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1.
Fe-Cr-C-V等离子堆焊层改善旋耕刀耐磨性和冲击韧性   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
为解决农机触土部件耐磨性差、失效频繁等问题,该文采用等离子堆焊技术在65Mn钢基体上制备Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层;利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪分析了堆焊层的显微组织和物相构成;利用显微硬度计、往复式摩擦磨损试验机、自制土槽磨损试验机、冲击试验机等设备测试了堆焊层的显微硬度、耐磨性及冲击韧性。结果表明,堆焊层与基体呈良好的冶金结合,Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层主要由α-Fe、Cr7C3、M7C3([Fe,Cr]7C3)、Fe-Cr固溶体、VC等组成。与65Mn淬火钢相比,Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层的维氏硬度提高了75%,磨损质量降低了约67%。与Fe-Cr-C堆焊层相比,Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层维氏硬度提高了HV0.5100,冲击韧性提高了21%。与常用的65Mn铲尖相比,有Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层的深松铲铲尖磨损质量减少了78%,与常用60Si2Mn旋耕刀相比,有Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层的旋耕刀平均磨损质量减小约50%。该研究可为延长旋耕刀使用寿命提供参考。  相似文献   

2.
适宜碳化钨含量提高Ti(C,N)-WC涂层耐磨耐蚀性   总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0  
为了提高农机关键部件表面强度,采用反应等离子熔覆技术,在Q235B钢表面制备了不同碳化钨WC含量的Ti(C,N)-WC金属陶瓷复合涂层。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、电化学工作站对复合涂层的形貌、物相及其耐磨耐蚀性进行了分析,并与Q235B钢进行了硬度、耐磨耐蚀性对比试验。结果表明:涂层组织主要由硬质相、包覆相、粘结相组成,涂层与基体呈冶金结合;在一定范围内,随着WC含量的增加,涂层的显微硬度及耐磨耐蚀性能都有所增强,当WC质量分数为12%时涂层的耐磨耐蚀性能最优,12%WC涂层与Q235B钢基体相比,涂层硬度提高了6倍,摩擦系数为基体的2/5,磨损量为基体的1/16;在5%H2SO4溶液中,12%WC涂层的腐蚀速率为Q235B钢的1/9,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,12%WC涂层的腐蚀速率为Q235B钢的1/4,涂层较基体有更好的耐磨性、耐蚀性,该研究以期为农机材料强化提供参考。  相似文献   

3.
利用DZ-1400型电火花堆焊机,以工业纯钛TA2为电极,以工业纯氮为保护气和反应气,在45号钢试件表面上制备了TiN金属陶瓷堆焊层。采用KYKY-2800型扫描电镜观察了堆焊层表面形貌、显微组织和磨损形貌,采用D/max-RA型X射线衍射仪分析了堆焊层物相,采用MH-6型显微硬度计测定了堆焊层显微硬度,采用自制磨损实验机对比了堆焊层与淬火回火65Mn钢的磨损性能,分析了电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层用于轴颈修复的可行性。结果表明:反应电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层与母材之间为冶金结合,堆焊层主要由电极材料钛、反应合成的TiN和基体材料铁组成,堆焊层显微硬度高,耐磨性好。变速箱齿轮轴修复实践表明,反应电火花堆焊TiN金属陶瓷层可用于修复损伤轴类件。  相似文献   

4.
为了提高旋耕刀、犁铧等农机触土刀具表面强度,以铝热剂的放热反应提供内在热源、等离子弧作为外在热源,采用反应等离子熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位合成了Al_2O_3-Ti(C,N)复合材料涂层。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计、金相显微镜等对复合涂层的微观结构及强质硬化相的成分、组织及性能进行了分析。结果表明:涂层与基体呈冶金结合,涂层主要由网状、嵌套、球状等3种结构组成,硬质相Al_2O_3、Ti(C,N)与粘结相Fe-Ni之间相互包裹、互相嵌套,构形成空间网状骨架结构;涂层硬度最高可达HV_(0.5)2160,平均硬度HV_(0.5)1870,约为基体Q235钢的7.7倍;涂层摩擦系数约为0.372,其磨损量约为65Mn钢及Q235钢的1/7和1/17,与基体相比,复合涂层具有较高的硬度和较好的摩擦磨损性能,可以为农机材料表面强化提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
氮弧熔覆TiCN/Fe金属陶瓷涂层对农业刀具耐磨性的影响   总被引：8，自引：6，他引：2  
针对农业刀具易磨损、失效频繁的现状,采用TXⅡ500型TIG焊机,以工业纯氮作为反应气体和保护气体,利用反应氮弧熔覆技术在表面预涂工业钛粉和石墨粉的Q235试件上成功制备了TiCN/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层。利用扫描电镜、XRD射线衍射仪、显微硬度计着重分析了熔覆速度对涂层形貌、涂层物相、涂层显微硬度的影响,并与农业刀具进行了耐磨对比试验。结果表明:熔覆速度较小时涂层表面成形良好,但涂层中TiCN含量低、涂层硬度小;随着熔覆速度的增加,涂层表面成形变差,但涂层硬度增大。涂层近表层显微硬度最高可达HV0.51089,约是Q235硬度的3倍多,与农业刀具常用材料65Mn相比,磨损量仅为65Mn的1/2,涂层有较好的耐磨性。  相似文献   

6.
针对农业刀具易磨损、失效频繁的现状,采用TXⅡ500型TIG焊机,以工业纯氮作为反应气体和保护气体,利用反应氮弧熔覆技术在表面预涂工业钛粉和石墨粉的Q235试件上成功制备了TiCN/Fe金属陶瓷复合涂层。利用扫描电镜、XRD射线衍射仪、显微硬度计着重分析了熔覆速度对涂层形貌、涂层物相、涂层显微硬度的影响,并与农业刀具进行了耐磨对比试验。结果表明：熔覆速度较小时涂层表面成形良好,但涂层中TiCN含量低、涂层硬度小;随着熔覆速度的增加,涂层表面成形变差,但涂层硬度增大。涂层近表层显微硬度最高可达HV0.5 1089,约是Q235硬度的3倍多,与农业刀具常用材料65 Mn相比,磨损量仅为65 Mn的1/2,涂层有较好的耐磨性。  相似文献   

7.
为了解决开沟器铲尖耕作过程中耐磨性差、易失效的问题,利用等离子熔覆技术在开沟器铲尖表面制备Mo2FeB2金属陶瓷涂层,并对其微观组织结构、物相组成、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行研究。通过正交试验得到熔覆层制备的最优工艺参数组合为：熔覆电流80 A,熔覆距离10 mm,熔覆速度20 cm/min,并以此来制备耐磨熔覆层。结果表明,熔覆层与基体呈现良好冶金结合,其组织主要由方形、蝶状、十字镖形、树形以及不规则长条状的硬质相、网状共晶组织和铁基粘结相组成,其主要物相组成为Mo2FeB2、M3B2(M: Mo, Fe, Cr)、(Cr, Fe)7C3、MoB、CrB、Fe2B以及Fe-Cr固溶体。熔覆层的平均显微硬度为9618 MPa,为开沟器铲尖基体的2.79倍。相同工况下的磨损试验表明熔覆层的平均磨损量（19.20 mg）和平均摩擦系数（0.294）与基体相比分别降低了52.9%和42.4%;不同载荷下的磨损试验表明,随着载荷的增加,熔覆层与基体的摩擦系数呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但熔覆层的整体摩擦系数均低于基体,且其磨损形貌较基体轻微。土槽试验结果表明,熔覆层开沟器铲尖的平均磨损量（4.60 g）比常规开沟器铲尖（15.54 g）降低了70.4%;田间试验结果表明,在实际土壤环境中,开沟器铲尖熔覆层的平均磨损量（34.34 g）仅为常规开沟器铲尖（79.06 g）的43.4%,通过对比磨损形貌发现,熔覆层的存在可以有效抵御土壤磨损,使开沟器铲尖在经过长时间的磨损后能最大程度的保持原貌,从而使其表现出优异的耐磨性能。该研究结果可为提高农机触土部件的耐磨性提供理论参考和可行技术方案。  相似文献   

8.
喷焊余温淬火改善深松铲尖铁基涂层耐磨性   总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0  
针对深松铲尖耐磨性能差、失效频繁等问题,采用火焰喷焊技术在45钢基体上制备了铁基合金涂层,并利用喷焊后试件余温对其进行了淬火处理。利用扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线仪分析了涂层显微组织、元素构成及物相组成,利用显微硬度计、磨损试验机测试了涂层显微硬度及磨损性能。结果表明,涂层与基体呈良好冶金结合,淬火涂层主要由碳化物Cr_(23)C_6、Cr_7C_3,硼化物Fe_2B,复合相(Cr,Fe)_7C_3以及固溶体γ-Fe(Cr,Ni,C,Si)等组成。与未淬火涂层相比,组织得到细化,涂层显微硬度平均为800 HV左右,较未淬火涂层提高了约100 HV。淬火涂层试件(45钢基体)和未淬火涂层试件(45钢基体)平均磨损质量分别为0.30和0.35 g;田间试验的涂层淬火深松铲尖(65Mn基体)磨损质量为32 g,无涂层65Mn铲尖为70 g,涂层深松铲尖具有较好的耐磨性,该研究可为延长深松铲尖使用寿命提供参考。  相似文献   

9.
楔形减阻旋耕刀设计与试验   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  
为解决旋耕整地作业阻力大、能耗高等问题,该文基于旋耕刀理论受力模型设计了一种楔形减阻旋耕刀。采用Inventor和HyperMesh软件分别创建国标旋耕刀及楔形减阻旋耕刀的三维模型和切削土壤模型,分析了楔形减阻旋耕刀的应力强度,对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的切削阻力。通过田间试验对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的扭矩、功耗与碎土率。结果表明:楔形减阻旋耕刀所受最大应力为29.49 MPa,远小于材料的屈服强度430 MPa,在保证刀身强度的前提下,与国标旋耕刀相比,楔形减阻旋耕刀质量减轻8.3%;平均切削阻力较国标旋耕刀下降10.65%。在相同工况条件下,楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均扭矩为648.916 N·m,较国标旋耕刀下降11.35%;楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均功耗为67.3kW,较国标旋耕刀下降9.29%,碎土率提高4%,耐磨性能与国标旋耕刀持平,能够达到在降低作业功耗的同时,提高耕作质量并保证刀具使用寿命。  相似文献   

10.
鼹鼠趾仿生及表面热处理提高齿形开沟刀减阻耐磨性能   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
为提高农用开沟机械开沟刀的减阻耐磨性能,该文针对课题组前期研制的齿形开沟刀,利用仿生结构和不同表面热处理对原齿形开沟刀进行优化。以鼹鼠前爪第3趾为仿生对象,设计了仿生开沟刀。使用EDEM软件进行模拟仿真试验,通过分析齿形开沟刀和仿生开沟刀的开沟功耗,对比2种刀片的减阻性能;进行台架磨损试验,利用金相显微镜、显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机分析5种表面热处理仿生开沟刀的耐磨性能。单齿仿真试验发现,仿生开沟刀刀齿的整体三维表面结构特征有利于减阻。仿真试验结果表明沟深为150、200、250、300和350 mm时,仿生开沟刀比齿形开沟刀的开沟功耗分别降低9.68%、10.44%、10.22%、10.70%和10.95%,仿生开沟刀的减阻性能更优。台架磨损试验结果表明,渗铬淬火高温回火(Ⅱ型刀)、渗碳淬火低温回火(Ⅲ型刀)、激光熔覆WC/Ni60A粉末合金(Ⅳ型刀)和氧乙炔火焰堆焊铸造WC焊条(Ⅴ型刀)比淬火中温回火(Ⅰ型刀)处理的仿生开沟刀的磨损质量分别降低14.17%、42.05%、66.98%和75.96%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀的耐磨性能依次提高,Ⅴ型刀最优。5种刀片组织结构、显微硬度和摩擦系数的分析结果表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型刀的硬化层显微组织主要为淬火和回火马氏体,Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀主要为WC硬质相,Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀的组织结构更优;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ型刀的平均显微硬度为558、700、888、1 195和1 441 HV0.1;平均摩擦系数为0.67、0.57、0.26、0.25和0.22,Ⅴ型刀的显微硬度和摩擦系数最优,与台架磨损试验结果相一致。田间试验结果表明,优化后的Ⅲ型和Ⅴ型刀比原来齿形开沟刀的开沟功耗分别降低11.45%和5.41%,磨损质量分别降低28.26%和82.63%,仿生结构优化与表面热处理能够提高齿形开沟刀的减阻耐磨性能。该研究可为提高开沟刀减阻耐磨性能提供参考。  相似文献   

11.
This paper describes the vegetation which develops around forest paths (closed to public motor vehicles) in a 4383 ha-beech forest in central Belgium. The main purposes of these investigations were to analyse how far into the forest stands, paths have an influence on the surrounding plant species composition; and to acquire more specific information on the particular effect of some types of surfacing materials. The results show that forest paths have a significant effect on the surrounding plant assemblages. Some species are significantly associated with one particular type of surfacing material. Globally, the presence of a path results in an increase in the number of ruderal species, disturbance indicators, nitrogen-demanding species and indicators of basic conditions. Eutrophication and pH increase, as inferred from the plant composition, are perceptible up to a minimum distance of 10 m from the path. The consequences for long-term conservation of the woodland flora are discussed.  相似文献   

12.
The capacity of different soils of New Caledonia to induce nodulation in Gymnostoma poissonianum was studied. The soils were sampled under five Gymnostoma species, Alphitonia neocaledonica (a non-nodulated endemic Rhamnaceae) and Pinus caribea (an introduced species) growing in various ecological conditions. Using G. poissonianum as trap-host, we observed a higher abundance of Frankia from Gymnostoma spp. in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica as compared with bare soils and P. caribea rhizosphere. The nodulating capacity of A. neocaledonica rhizosphere was almost similar to that of the five Gymnostoma species (symbiotic host) studied in the same stations. In comparison, bare soils or rhizosphere of P. caribea had poor nodulating capacities. We isolated fourteen Frankia strains from nodules of G. poissonianum after baiting with the rhizospheric soils of five Gymnostoma and A. neocaledonica. Using the PCR/RFLP method, we confirmed the similarity with those already described. Frankia was abundant in the rhizosphere of A. neocaledonica in all the sites studied. One explanation could be a positive tropism of Frankia towards species belonging to families having nodulated species, which is the case of A. neocaledonica endemic in New Caledonia. We can suppose that the non-nodulated plants belonging to these families can excrete some chemical substances able to attract Frankia and to induce its proliferation.  相似文献   

13.
The mineralization of native soil organic matter and the simultaneous diffusion of zero NH+4 and NO?3 to a solution sink of zero N concentration was analysed experimentally and theoretically for a fine sandy loam soil. Experimentally, the NH4 and NO3 ions produced in an incubated unsaturated soil column were allowed to diffuse through a sintered glass plate into a stirred solution sink. The distribution of NH+4 and NO?3 in the soil column was measured after various incubation times. The rate of ammonification was measured directly during incubation and the rate of nitrification modelled from nitrifier growth kinetics. A Freundlich equation was used to describe the equilibrium between soluble and exchangeable NH+4 in the soil. Terms for the microbial transformation of N and the adsorption-desorption of NH+4 were combined with diffusion equations which were solved numerically using finite difference methods. The model constructed was used to predict the NH+4 and NO?3 con-centration distributions in the soil column, and good agreement was obtained between the experimental and predicted concentration profiles. The use of the model for predicting the diffusive flux of mineral N to the outer surfaces of soil peds, where it is vulnerable to leaching, was demonstrated.  相似文献   

14.
The contribution of bacteria and fungi to NH4+ and organic N (Norg) oxidation was determined in a grassland soil (pH 6.3) by using the general bacterial inhibitor streptomycin or the fungal inhibitor cycloheximide in a laboratory incubation study at 20°C. Each inhibitor was applied at a rate of 3 mg g?1 oven‐dry soil. The size and enrichment of the mineral N pools from differentially (NH415NO3 and 15NH4NO3) and doubly labelled (15NH415NO3) NH4NO3 were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after N addition. Labelled N was applied to each treatment, to supply NH4+‐N and NO3?‐N at 3.15 μmol N g?1 oven‐dry soil. The N treatments were enriched to 60 atom % excess in 15N and acetate was added at 100 μmol C g?1 oven‐dry soil, to provide a readily available carbon source. The oxidation rates of NH4+ and Norg were analysed separately for each inhibitor treatment with a 15N tracing model. In the absence of inhibitors, the rates of NH4+ oxidation and organic N oxidation were 0.0045 μmol N g?1 hour?1 and 0.0023 μmol N g?1 hour?1, respectively. Streptomycin had no effect on nitrification but cycloheximide inhibited the oxidation of NH4+ by 89% and the oxidation of organic N by more than 30%. The current study provides evidence to suggest that nitrification in grassland soil is carried out by fungi and that they can simultaneously oxidize NH4+ and organic N.  相似文献   

15.
Concentrations of dialysable silica in equilibrium with Al2O3-SiO2-H2O sols at pH 4.5–5.0 confirm the formation of a poorly ordered non-dialysable proto-imogolite species with an Al : Si ratio near 2, close to that of imogolite. Sols with Al : Si>2 give nearly constant levels of free silica in solution in the range 2–6 μg/cm3, indicating equilibrium between proto-imogolite and aluminium hydroxide species. These findings indicate that imogolite-like precipitates in acid soils will buffer silica in solution to within this range during leaching episodes. Imogolite is more stable than a previous estimate suggested, and a revised value for its free energy of formation is proposed: ΔG0f(298.15) = -2929.7 kJ/mol. In Fe2O3-SiO2-H2O sols, the Fe : Si ratio of the non-dialysable species varies smoothly from 11 to 3 as free silica in solution ranges from 4 to 35 μg/cm3. Such sols are much less colloidally stable than hydroxyaluminium silicate sols, but mixed Al2O3—Fe2O3—SiO2—H2O sols are almost as stable as iron-free sols up to a Fe : Al ratio of 1.5. Thus migration of Al and Fe as mixed hydroxide sols can account for the almost constant ratio of Al to Fe with depth in oxalate extracts from Bs horizons of podzols.  相似文献   

16.
Thermal generation of volatiles in nine model reactions was studied and compared. Each of the model systems contained one amino acid and one monosaccharide. The amino acid was serine, threonine, or glutamine, and the monosaccharide was ribose, glucose, or fructose. More unsubstituted pyrazine was generated in serine-sugar systems than threonine-sugar systems. The formation of several furfuryl-substituted pyrazines and pyrroles was observed in some of the studied systems. Total pyrazines were generated more in glutamine-containing systems than in serine- and threonine-containing systems, and the reverse was true for generation of furfuryl-substituted compounds. Acetylpyrazine was generated in serine/threonine/glutamine-glucose and serine/glutamine-fructose systems.  相似文献   

17.
Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中的迁移实验及模拟   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
孙军娜  徐绍辉 《土壤学报》2010,47(6):1101-1109
通过稳定流混合置换实验,研究了孔隙水流速和pH变化对Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在石英砂中迁移行为的影响,获得了示踪剂Br-和Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的穿透曲线(BTCs);并通过室内批量平衡实验获得吸附系数,进而计算出阻滞因子Rd。基于这些实验结果,借助CXTFIT2.1软件,用平衡CDE模型拟合了Br-的BTCs,得到了弥散系数D;在此基础上应用CDE非平衡模型拟合Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd在不同流速和pH条件下的BTCs,并预测了平行实验和不同埋深处Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd浓度的动态变化。结果表明,Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移能力随流速的增大而增强,而随pH的增大而降低;化学非平衡的两点模型能较好地模拟本文实验条件下Cu/Pb/Zn/Cd的迁移过程。  相似文献   

18.
14C-labelled glucose and 15N-labelled KNO3 were added to soil and the microbial biomass during 42 days' incubation was estimated using the chloroform fumigation-incubation method (CFIM). By day 1, most of the glucose (1577 μgCg?1 soil) was metabolized and 110 μg NO?3-Ng?1 soil were immobilized. In situ values for the proportions of biomass C (kC) and biomass N (kN) mineralized during the 10 days after CHCl3 fumigation were determined on the basis that the immobilized labelled C and N remaining in the soil at this time were present as living microbial cells and their associated metabolites. The tracer data indicated that biomass C could be calculated by applying a kc value of 0.41 to the CO2-C evolved from the fumigated sample without subtraction of an unfumigated “control”. Biomass N was estimated from the net NH4?-N accumulation during the fumigation-incubation. The problem of reimmobilization of NH+4-N where organisms of wide C:N ratio occur was overcome by adjusting the value of kN according to the ratio of CO2-C evolved: net NH4+-N accumulated during the fumigation-incubation (CF:NF).A CF:NF ratio of 6:1 resulted in a kN of 0.30 whereas a ratio of 13:1 indicated a kN of 0.20.  相似文献   

19.
This study focuses on the processes occurring during incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into humic substances. Therefore rye grass, wheat straw, beech saw dust, sulphonated lignin and organosolve lignin were incubated together with highly 15N-enriched ammonium sulphate in the laboratory for 600 days. Samples from the incubates were periodically analysed for weight loss, and carbon and nitrogen contents. The samples were also analysed by solid-state 13C- and 15N-CPMAS-NMR-spectroscopy to follow the turnover of the materials during incubation. Most of the detectable N-signals was assigned to amide - peptide structures. The remaining intensities could be ascribed to free and alkylated amino groups, and those on the low field side of the broad amide-peptide signal to indole, pyrrole and nucleotide derivatives. Abiotic reactions of ammonia with suitable precursors and the formation of pyridine, pyrazine or phenyloxazone derivatives were not observed. Signals from ammonia and nitrate occurred only at the end of the incubation.  相似文献   

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