共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
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通过系统选种和引用乳质性状好的荷斯坦牛的血统可以达到改善乳成分的长期效果。依据乳脂肪和蛋白质形成的机理,通过优化日粮结构、使用保护性脂肪和提高日粮能量水平、补充过瘤胃蛋白质和氨基酸、使用缓冲剂和酵母培养物调控瘤胃环境,以及配合合理的饲养方法,可以提高乳脂率和乳蛋白质率。 相似文献
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乳脂肪受日粮因素的调控的可塑性大，CLA是乳脂肪中的一种微量不饱和脂肪酸，影响乳脂肪的物理和生物学特性。CLA最初发现于奶牛瘤胃，但牛奶中CLA主要通过乳腺组织Δ9去饱和酶作用于trans11C18∶1而内源合成。研究结果表明，日粮因素、动物个体间的差异和动物组织间SCD酶活性的差异是影响乳脂CLA合成的关键因素。作者针对影响trans11C18∶1和Δ9去饱和酶的因素对CLA合成调控因素作了简要论述。 相似文献
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反式脂肪酸降低乳脂合成的机理 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
乳中的反式脂肪酸直接来源于日粮脂肪或由瘤胃微生物氢化生成,本文重点介绍了反10-油酸和反10,顺12-共轭亚油酸两种不同反式脂肪酸对乳脂合成的影响,讨论了反式脂肪酸影响乳脂合成的机理,可能是反式脂肪酸通过抑制乳腺中脂肪酸合成的关键酶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和脂肪酸合成酶的活性,进而导致乳脂合成的减少。 相似文献
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饲料与环境对乳质的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
牛奶的乳成分可分为水和固形物两部分，固形物包含脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、矿物质和维生素等多种物质。固形物各组分含量的多少，影响着乳质的优劣。1乳脂肪乳脂率是衡量乳质优劣的重要指标。乳脂肪中绝大部分（约95％）是甘油三酸酯，另外还有少量的游离的脂肪酸和胆固醇。其中，有近一半的乳脂肪是以瘤胃发酵产生的醋酸和酪酸为原料由乳腺合成的；其余部分则由饲料中的脂肪或积蓄的体脂肪供给（以长链脂肪酸的形态直接形成乳脂肪）。不同的饲料组成对乳脂肪体内合成有极大的影响。纤维在瘤胃内被分解后生成醋酸，而淀粉在瘤胃内被分解后则生… 相似文献
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玉米是奶牛舍饲的主要能量饲料来源之一,而蒸汽压片技术是一项目前较为成熟的日粮加工技术,主要通过机械的湿热加工方法改变原料物理形态和营养物质的化学结构,广泛应用于反刍动物日粮中。蒸汽压片处理工艺中的蒸汽压力、温度和处理时间会影响压片产品的容重和淀粉糊化度,进而影响其饲喂效果。研究发现,经蒸汽压片处理的玉米可有效提高其淀粉消化率,加快瘤胃内的发酵速度,改变瘤胃发酵模式,促进瘤胃微生物蛋白合成,有利于维持瘤胃pH及瘤胃内环境的稳定。也有研究表明,蒸汽压片玉米饲喂奶牛后,对其采食量没有明显影响,但可以提高产奶量,改善乳成分,从而提高奶牛的产奶性能。作者对蒸汽压片玉米技术及其在奶牛生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,以期为蒸汽压片玉米在中国奶牛生产中的合理使用提供参考。 相似文献
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Effect of dietary crude protein level and degradability on ruminal fermentation and nitrogen utilization in lactating dairy cows 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effects of two ruminally degradable protein (RDP) levels in diets containing similar ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) and metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, and transfer of ruminal ammonia N into milk protein in dairy cows. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows were allocated to two dietary treatments in a crossover design. The diets (adequate RDP [ARDP] and high RDP [HRDP]), had similar concentrations of RUP and MP, but differed in CP/RDP content. Ruminal ammonia was labeled with 15N and secretion of tracer in milk protein was determined for a period of 120 h. Ammonia concentration in the rumen tended to be greater (P = 0.06) with HRDP than with ARDP. Microbial N flow to the duodenum, ruminal digestibility of dietary nutrients, DMI, milk yield, fat content, and protein content and yield were not statistically different between diets. There was a tendency (P = 0.07) for increased urinary N excretion, and blood plasma and milk urea N concentrations were greater (P = 0.002 and P = 0.01, respectively) with HRDP compared with ARDP. Milk N efficiency was decreased (P = 0.01) by the HRDP diet. The cumulative secretion of ammonia 15N into milk protein, as a proportion of 15N dosed intraruminally, was greater (P = 0.003) with ARDP than with HRDP. The proportions of bacterial protein originating from ammonia N and milk protein originating from bacterial or ammonia N averaged 43, 61, and 26% and were not affected by diet. This experiment indicated that excess RDP in the diet of lactating dairy cows could not be efficiently utilized for microbial protein synthesis and was largely lost through urinary N excretion. At a similar MP supply, increased CP or RDP concentration of the diet would result in decreased efficiency of conversion of dietary N into milk protein and less efficient use of ruminal ammonia N for milk protein syntheses. 相似文献
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集约化养殖提高了牧场奶牛的生产效率,其生产过程中动物福利、环境保护以及产品质量等议题也逐渐引起消费者的关注。放牧养殖将户外放牧和牧草采食作为养殖模式的评判标准,其产品正逐渐受到欧美等发达国家消费者的青睐。饲料中的优质牧草是影响乳成分及其乳制品品质的主要因素之一,牧草中较高的纤维含量维持了瘤胃健康,较高的不饱和脂肪酸提高了乳脂中不饱和脂肪酸的比例,丰富的可降解蛋白提供了乳蛋白的合成原料,并且牧草中脂肪酸、氨基酸、碳水化合物和其他营养物质在奶牛体内的代谢影响了牛奶以及乳制品的感官品质。作者重点关注一些国家放牧养殖的实际状况和标准要求,及其与有机养殖的差异对比,并分析放牧养殖和全混合日粮喂养条件下饲料成分差异对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响,以及由此造成的牛奶脂肪、蛋白成分和感官指标等方面的差异。 相似文献
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试验研究了日粮中分别补充0(对照组)、2%亚麻籽油(亚麻籽油组)、2%大豆油(大豆油组)和等同2%植物油的10%膨化大豆(膨化大豆组)对奶牛生产性能和瘤胃微生物区系的影响。结果表明:饲喂亚麻油、大豆油和膨化大豆组奶牛的奶产量显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,而乳脂含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),校正乳(FCM)产量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲喂亚麻油、大豆油或膨化大豆对奶牛瘤胃微生物图谱条带数量和区系的相似性指数无显著影响(P>0.05)。各处理组的白色瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌比例无显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究结果显示,日粮补充适宜水平的不同形式植物油可改善奶牛生产性能,但对瘤胃微生物区系无显著影响。 相似文献
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YANG Jinhui WANG Menghui CAO Jing HU Pengli LI Hongliang GAO Fei QIAN Wentao 《中国畜牧兽医》2007,47(10):3193-3202
With the development of intensive cultivation in dairy cows,the production efficiency of dairy farms has been improved.However,issues such as animal welfare,environmental protection and product quality of dairy farm have received more attention.As judging criteria in the pattern,outdoor grazing and grass intake necessary in grass-fed farming,and its products are gradually being favored by consumers in developed countries,such as Europe and the United States.The effect of grass-fed on milk and dairy products mainly depend on the quality of forage grass.The high fiber content in forage grass maintains rumen health,high unsaturated fatty acids increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat,and rich degradable proteins promote milk protein synthesis.The metabolism of fatty acids,amino acids,carbohydrates and other nutrients from forage in dairy cows may affect the sensory quality of milk and dairy products.This review focused on the actual situation and standard requirements of grass-fed in some countries,and their differences compared with organic farming,and analyzed the effects of feed composition differences on rumen metabolism of dairy cows under grazing farming and total mixed diet feeding conditions,as well as resulting differences in milk fat,protein and sensory indicators. 相似文献
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Seppo Ahvenjärvi Aila Vanhatalo Pekka Huhtanen Tuomo Varvikko 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(3):179-189
Four multiparous dairy cows, fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas, were fed grass silage and one of four concentrates of barley (B), barley+urea (BU), barley+solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (BRM) or barley+heat-moisture-treated rapeseed cake (BRC). Despite marginal N deficiencies for the control diet (B), BU did not affect milk yield, ruminal fibre digestion or omasal total non-ammonia-N (NAN) or microbial NAN flow. In contrast, BRM and BRC diets significantly increased milk and milk protein yields and omasal dietary NAN flows. Effects of rapeseed meal (RSM) and rapeseed cake (RSC) on milk yield and omasal NAN flow were similar. The diets had no effect on rumen microbial protein synthesis. In general, non-protein N and soluble true protein comprised 0.20 of omasal total NAN flow, for all diets. Supplementary AAT from rapeseed feeds appeared to escape from the rumen as insoluble feed particles. 相似文献
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W. Kaufmann 《Livestock Production Science》1976,3(2):103-114
The author illustrates that a certain ratio between roughage and concentrates in the rations of dairy cows is necessary rather than depending exclusively on an increase of the amounts of concentrates for meeting the energy requirements at higher levels of production. In general, when lactation performance is high, merely the essential supply of concentrates entails a decrease of milk fat content, or, with an insufficient energy supply, the milk protein content drops. These relations are explained by a diagram on protein fermentation and bacterial protein synthesis.Higher feeding frequency allows higher intake of concentrates without a decrease of pH in the rumen. Hence the ratio of C2:C3 (acetic: propionic acid) in the rumen tends towards 3:1 instead of lower ratios, which prevents a decrease of milk fat content. The higher cellulolytic activity at the higher pH leads to higher intake of roughage. With automated systems for higher feeding frequencies it will be possible to increase milk production without decrease of milk fat content and other metabolic disorders. The better energy supply will lead to a better supply of microbial protein as well and therefore prevent a decrease in milk protein content. 相似文献
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Milk urea concentrations in dairy cattle. There has been increased use of milk urea concentration as an indicator of dietary protein intake and protein metabolism in dairy cattle over recent years. The value of milk urea content data in predicting dietary composition, particularly for pasture-fed cattle, has not been well described. Protein metabolism and urea synthesis. Many factors influence the degradation of dietary proteins in the rumen, post-ruminal protein metabolism and urea synthesis in cattle. Strong positive correlations between nitrogenous fertiliser use and the crude protein content of pastures were identified by use of meta-analysis. Similar strong positive correlations were noted between dietary protein intake, rumen ammonia and plasma urea concentrations. The costs of urea synthesis include energy losses, and importantly, the loss of endogenous amino acids, which are deaminated in the synthesis of urea. Milk urea as an indictor of protein metabolism. Urea concentrations in blood, plasma and milk are strongly correlated. Milk is an adequate indicator of blood and plasma urea content, but non-nutritional factors may significantly influence milk urea concentrations. Recommendations for dietary protein management based on milk urea concentrations must be undertaken with care. 相似文献