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不同药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果试验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为比较多种马铃薯晚疫病常用防治药剂在不同浓度下对晚疫病的防治效果,选择了4种常用药剂采用随机区组设计,进行不同浓度下的防治对比试验。结果表明:687.5 g/L银法利悬浮剂和75%代森锰锌水分散粒剂效果较好,综合农药用量和防治用工等防治成本考虑,在生产中,采用687.5银法利悬浮剂开展防治,以125 mL/667 m2施2次和75 mL/667 m2施3次最为适宜,采用75%代森锰锌水分散粒剂开展防治,以100 g/667 m2施3次和200 g/667 m2施2次最为适宜。 相似文献
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《中国马铃薯》2015,(6)
马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产中的主要病害之一,在定西市马铃薯种植区发生普遍、危害重,生产中利用杀菌剂防治仍是重要的措施。试验采用随机区组法研究了不同药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病防效和产量的影响。结果表明,72%霜脲·锰锌1 950 g/hm~2+23.4%双炔酰菌胺450 m L/hm~2+250 g/L醚菌酯280 m L/hm~2+687.5 g/L氟菌·霜霉威980 m L/hm~2和80%代森锌1 350 g/hm~2+25.75%多抗·福美双1 900 g/hm~2+28%霜脲·霜霉威2 500 g/hm~2+52.5%噁酮·霜脲氰570 g/hm~2组合具有显著的防治效果。 相似文献
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不同药剂防治小麦白粉病田间药效试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为筛选防治小麦白粉病的高效新药剂,对5种杀菌剂进行了田间防效试验。结果表明,药后10 d,30%醚菌酯WP 30 g/667 m2、20 g/667 m2防效分别为78.57%和72.10%,防治效果优于其它药剂处理的防效;20%三唑酮EC 80 ml/667 m2和80%戊唑醇WP 15 g/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病的防效分别为62.63%、54.40%;30%氟菌唑WP 20 g/667 m2和20%乙嘧酚磺酸酯ME 20 ml/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病防治效果分别为50.17%和44.99%。药后20 d,30%醚菌酯WP 30 g/667 m2和30%醚菌酯WP 20 g/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病的防效分别达到93.40%和83.53%,防效在各处理中最高,其次为20%三唑酮EC 80 ml/667 m2,防效为61.25%,以上3处理之间差异不显著;但与对照及其他处理都达到显著性差异;80%戊唑醇WP 15 g/667 m2和20%乙嘧酚磺酸酯ME 20 ml/667 m2的防治效果分别为42.60%和18.28%,30%氟菌唑WP 20 g/667 m2处理对小麦白粉病防治效果仅有5.90%。因此30%醚菌酯WP 30 g/667 m2和20 g/667 m2处理可有效控制小麦白粉病的发生及危害,且对小麦生长安全,可以作为三唑酮的替代药剂或与其他药剂合理轮换使用。 相似文献
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不同药剂对水稻病害防治效果试验简报 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用对比的方法研究不同药剂对水稻病害的防治效果,结果表明,各试验药剂均对水稻安全,无药害发生。并且试验中30%爱苗乳油用量为20 g/667 m2时对水稻纹枯病防治效果最佳,防效为79.6%;1%申嗪霉素用量150 g/667 m2时对水稻褐变穗防效最好,防效为74.5%。但试验数据为1 a试验结果,还有待进一步验证。 相似文献
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不同药剂及施用方式对马铃薯疮痂病的防效 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
马铃薯疮痂病被视为马铃薯生产中的第四大病害,严重影响马铃薯的外观、等级和品质。为求得防效好的马铃薯疮痂病防治方法,试验采用种薯处理与土壤处理相结合的方法进行田间比较试验。试验品种为‘尤金’,供试微生物制剂有5种,化学药剂1种。对照为常规处理,即不采取任何拌种与沟施。结果表明,防治效果以处理5最好,达到55.17%,处理5是在常规药剂(滑石粉+甲托+链霉素)拌种下,微生物肥料2(薯益生)沟施;其次为处理6防治效果达50.08%,处理6是在常规药剂拌种下,化学药剂爱可(化学药剂1)沟施。处理5、6的发病率及病情指数均显著低于对照。处理5的产量为1 767 kg/667m2,处理6的产量为1 740 kg/667m2,但与对照产量(1 646 kg/667m2)差异不显著。 相似文献
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马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产中的重要病害,是影响马铃薯产量和品质的重要因素之一,在云南春作马铃薯上普遍发生,且危害较重,给当地马铃薯产业带来了巨大的经济损失。为减轻马铃薯晚疫病对马铃薯生产造成的损失,试验研究了11种药剂7种药剂组合(包衣剂+保护剂+治疗剂)通过播种期种薯包衣,现蕾期叶面喷施一次保护剂,发病初期和发病中期叶面各喷一次治疗剂的方法防治马铃薯晚疫病。结果表明,药剂组合种薯包衣+甲霜·锰锌+氟吡菌胺·霜霉威的防治效果最好,防治效果达到60.99%,增产率176.28%,增效率152.27%;其次是种薯包衣+霜脲·锰锌+氟吡菌胺·霜霉威组合,防治效果达到60.15%,增产率173.20%,增效率150.55%。这2个药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病均有极显著的防治效果,增产增效明显。 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.
The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).
The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors. 相似文献
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Yanhua Lu Chongwei Zhang Peter Bucheli Dongzhi Wei 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2006,61(2):55-63
Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China. 相似文献
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Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive.
Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated
seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk.
Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than
in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d. 相似文献
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《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):379-400
Summary Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems. 相似文献
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Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Youna Hemery Marc Chaurand Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Vieno Piironen Abdelkrim Sadoudi Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding. 相似文献
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Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant. 相似文献
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Summary
Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato
plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani. 相似文献