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1.
Ève B. Dussault Richard C. Playle D. George Dixon R. Scott McKinley 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2001,25(4):347-357
Doppler flow probes were fitted around the ventral aorta of rainbow trout, which were exposed to combinations of pH and aluminum (pH 5.1–6.2, Al 0–80 g l–1) for 60 h. Fish accumulated Al at the gill and exhibited decreased blood Na+, Cl–, and Ca2+ concentrations, and increased K+, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and lactate, indicating increasing ionoregulatory disturbance with increasing Al concentration. Fish exposed to ambient water (6.2) or low-pH (5.3) water without Al exhibited slight reductions in heart rates, as well as increased stroke volume, resulting in little variation in cardiac output. In the presence of Al (20 to 40 g l–1) at low pH (5.1–5.3), fish increased their heart rate slightly and generally maintained their stroke volume, resulting in increased cardiac output in the first two days of exposure. At the highest Al concentration (80 g l–1, pH 5.1), tachycardia was observed, concomitant with a decrease in stroke volume. The ionoregulatory imbalance and resulting increased blood viscosity explain these increases in heart rate rather than stroke volume in fish exposed to high concentrations of Al. 相似文献
2.
The effect of sulfide on K+ influx pathways was measured in red blood cells (RBCs) of sulfide-sensitive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sulfide-tolerant crucian carp (Carassius carassius). In trout RBCs, maximal inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase was attained at 10 mol l–1 sulfide and amounted to 32% without being influenced by pH between 6.7 and 8.3. Ouabain-resistant K+ influx in the absence and presence of sulfide was insignificant at pH values between 6.7 and 7.7. At higher pH values ouabain-resistant K+ influx increased, but was inhibited to about 15% by 30 mol l–1 sulfide. In RBCs of crucian carp neither Na+, K+-ATPase nor ouabain-resistant K+ influx were affected by sulfide concentrations up to 850 mol l–1. Differences in sulfide-sensitivity of K+ influx between both species can be based upon different properties of the membrane transporter themselves. The reduced Na+, K+-ATPase activity in trout RBCs may also result from a slightly reduced (by 9%) ATP level after sulfide exposure. In addition, intracellular sulfide concentrations were higher in trout RBCs as compared to crucian carp. In trout, intracellular sulfide concentrations reached extracellular levels within 5 min of incubation whereas sulfide concentrations in crucian carp RBCs remained about 2-fold lower than extracellular concentrations. Although the physiological basis of sulfide-insensitive K+ influx in crucian carp RBCs is currently unknown it may contribute to the extremely high sulfide-tolerance of this species. 相似文献
3.
The present study investigated the relationships between egg viability and ovarian fluid composition, egg physiology and egg metabolism in lake trout, Salmo trutta lacustris, to obtain biomarkers for egg quality determination. The ovarian fluid pH, protein levels and activities of aspartate aminotransferase and -d-glucuronidase were significantly correlated with egg viability expressed as the number of eyed stage embryos. Regression models demonstrated that an ovarian fluid pH between 8.44 and 8.57, protein levels below 235.56 mg 100 ml–1ovarian fluid, aspartate aminotransferase activity below 31.65 m min–1 l–1ovarian fluid and -d-glucuronidase activity below 8.62 m min–1 l–1 ovarian fluid characterized egg batches with high viability (80%).The increase in the egg wet weight during water hardening was also significantly correlated with the number of eyed stage embryos, and egg batches with high egg viability (80%) increased in wet weight by 13% during water hardening.From the investigated metabolic parameters the number of eyed stage embryos was significantly correlated with activities of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (egg viability 80% at 2.07 nM min–1 mg–1 protein) and NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (egg viability 80% at 47.25 nM min–1 mg–1 protein), with the respiration rate (egg viability 80% at 8.71 nM min–1 mg–1 protein), with the ratio of NADH to NAD levels (egg viability 80% 0.872), with the levels of free, non-esterified fatty acids (egg viability 80% 72.34 g mg–1 protein), and the ratio of non esterified to esterified fatty acids (egg viability 80% at 0.749). Also, subjective and visual control methods were described to distinguish between batches with viable and non viable eggs. 相似文献
4.
Sub-lethal cardiac responses of brown trout alevins (Salmo trutta L.) were determined in response to aqueous extracts of the cyanobacterium Microcystis strains PCC 7813 (microcystins detectable by HPLC) and CYA 43 (no microcystins detectable by HPLC) and to the purified cyanobacterial hepatotoxin, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) at concentrations of 5, 50 and 500 g microcystin-LR equivalents l–1. Responses were determined using a flow chamber and video camera attached to a low power microscope. Heart rate in brown trout alevins was acutely sensitive to cyanobacterial extracts and significant increases were observed within 15–60 sec of exposure to aqueous extracts, although no change was observed on exposure to purified MC-LR. Stroke volume increased in all treatments at 50 and 500 g MC-LR equivalents l–1, which may, at least in part, have been due to vasodilation of the yolk-sac blood vessels. Cardiac output increased significantly at all three concentrations of cyanobacterial cell extracts but not at the lowest concentration of MC-LR, although the rate increased at levels at/or above 50 g l–1. Increased heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output occurred at environmentally relevant microcystin concentrations of Microcystis PCC 7813 and CYA 43 aqueous extracts. 相似文献
5.
Juvenile rainbow trout (2–5 g) were chronically exposed (for 22 days) to acidified softwater (Ca2+ = 25 Eq/l, pH 5.2) in the presence or absence sublethal Al (30 g/l). Al-exposed fish (5.2/Al group) suffered 20% whole body Na+ and Cl– losses and a 30% reduction in the maximum sustainable swimming speed (Ucrit) over the initial 7 days. These disturbances were approximately 2 fold greater than those observed in the fish exposed to low pH alone (5.2/0 group). However, whole body ion levels were completely restored in the 5.2/Al fish by day 22, whereas they merely stabilized at a new reduced level in the 5.2/0 group. Increased resistance to acutely lethal Al (200 g/l at pH 5.2) was observed from day 17 onwards in the 5.2/Al fish. Despite this acclimation and recovery of whole body ions, Ucrit remained significantly lower than in the 5.2/0 group throughout. Growth on a restricted diet of 1% body wt. /day was normal in the 5.2/0 group compared with controls maintained in pH 6.5 softwater, whereas 5.2/Al fish suffered a 50% reduction in growth rate on the same diet. The 5.2/Al fish accumulated large amounts of Al on the gills, reaching an initial peak after 4 days, followed by a decline at 7 days, and a secondary rise thereafter. Therefore acclimation and recovery of whole body ionic status was not associated with a reduction in the gill Al burden. Some of the metabolic costs of acclimation to Al, namely a continued impairment of swimming speed and growth, are discussed in light of the physiological and structural changes reported to occur at the gills. 相似文献
6.
Studies of the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been undertaken in order to illuminate aspects of skeletal muscle gluconeogenesis in these animals. Maximal activities in crude homogenates of several organs suggest that the liver possesses the greatest FBPase activity on a unit g–1 tissue basis but that the white muscle, owing to its bulk, contributes substantially to whole body FBPase activity. Studies of fructose-6-phosphate-1-kinase (PFK) and FBPase in crude homogenates of several organs suggests an important role for intracellular pH in regulating the relative carbon flux through the FBPase/PFK locus in vivo. Furthermore, a three-step purification scheme is described for trout white muscle FBPase by which a stable and homogeneous (by SDS PAGE) enzyme preparation (isoelectric point = 7.2; molecular weight = 37.6 kd) was obtained. Kinetic studies of the purified enzyme were undertaken at 20°C under conditions reflective of "rest" and "exercise/recovery" intramuscular pH in vivo. Affinity for substrate (F-1,6-P2) was increased (Km = 6.88 versus 2.44 mol 1-–1 as was enzyme activity when pH was lowered from 7.0 to 6.5. Various inhibitor metabolites are identified including F-2,6-P2 (mixed-type inhibitor, Ki = 0.201 mol 1–1, pH 7.0) and AMP (non-competitive inhibitor, Ki = 0.438 mol 1–1, pH 7.0). Inhibition by F-2,6-P2 was strongly alleviated by a reduction in pH from 7.0 to 6.5 (I50 increased from 0.14 to 0.32 mol 1–1). AMP on the other hand was a more potent inhibitor at pH 6.5 but this inhibition was totally reversed under conditions of citrate, NH4
+ and AMP typical of muscle during recovery from exercise in vivo. In purified white muscle enzyme preparations, FBPase demonstrated maximal activity at pH 6.5 whereas the optimal pH of PFK was 7.0 or greater. Indeed, it appears from these in vitro data that regulation by metabolite levels as well as pH are required for net FBPase flux in vivo. It is concluded, therefore that trout white muscle FBPase demonstrates the potential to play an important enzymatic role in the control of intramuscular gluconeogenesis in these animals. The results are discussed in relation to present knowledge regarding the metabolic responses of trout white muscle to, and its subsequent recovery from, exhaustive exercise. 相似文献
7.
Variations in growth and survival of hatchery-reared post-metamorphicjuveniles of great scallop Pecten maximus prompted anexamination of settlement and postlarval development. The effects ofseawater flow and temperature on great scallop metamorphosis andpostlarvae were studied over a 4–5 week period. In allexperiments, and regardless of environmental conditions, great scallopmetamorphosed after a 2–3 week period with values of 35 to70%. Subsequently, spat numbers increased slightly. Spatmortality generally occurred from the third week onward and reachedlevels as high as 30% by the fifth week under standardconditions. At 20 °C, however, 60% mortality levels wererecorded. Differences in spat growth rate, ranging from 37 to 45 mday–1, were noticed at different seawater flow ratesbut no clear tendency could be discerned. Temperature affected spatgrowth with an increase in size from 24 m day–1 at15 °C to 35 m day–1 at 18 °C. Conversely,growth was suppressed at 20 °C (14 m day–1).For optimal metamorphosis and postlarval development in great scallop, aseawater flow of 4.3 L h–1 per sieve and a temperatureof 15 °C are recommended. 相似文献
8.
The pattern of changes of activity of the urea cycle enzymes and the rate of urea-N excretion were studied in the perfused liver of an Indian air-breathing ureogenic walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. The liver was perfused with different concentrations of NH4Cl for a period of 60 min to determine the role of ammonia for stimulation of hepatic ureogenesis and the threshold level of ammonia loading needed to cause such stimulation. Both the urea-N excretion and the ammonia uptake by the perfused liver were found to be a saturable process. Ammonia accumulated significantly in the liver infused with 1.25 moles g liver –1 min–1 of NH4Cl, followed by a maximum accumulation of about 28.5 moles g wet wt–1 with the infusion of 5.08 moles g liver–1 min–1. The Vmax of the urea-N excretion (0.47 mol g liver–1 min–1) was obtained with the addition of 5.08 moles g liver–1 min–1 of NH4Cl. Both the tissue and the specific activity of the urea cycle enzymes, except ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase, were stimulated significantly with the infusion of either 1.25 or 5.08 moles g liver–1 min–1 of NH4Cl. Maximum stimulation of tissue activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (about 120%) was seen with the infusion of 5.08 mol g liver–1 min–1, and for argininosuccinate synthetase (about 135%), and argininosuccinate lyase (about 50%) with the infusion of 10.81 mol g liver–1 min–1 of NH4Cl. Higher accumulation of ammonia of about 10–15 mol g wet wt–1 from the physiological level in the perfused liver while infusing with NH4Cl was suggested to be one of the major causes of stimulation of ureogenesis. The presence of such physiological adaptive strategy is probably necessary in this unique group of air-breathing walking catfish to survive under hyper-ammonia stress in their normal habitat or while living outside water or while burrowing inside mud. 相似文献
9.
Embryonic development and larval hatching of the monogenean Diplectanum aequans, gill parasite of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax, was studied in relation to different prophylactic treatments. Groups of eggs of D. aequans were submitted to different in vitro treatments: formalin (300 and 100 L L–1 per 1 hour), Neguvon® (trichlorphon 0.2 mg L–1 per 48 hours) and dehydration for 4 and 8 hours. Percentages of hatched larvae, aborted larvae and undeveloped embryos were estimated in comparison with the control group. Results showed that 300 L L–1 formalin and dehydration treatments were able to reduce larval hatching significantly, while Neguvon® and 100 L L–1 formalin treatments had no effect. 相似文献
10.
In two separate experiments, haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae were raised under different photoperiods (24L : 0D or 15L : 9D), or different combinations of tank colour (black or white) and light intensity (1.1 mol s–1 m–2 or 18 mol s–1 m–2). Growth (0.8% day–1 in standard length; 2.9% day–1 in body area) and survival (2%) were not significantly different between photoperiod treatments after 35 days. Larval survival was greater in white versus black tanks after 41 days (2% versus l%, respectively). Growth of larvae was impaired in black tanks at low (1.1 mol s–1 m–2) light intensity (0.8% day–1 in standard length and 2.2% day–1 in body area versus 1.1% day 21 in standard length and 3.1% day–1 in body area, for all other treatments). Transmission and reflection of light was low in black tanks at low incident light, and there was very little upwelling light. The resultant poor prey to background contrast probably resulted in larvae being unable to consume sufficient food to sustain a level of growth comparable to that in other treatments. 相似文献
11.
The presumptive Na+/H+ exchange sites of trout and eel erythrocytes were quantified using amiloride-displaceable 5-(N-methyl-N-[3H]isobutyl)-amiloride (3H-MIA) equilibrium binding to further evaluate the mechanisms of i) hypoxia-mediated modifications in the trout erythrocyte -adrenergic signal transduction system and ii) the marked differences in the catecholamine responsiveness of this system between the trout and eel. MIA was a more potent inhibitor of both trout apparent erythrocyte proton extrusion (IC50 = 20.1 ± 1.1 mol l–1, N = 6) activity (as evaluated by measuring plasma pH changes after addition of catecholamine in vitro) and specific 3H-MIA binding (IC50 = 257 ± 8.2 nmol l–1, N = 3) than amiloride, which possessed a proton extrusion IC50 of 26.1 ± 1.6 mol l–1 (N = 6) and a binding IC50 of 891 ± 113 nmol l–1 (N = 3). The specific Na+ channel blocker phenamil was without effect on adrenergic proton extrusion activity or specific 3H-MIA binding. Trout erythrocytes suspended in Na+-free saline and maintained under normoxic conditions possessed 37,675 ± 6,678 (N = 6) amiloride-displaceable 3H-MIA binding sites per cell (Bmax, presumptive Na+/H+ antiporters) with an apparent dissociation constant (KD) of 244 ± 29 nmol l–1 (N = 6). Acute hypoxia (PO2 = 1.2 kPa; 30 min) did not affect the KD, yet resulted in a 65% increase in the number of presumptive Na+/H+ antiporters. Normoxic eel erythrocytes, similarly suspended in Na+-free saline, possessed only 17,133 ± 3,716 presumptive Na+/H+ antiporters (N = 6), 45% of that of trout erythrocytes, with a similar KD (246 ± 41 nmol l–1, N = 6). These findings suggest that inter- and intra-specific differences in the responsiveness of the teleost erythrocyte -adrenergic signal transduction system can be explained, in part, by differences in the numbers of Na+/H+ exchange sites. 相似文献
12.
The accumulation of immunoreactive corticosteroids in the bile of rainbow trout during stress was monitored by radioimmunoassay and GUMS. Although plasma cortisol levels were elevated by confinement for 1 hour, biliary levels of free and conjugated steroids in the bile were unaffected. However, after 24 hours confinement, in addition to elevated plasma cortisol levels, free and conjugated steroids in the bile were also significantly higher than in control, unstressed fish. The time-course of change in plasma and biliary corticosteroid levels was determined in rainbow trout subject to 96 hours confinement stress. Free steroid levels in the bile of stressed fish were elevated within 2 hours of the onset of stress, while levels of conjugated steroids were significantly elevated within 4 hours of the onset of confinement. Analysis of bile from stressed fish, by GC/MS, established the major conjugated steroids present to be tetrahydrocortisone (230 g ml–1 bile), tetrahydrocortisol (75 g ml–1), cortisone (33.5 g ml–1), cortisol (25 g ml–1) and -cortolone (5 g ml–1). The data are discussed with reference to the role of cortisone and conjugating enzymes in the clearance of cortisol, and further data are presented to suggest that the analysis of biliary steroid content may provide a suitable means of identifying stressed fish under conditions in which an additional sampling stress is unavoidable. 相似文献
13.
Effects of the native GnRHs and various agonists have been evaluated on the spawning of an Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. This study tested salmon (s) GnRH agonists and mammalian (m) GnRH agonists where a D-amino acid residue was substituted alone at position 6 or the C-terminal was modified with ethylamide. GnRH agonists with a combination of these structural modifications were also evaluated separately for their effect on the spawning of the catfish. Native sGnRH, [Pro9 NEt]-sGnRH agonist and chicken (c) GnRH-II exhibited similar activity and induced spawning within 14–18 h at a dose of 100 g kg–1 body weight (BW). [D-Lys6]-sGnRH agonist and [D-Lys6 Pro9 NEt]-sGnRH agonist, induced spawning at a dose of 100 g kg–1 BW and 1 g kg–1 BW, respectively. The most notable observation in this study was the ineffectiveness of [D-Ala6]-mGnRH agonist and [Des Gly10 D-Ala6 Pro9 NEt]-mGnRH agonist. The results obtained suggest that substitution at position 6 alone, and in conjunction with an ethylamide-based modification at the C-terminal in the native sGnRH structure, increases the potency of the tested agonists to induce spawning in the catfish. This study also discusses the potential use and incorporation of cGnRH-II for the development of more generic spawning induction therapies. 相似文献
14.
L. A. C. Van Asselt R. J. M. Timmers H. J. Th. Goos J. G. D. Lambert P. G. W. J. Van Oordt 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1989,6(4):207-212
Isolated gonadotrops of the African catfish,Clarias gariepinus, were incubated with dopamine (DA) and/or catecholestrone and the activity of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) was determined by measuring the methylated products. From the apparent Km values for DA and catecholestrone of 0.4–1.3 M and 17.9–25.2 M respectively, it was concluded that catecholestrone is a better substrate for the enzyme COMT, compared to DA. Moreover, the methylation of DA is inhibited by comparatively low concentrations of catecholestrone. 相似文献
15.
M. Saroglia S. Cecchini G. Terova A. Caputo A. De Stradis 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2000,23(1):55-58
Gas diffusion distance (GDD) of sea bass was measured in fish bred under farm conditions, at different dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO): normoxia condition (80–100% of the saturation value) and `mild' hyperoxia condition (120–130% of the saturation value). Measures were carried out two times in a year (beginning of summer and autumn) in order to evaluate the effect of water temperature on GDD at the two different dissolved oxygen concentrations. There was a significant influence of both dissolved oxygen concentration (p 0.001) and environmental temperature (p 0.001) on GDD. In summertime it was 1.75 m and 2.31 m for fish reared under normoxia and hyperoxia, respectively, and in autumn 2.51 m and 2.96 m for fish reared under normoxia and hyperoxia, respectively. When DO was reduced at the higher temperatures, GDD decreased as well. Results lead to the conclusion that GDD increased with the increasing of DO, both due to reduced water temperature and to the mild oxygen hypersaturation following application of pure oxygen. The advantage for fish may be found in the compromise between maximising O2 diffusion at the gills and ions/water intake/loss, known as `osmoregulatory compromise'. 相似文献
16.
P. M. Verbost M. A. Salah El-Deen P. Pelt M. M. J. C. Bijvelds S. E. Wendelaar Bonga 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1996,15(4):299-305
An intracellular ATP-dependent Ca2+ pumping mechanism, distinct from mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation, was identified within tilapia gill cells. Cell suspensions treated with 0.003% saponin, which selectively permeabilizes the plasma membrane, were used to characterize the Ca2+ sequentering mechanisms as endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and to determine the effect of Zn2+ on their Ca2+ storing activity. Of the Ca2+ taken up by the endoplasmic reticulum, 80% was released by IP3 (10 mol l–1). The Ca2+ pump of the endoplasmic reticulum was 2.5 times less sensitive to Zn2+ (IC50=0.05 nmol l–1) than was the mitochondrial uptake mechanism (IC50=0.20 nmol l–1). The results indicate that Ca2+ is stored predominantly within the endoplasmic reticulum at 0.1 mol l–1 and that this storing capacity is seriously attenuated by namomolar concentrations Zn2+. 相似文献
17.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs and alevins were exposed for up to 4 weeks to the nitricoxide (NO) donor isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) at concentrations up to 100 mol l–1. Hatching success was over 95%, but increasing concentrations of ISDN significantly delayed hatching, without significant affects on survival. Alevins exposed to ISDN concentrations of 50 or 100 mol l–1 showed significant cardiovascular and developmental changes compared to unexposed alevins. These included lowered heart rate and ventilation rate, doubling of cardiac output, dilation of the vitelline vein and increased in alevin weight. The results indicate a vasodilatory role of NO in trout alevins, and their cardiovascular responses to NO, with reference to the role of the vitelline vein, are discussed. 相似文献
18.
R. Galloway I. C. Potter D. J. Macey R. W. Hilliard 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1987,4(2):63-72
The standard rate of oxygen consumption of ammocoetes (larvae) ofGeotria australis with a mean weight of c. 0.5 g was 9.6, 31.4 and 59.4l g–1 h–1 at 4.5, 15.5 and 25.0°C respectively, which gives an overall Q10 of 2.4. The regression coefficient for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight at 15.5°C was 0.704. The ammocoetes ofG. australis have a much lower rate of oxygen consumption at 15.5 and 25.0°C than those of holarctic lampreys. This presumably reflects the lower oxygen delivery pressure to their tissues and helps account for their slow growth rate. At 15.5°C, ammocoetes ofG. australis emerged from the substrate at 21–25 mm Hg and, unlike those of the Northern HemisphereIchthyomyzon greeleyi, died at 14–17 mm Hg. Thus, despite having a thinner water/blood barrier in the gills and blood with a higher oxygen affinity and capacity than holarctic ammocoetes, the larvae ofG. australis cannot survive very low dissolved oxygen tensions. This is apparently related to an inability of larvalG. australis to meet the high oxygen requirements of the respiratory pump at these oxygen tensions. During metamorphosis, oxygen consumption at 15.5°C rose from approximately 27l g–1 h–1 at the beginning of transformation to 33.2l g–1 h–1 by Stage 3 and then rapidly to 66l g–1 h–1 at Stage 6. It remained near this level in Stage 7 and the downstream migrant. 相似文献
19.
Total lipids, lipid classes and their associated fatty acids were quantified in developing eggs, yolk-sac larvae and starving larvae (from day 1 to day 5 after hatching) of the Senegal sole,Solea senegalensis Kaup. Larvae during early development and starvation consumed about 0.6% of its dry weight per day, mainly due to lipid catabolism. There was a net consumption of approximately 1.7% total lipid per day, and a net energy utilization of 1.3 kcal g–1 dry weight biomass day–1, mostly derived from lipid depletion. The overall decrease of total neutral lipids (mainly triacylglycerols and sterol esters) was 3.4 faster than that of total polar lipids (primarily phosphatidylcholine), with rates of 29.2 and 8.7 g mg–1 dry weight biomass day–1, respectively. There was a concomitant increase in PE, PS and phosphatidic acid during the period under study. Total saturated and total monounsaturated fatty acids were catabolized (primarily 160 and 161 (n-7)) as energy substrates at rates of 7.4 and 10.9 g mg–1 total lipid day–1, whereas total PUFAs were conserved. DHA was specifically retained in PE, whereas EPA and DHA were catabolized in PC and triacylglycerol. Total DMA and AA contents in total lipid increased during early development and starvation. The data denote a pattern of lipid metabolism during early development of Senegal sole similar to that of other marine larval fish, with eggs containing high amounts of total lipids (presence of oil globule/s), from temperate waters and with short developmental periods; the pattern contrasts with fish larvae from eggs of cold water fish species that contain low levels of total lipids (lack of oil globule/s) and have long developmental periods.Abbreviations AA
all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid, 204(n-6))
- C
free cholesterol
- DHA
all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (226(n-3))
- DMA
dimethyl acetal
- EPA
all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (205(n-3))
- HUFA
highly unsaturated fatty acids (C20 with 3 double bonds)
- PC
phosphatidylcholine
- PE
phosphatidylethanolamine
- PI
phosphatidylinositol
- PS
phosphatidylserine
- PUFA
polyunsaturated fatty acid(s)
- SE
sterol ester
- TAG
triacylglycerol 相似文献
20.
PKC activity was detected in spleen extracts from the turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, a teleost flatfish that is farmed commercially in several countries, in assays with the substrate EGF- R651–658 as phosphate acceptor. The activity was purified about 700-fold by a three-step chromatographic procedure (DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Sepharose and threonine-Sepharose). Maximal activity was obtained in the presence of the typical PKC cofactors Ca2+ (0.1 mM) PtdS (20 g ml–1) and either DAG (2 g ml–1) or PMA (2 g ml–1). Activity was dose-dependently inhibited by H7 and by the PKC-specific inhibitors PKC19–36 and N-myristoylated PKC19–31. The rate of phosphorylation was highest with the PKC-specific substrate MARCKS161–175. In immunoblotting, MC5 (a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against bovine PKC) recognized bands of 80 and 100 kDa. Immunoblotting with antibodies raised against mouse PKC isozymes (, , , , , , and ) indicated the presence of all these isozymes in turbot spleen. 相似文献