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1.
Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis Stone)是目前入侵杂草紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)的一种重要天敌, 但在重金属污染的矿区泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的植株寄生率明显降低。故利用同心圆采样法在云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿区5 km范围内采集土壤、紫茎泽兰及泽兰实蝇并测定重金属含量, 以研究重金属在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的生物富集效应, 探讨重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制。结果表明: 土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中Pb、Zn和Cd含量随着距矿中心距离的增加而极显著下降, Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎系统中的富集系数分别为0.205~0.614、0.058~0.079和0.222~0.398, 平均值分别为0.453、0.067和0.315, 在紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统中的富集系数分别为1.06~7.69、9.68~20.13和1.13~1.56, 平均值分别为2.47、12.83和1.42。Cd和Zn属于强聚集, Pb属于很强聚集的元素。本研究结果证明, Pb、Zn和Cd可以在土壤 紫茎泽兰茎 泽兰实蝇系统逐级传递富集, 并初步阐明了重金属Cd、Pb和Zn在土壤 紫茎泽兰 泽兰实蝇系统中的传递规律。这丰富了重金属污染的生态毒理学效应, 为进一步研究重金属胁迫影响泽兰实蝇控制效果的机制奠定了基础。 相似文献
2.
青海倒淌河末端沉积物中重金属含量及其指示意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
对青海湖流域倒淌河末端沉积物样品中As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn等9种重金属元素的含量进行了分析测定,并评估了其污染程度。结果表明:无论在横向还是纵向上,所分析重金属元素含量均低于青海湖土壤背景值、青海省土壤平均值和土壤环境质量一级标准值,潜在生态风险因子均低于40,多风险因子指数均低于65;样品中As、Cd、As富集系数基本为1~2,其它重金属元素富集系数基本小于1。倒淌河末端沉积物尚未出现重金属污染,但该流域确实存在重金属的人为排放,而且在近代排放更为显著。虽然经过沉积和植物吸收,倒淌河河水流至其末端时重金属元素依然未完全被净化干净,主要体现在As、Cd、Pb上,应限制它们进入环境 相似文献
3.
《水土保持学报》2014,(2)
以草海流域不同功能区土壤及优势植物为研究对象,对比研究草海流域不同功能区土壤与植物中As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征。结果表明:草海流域4个功能区受到Cd和Zn的污染较为严重,As为轻度污染,Cr、Cu、Pb和As各个功能区污染程度不同;不同植物体内重金属含量差异显著,同种植物不同部位重金属规律为:根茎叶;7种优势植物中迁移特征和富集系数差别较大,只有狐尾藻对重金属Cu的富集系数大于1,其余植物对6种重金属的富集系数均小于1,可将狐尾藻作为草海流域典型的重金属耐性先锋植物;植物Cr和土壤Cr成极显著正相关,植物Zn和土壤Zn成显著正相关,植物Cd和土壤Zn成极显著正相关。 相似文献
4.
采集草海湿地周边主要农作物可食部分及对应根系的土壤样品,分析测试了重金属Cd,Cr,Hg,Pb,As和Zn的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中重金属污染水平及对重金属的富集能力。结果表明:土壤重金属元素Zn,As,Cr平均含量未超过贵州省土壤元素背景值,其他3种重金属Pb,Cd,Hg平均值分别是背景值的1.24,1.44,7.5倍;与中国《食品中污染物限量》标准相比,除Hg平均含量超标外,蔬菜中As,Cr,Zn,Cd和Pb平均含量处在可接受范围内。6种重金属的单因子污染指数的高低依次是Hg > Pb > Cd > As > Cr > Zn,葱和萝卜处于安全水平,其余农作物处于警戒线;不同种类作物中重金属富集特征差异较大,菠菜对As,Cd,Hg,Pb的富集系数比其余作物高,萝卜叶对Cr和Zn的富集能力较强,重金属Cr富集系数最低的是玉米,Zn和Hg富集系数最低的是萝卜根,Cd和Pb富集系数最低为马铃薯,As富集能力最低的为白菜。 相似文献
5.
湖南冷水江锑矿区苎麻对重金属的吸收和富集特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过野外调查采样,分析了湖南冷水江锑矿区土壤的重金属含量,以及矿区9个采样点的苎麻对Sb、Cd、As和Pb4种重金属的吸收与富集能力及其富集特征。结果表明,矿区土壤受Sb污染严重,9个采样点Sb含量超过全国土壤背景值40～11503倍;伴生有Cd、As、Pb污染,Cd平均含量（13.08mg·kg-1）和As平均含量（82.64mg·kg-1）明显高于土壤环境质量标准的三级警戒值,Pb平均含量（71.27mg·kg-1）明显高于全国土壤背景值。苎麻叶和花混合样中的Sb最高达到1103mg·kg-1;苎麻体内的Cd含量均高于一般植物2～10倍,Cd富集系数最高为2.1,转运系数最高为3;As富集系数最高为1.04,转运系数最高为12.42;苎麻地上部对重金属迁移能力较强,当季对Sb、Cd、As迁移量分别达796.55、11.20和31.34mg·m-2。本研究说明苎麻对复合重金属具有一定的耐性,为复合污染植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。 相似文献
6.
浙江省商品有机肥中重金属含量变化趋势及风险管控对策 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
7.
以露地番茄（Solanum lycopersicom L.）为试材,进行了施用有机肥、无机肥及有机无机肥配施对番茄产量、品质和土壤有效态重金属含量的影响研究。结果表明,在施氮量相同条件下,有机肥与无机肥配施番茄产量增幅较大,以6∶4养分配施比例产量最高,总产量比对照提高了15.6%。施用无机肥番茄果实可溶性糖含量和可滴定酸含量较高,维生素C含量以施用有机肥处理的最高;番茄果实的营养品质和口感以施用有机肥处理的最佳。番茄果实中可溶性糖、酸和维生素C含量的变化规律与肥料施用无相关性,可能是受番茄产量高低的影响。施用有机肥番茄果实硝酸盐含量明显低于施用无机肥和有机无机肥配施处理,亚硝酸盐含量则以施用无机肥和低有机肥配施量处理的含量较低。施肥有明显降低番茄果实Hg含量的作用,但却提高了Pb和As含量,对Cu、Zn和Cd含量的影响较小;施用有机肥可显著降低番茄果实Cr含量。施肥提高了土壤有效态Zn和Cd含量,降低了土壤有效态Pb含量,对土壤有效态Cr和As含量的影响较小;施用有机肥使土壤有效态Cu含量显著降低,而使土壤有效态Hg的含量提高;施用无机肥可提高土壤有效态Cu的含量。不同施肥处理番茄果实重金属含量变化与土壤有效态重金属含量变化不一致的主要原因,可能是由于施肥改变了番茄的生物产量,从而产生对植株吸收重金属元素的生物稀释作用造成。各试验处理番茄果实硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐及重金属含量均远低于国家蔬菜或食品中污染物限量标准,说明合理施用有机肥、无机肥和有机无机肥配施不会造成番茄果实硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐以及重金属污染。 相似文献
8.
肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响 总被引：61，自引：5，他引：56
本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。 相似文献
9.
通过测定长期(1989、1995、1998、2001年)肥料试验土壤中重金属As、Hg、Cd、Pb的含量,结果表明:随耕作年限增长,试验区土壤中4种重金属的含量总体呈上升趋势,相对百分含量的增长大小为:Hg﹥Cd﹥Pb﹥As;到2001年为止试验区所测重金属含量均未超过国家环境质量一级标准;重金属Hg或Cd在不同施肥处理的土壤中含量存在差异;施肥(P肥)是重金属含量增加的主要原因;土壤中4种重金属含量间呈正相关性,表明它们的来源和环境行为有一定的相似性。 相似文献
10.
中南某锑矿及其周边农田土壤与植物重金属污染研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以南方某锑(Sb)矿区周边土壤与植物为研究对象,采集土壤与植物样品,测定其Sb、As、Cd、Zn、Pb浓度,研究土壤和植物中重金属的污染程度及富集特征。结果表明,矿区周边土壤受Sb污染严重,各采样点全量Sb为3.08~219 mg/kg,平均54.0 mg/kg,同时伴有As、Cd、Zn和Pb污染,其中Cd污染相对严重;但土壤中Sb与土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb没有相关性,土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb之间呈极显著的线性相关。矿区周边植物同样受到严重的Sb、As、Cd和Pb的污染,蔬菜可食部分Sb最高达2.05 mg/kg,存在较高的人体摄入风险,且蔬菜中As和Pb超标严重。所采集植物中水麻对Sb有较强的积累和转移能力,是修复Sb污染土壤的潜在植物资源。 相似文献
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12.
One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre,
Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes
of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were
observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China
is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars
bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces
were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China
does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources. 相似文献
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14.
Massimo Romani Efisio Piano Luciano Pecetti 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(4):341-349
Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium. 相似文献
15.
M. Rodríguez-Quijano M.T. Nieto-Taladriz J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality. 相似文献
16.
Sofie E. De Meyer Koenraad Van Hoorde Bram Vekeman Tamara Braeckman Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies. 相似文献
17.
A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria
graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2–3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew. 相似文献
18.
In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
19.
This study was carried out in a semiarid degraded area to assess the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation with a mixture of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or an allochthonous AM fungus (Glomus claroideum), on the establishment of Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris L. and Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boissier in this area. Associated changes in the soil microbiological properties and aggregate stability related to these AM inocula were also recorded. Eighteen months after planting, G. claroideum had increased available P in the rhizosphere of both shrub species. In general, both inoculation treatments increased water-soluble C and water-soluble and total carbohydrates, G. claroideum being the most effective inoculum, particularly in R. sphaerocarpa. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for increasing the aggregate stability of R. sphaerocarpa soil, while that of O. europaea was increased only by G. claroideum. Increased (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and -glucosidase) enzyme activities, in particular of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, were recorded in the rhizosphere of both mycorrhizal shrub species. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for stimulating the growth of O. europaea and R. sphaerocarpa (11.6-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively, greater than control plants). The establishment of mycorrhizal shrub species favoured the reactivation of soil microbial activity, which was linked to an increase in aggregate stability. 相似文献
20.
I. V. Rodushkin T. I. Moiseenko L. P. Kudryavtseva 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(2):731-736
The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn). 相似文献