气污染对林木的遗传影响,获得了一些重要的结果.挪威云杉扦插繁殖及杨树组织培养已在生产上推广.几个树种的基因转移试验也取得了初步进展.今后的研究重点包括加强生物技术应用的研究,加速育种成果的推广. 相似文献
5.
6.
花楸树天然群体的异交率 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术,对采自山东、山西、河北、辽宁4个省的6个花楸树天然群体的种子样本进行分析,所用同工酶多态位点分别为Pgm-1,Pgm-2,Pgm-3,Pgi-1,Pgi-2,Pgd-1,Pgd-2,Pgd-3,利用多位点异交率估算程序(MLT)估算6个群体的异交率.结果表明:花楸树各群体的花粉库与胚珠库中,各位点基因的配子比例差异不显著,基本处于平衡状态;各群体多位点异交率均在0.981以上,多位点异交率与单位点异交率平均值的差值(t_m-t_s)显示出花楸树各群体都存在轻度的自交或近交,说明花楸树属于混合交配类型,表现为高度异交.根据电泳数据计算的近交衰退δ=1,表明花楸树天然群体的近交衰退很大. 相似文献
7.
马尾松人工群体交配系统研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
借助水平淀粉凝胶电泳同工酶分析方法，研究了马尾松一无性系种子园，该种子园附近一人工林，马尾松－优树收集区的交配系统。研究结果表明，该种子园的多位点异交率为：０．７９２（ＳＥ＝０．０６２），种子园中心区与边缘区的多位点异交率分别为：０．８０１（ＳＥ＝０．０７５），０．８００（ＳＥ＝０．０６７）；种子园附近人工林的多位点异交率为：０．８２１（ＳＥ＝０．１８８），优树收集区的多位点异交率为：０．４３１（ＳＥ＝０．１３１）。说明该马尾松种子园的异交率较低，这可能成为影响种子园种子产量和种子质量的一个制约性因子。文章讨论了影响群体交配系统的主要因子，分析了马尾松异交率较低的可能原因，并对这一方面的进一步研究提出了一些建议。 相似文献
8.
自70年代以来,同功酶广泛应用于林木遗传研究,如对树种的地理变异、群体遗传结构、家系或无性系鉴别、交配体系的研究等,提供了用其他方法尚难提供的数据,对林木遗传理论或育种实践的研究作出了重要贡献。近十多年来,由于实验技术的改进,可供林木遗传研究分析用的同功酶种类已增加到 相似文献
9.
10.
林木保存率是林分维持合理结构的数量基础,是人工林生物学稳定性的前提条件。以黄羊滩人工固沙林为对象,通过对13个树种(草种)进行调查,采用系统聚类等方法对林木保存率变化特征进行了分析。研究结果表明:林木保存率可划分为三个类型。分别为:不适应种类型,该类型包括刺槐、小叶杨和小美旱杨等3个树种,以该类树种营造的林分林木保存率逐年下降,不能形成有效防护结构,在经营中是改造对象;适应种与顶极种类型,包括白榆、黄柳、沙枣、樟子松、柠条、侧柏、新疆杨、沙地柏。造林后经过多个生长季,保存率能够维持在较高水平并满足形成有效防护结构所必需的数量,在人工固沙林建设中是重点经营对象;先锋种类型,包括差巴嘎蒿和沙打旺,是流动沙地的建群种。与木本植物相比保存率较低,但可在播种后快速形成地面覆盖。流动沙面固定后,应及时引进功能更强的灌木树种进行改良。 相似文献
11.
The dynamic mating systems of conifers 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
J. B. Mitton 《New Forests》1992,6(1-4):197-216
Conifer mating systems vary among species and within species; both ecological variables and genetic variation cause mating systems to be dynamic. Within species, estimates of rates of outcrossing vary among populations, among loci, and among individuals within stands. The level of outcrossing varies with stand density, age, and the abundance of local and foreign pollen. Variation in the mating success of both males and females violates the assumption that populations are randomly mating and at equilibrium, and justifies more quantitative analyses of mating systems. Allelic frequencies in the pollen pool and in the pool of receptive female surfaces may vary through a season and among seasons, producing positively assortative mating in time. Seed and seedling viability selects against homozygotes for lethal alleles and favors heterozygous genotypes, biasing estimates of outcrossing. Particularly fruitful topics of research include the genetic consequences of polyembryony, differential male and female mating success, and associations between specific genotypes and floral phenology. 相似文献
12.
Density-dependent selfing and its effects on seed performance in a tropical canopy tree species, Shorea acuminata (Dipterocarpaceae) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yoko Naito Mamoru Kanzaki Hiroyoshi Iwata Kyoko Obayashi Soon Leong Lee Norwati Muhammad Toshinori Okuda Yoshihiko Tsumura 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(3):375-383
In the conservation and management practices of natural forests, sound reproduction and regeneration form the basis of the maintenance and viability of the tree populations. To obtain and serve biological information for sustainable forest management, we investigated reproductive biology and inbreeding depression in seeds of an important dipterocarp tree species, Shorea acuminata (Dipterocarpaceae), by both field and laboratory experiments. Results of parental analysis of immature and mature seeds showed that selfing rates varied greatly, from 7.6 to 88.4% among eight mother trees, and the mean overall selfing rate was 38.3%. Observed outcrossing events within a 40-ha study plot were predominantly (76.5%) short-distance events with a mating distance (md) ≤ 100 m. Since the selfing rate sharply decreased with increase in the number of flowering conspecifics (i.e., individuals of the same species) within a 100-m radius from the mother trees, the local density of flowering conspecifics appears to be the key factor determining the outcrossing rate in S. acuminata. However, the extremely high selfing rate (88.4%) observed for one tree could not be simply explained by the low local density of flowering conspecifics. Instead, differences in its flowering phenology (its flowering peaked ca. a week earlier than most of the other examined individuals) may have severely limited its receipt of pollen from other conspecifics, and thus promoted selfing. Since there were no significant differences in the proportion of selfed progeny between immature and mature seed stages, there was no evidence of selective abortion of selfed seeds during seed development. However, the seed mass of outcrossed progeny was heavier than that of selfed progeny, and heavier seeds showed higher success rates at germination and seedling establishment. These results suggest that inbreeding depression resulted in reductions in seed mass and may reduce the fitness of selfed seeds in S. acuminata. In addition, the outcrossing rate of S. acuminata was more sensitive to low local conspecific flowering-tree densities than that of a sympatric bee-pollinated dipterocarp species with greater pollination distances. These results suggest that the management of local adult-tree densities is important for avoiding selfing and inbreeding depression in future generations, especially in a species like S. acuminata with predominantly short-distance pollination. 相似文献
13.
Wild service tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz] is a forest tree widespread in Europe, characterized by a scattered distribution. Its hermaphroditic flowers
are pollinated by insects, and outcrossing is the prominent mating system, also due to the presence of gametophytic self-incompatibility.
Genetic diversity and differentiation of 22 populations from northwestern Italy were investigated by means of variation scored
at 53 polymorphic RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) loci. Populations differed in genetic variation, with Shannon diversity
index ranging from 0.166 to 0.469. According to Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), most of the genetic variation was
found within populations (61.78%) with a significant proportion of variance attributable to genetic differences between regions
(23.60%) and between populations (14.62%). Evidence for isolation by distance was found in the set of populations sampled.
The effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic variation was also evaluated. The efficacy of RAPD markers in analysing genetic
variation, and the contribution of the results in terms of the preservation of biodiversity are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Pollen flow from external sources is important for the conservation of tree species in fragmented forests or small populations, because it can be sufficient to prevent differentiation among them, and appears to be able to prevent the loss of their genetic diversity through genetic drift. In this study, we examined the genetic heterogeneity of pollen pools accepted by each Quercus semiserrata seed parent at the Khun Wang Royal Agriculture Research Center, Thailand, both within and among two mast fruiting years (2005 and 2007), using paternity analysis and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The mating systems of the trees were also examined using the multilocus mating system model (MLTR), after determining the genotypes at eight microsatellite loci of 26 seed-trees and 435 seeds from 8 seed-trees in the 2 mast fruiting years. The average distance of effective pollen flow within the plot was estimated to be 52.4 m, and 95% of effective pollen was dispersed within 200 m, indicating that effective pollen flow is highly localized and that most effective pollen is contributed by near-neighbor trees. The proportion of effective pollen that immigrated from external sources was estimated to be 26.2%. The AMOVA analysis based on the pollen haplotypes showed that the pollen pools, both total and for each reproductive year, significantly genetically differed among the seed parents. Using a mixed mating model, the estimate of biparental inbreeding for the total population (tm − ts) was 0.013, indicating that a low proportion of mating occurred among close relatives. The effective number of pollen donors (Nep) was estimated to be 9.987 using the TwoGener model, or 10.989 using the mixed mating model. The effective number of pollen donors of seeds was higher in the mast fruiting year 2005 than in the other examined year, 2007. Consequently the allelic richness and genetic diversity of seeds produced in 2005 were higher than those produced in 2007. Overall, the results show that high outcrossing rates, high levels of gene flow from other populations and heterogeneity in the pollen received by an individual may enhance the ability of populations to maintain effective population sizes. Therefore, these processes may be sufficient to prevent loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift of Q. semiserrata at this study site. 相似文献
15.
ZHENG YongqiResearch Institute of Forestry. Chinese Academy of Forestry. Beijing 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2002,(1)
Family outcrossing rates of Pinus caribaea var. caribaea populations that differed in origin and management were estimated by using isozyme markers. The family outcrossing rates were estimated by (1)fixing the probability of pollen gene frequency (p); (2) allowing pollen gene frequency to vary among families. The estimates of family outcrossing rates for all the populations varied widely among families (clones of the seed orchard), ranging from 0.39 to 2.0. The average family outcrossing rates of both methods were greater than the 相似文献
16.
The genetic structure of 19 red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) populations representing the natural range of the species in British Columbia was investigated at 19 allozyme loci. The estimated average number of alleles per locus (1.79), percentage of polymorphic loci (52.6), and total expected genetic diversity (0.113) were all lower than those reported for most long-lived woody species but comparable to early successional species. About 8% of the total genetic variation was attributable to among-population differentiation, the majority being detected at the Aat-2 locus between the Mainland and the Islands regions. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the 19 populations into two distinct clusters that perfectly coincided with their geographical arrangement. Genetic differentiation between populations within both the Mainland and the Islands regions was very weak, accounting for about 3% of the total genetic variation within each region. Red alder is predominantly an outcrossing species with an average outcrossing rate of 0.85. The rate of outcrossing also varied widely among populations, ranging from 0.56 to 0.98. Practical implications of these findings with respect to tree improvement and in situ gene conservation are discussed. 相似文献
17.
The majority of agricultural and forest production systems are typically simplified systems and therefore thought to be sensitive to disturbance. Ecosystems might be less sensitive to disturbance if complexity increases. The resource concentration hypothesis predicts that complexity makes it more difficult for herbivores to find and exploit their food. The natural enemy hypothesis predicts less damage in diverse environments because enemy abundance and diversity remain higher and more stable in environments providing more alternative food sources. We explore the effect of tree diversity in two types of pine stands differing in tree diversity. We ask whether European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer) larval group distribution and larval mortality, imposed by specialist natural enemies, is affected by tree diversity. We find fewer larval groups on pine trees surrounded by non-host trees, indicating that fewer egg-batches were laid. Mortality rates by specialist enemies are not affected by tree diversity but parasitism rates are likely to be higher in larger trees. Herbivores are inhibited by increased tree diversity and density, whereas natural enemies seem to be unaffected, partly increasing the resistance of more diverse forest stands against insect damage. Thus, managing for more mixed forests could mitigate risk of herbivore damage. 相似文献
18.
Céline Jolivet Aki M. H?ltken Heike Liesebach Wilfried Steiner Bernd Degen 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(4):1055-1069
Although pollen dispersal has been extensively studied in trees, parameters influencing between-population variation are still poorly understood. In this study, we conducted paternity analyses on open-pollinated seeds in four natural populations of wild cherry (Prunus avium) with contrasting density and clonal propagation, using eight microsatellite loci and one self-incompatibility system locus. We also measured four quantitative traits and spatial positions as potential correlates of reproductive success. Levels of polyandry differed among populations and 30% of the seed families exhibited unequal paternal contributions, suggesting variation in reproductive success rather than variation in mate availability. Mating occurred preferentially among neighbours in all populations, suggesting that it is a common pattern in wild cherry and probably results from pollinator behaviour. Paternal success was positively correlated with diameter at breast height, as indicated in previous studies and tree dominance only resulted in higher paternal success in low density plots. Mating patterns were thus also affected by both density and tree size. Large-scale studies are needed to disentangle relative influences of these factors on the mating system and pollination success. 相似文献