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1.
Sanchez Bruni SF Jones DG McKellar QA 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2006,29(6):443-457
Parasitic diseases are an important health concern to small animal veterinarians worldwide, and their zoonotic potential is also of relevance to human medicine. The treatment and control of such conditions relies heavily on pharmaceutical intervention using a range of antiparasitic drugs and/or their biologically active metabolites. Broad spectrum agents have been produced, although narrow and even monospecific drugs are used in some situations. Their efficacy may depend on dosage, the target pathogen(s), the host species and/or the site of infection. Optimal use of antiparasitics requires a detailed consideration of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs in specific clinical contexts. This review summarizes the present status of knowledge on the metabolism, and physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the major antiparasitic drugs currently used in small animal veterinary practice. In addition, data relevant to therapeutic dosage, efficacy and clinical indication/contraindication, particularly in relation to combination drug therapy, are included. 相似文献
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The general pharmacology of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in dogs and cats has been described in part 1 of this review (Lees and others 1991). This paper outlines the properties of the individual agents as they are used in small animal practice. The NSAIDs which have been used extensively in small animals include the older agents such as Aspirin, cinchophen and phenylbutazone. These agents have previously been used empirically by extrapolation of dosages from other species and by clinical experience. Studies are now available which provide a scientific rationale for the dosage rate recommended. A number of new drugs have recently been licensed for use in the dog or may be licensed in the near future. These include flunixin, carprofen and tolfenamic acid and the data generated from these products provides very useful information for formulating I effective dosage regimens. There are also some NSAIDs such as piroxicam which have been investigated in the dog because they have particular properties which may be of use in common clinical conditions and others, such as Paracetamol and Ibuprofen, which are readily available to the public and which owners may administer to dogs or cats at toxic doses. 相似文献
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A. Hayes 《Veterinary and comparative oncology》2007,5(1):1-13
Understanding the molecular biology of cancer and identification of the aberrant mechanisms that permit unrestricted cell growth is fundamental to the development of cancer treatment and prevention strategies. When defective molecular pathways have been uncovered, targeted therapies aimed at specific disruption to the biology of the cell can be developed. Such targeted treatments might more effectively kill cancer and spare normal tissues. The significance of the cyclo‐oxygenase (COX) enzymatic pathways has emerged over the last 20 years and is currently a focus of study in some cancers of humans and veterinary species. This pathway is relatively easy to inhibit using nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs that are commonly in use in veterinary practice, making this pathway appear as a logical target. However, COX is just one of many aberrant cell signalling pathways identified in carcinogenesis. This review explores possible benefits and current limitations of treating cancer with COX‐inhibiting drugs in veterinary practice. 相似文献
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G M Dorrestein 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice》2000,3(1):35-57, v-vi
Passerines (songbirds) and softbills (toucans and mynahs) are increasingly presented for veterinary care as pet owners and aviculturists recognize that successful medical and surgical treatment can be performed in these often tiny patients. Even with an increasing amount of pharmacokinetic data in birds, the use of extrapolated drug regimens continues to be a common practice for these species. The extrapolation, using allometric scaling from human, mammalian, and avian drugs to passeriformes and softbills, is complicated and limited. In this article, the choice of the therapeutic approach is discussed. Once the choice for a specific drug is made, tables help calculate the dose in milligrams per kilocalorie without using complicated formulas. 相似文献
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Glucocorticoids are one of the two main classes of hormones, along with mineralocorticoids, which are secreted from the adrenal cortex. Since the discovery of the anti‐inflammatory properties of the natural glucocorticoid hydrocortisone, a large number of artificial glucocorticoids have been synthesized to attempt to increase efficacy and decrease side effects. These drugs are now considered one of the most commonly prescribed agents in veterinary practice. The effect of these drugs has been shown to vary significantly between species. Cats appear to tolerate glucocorticoids well, resulting in these drugs being recommended for a wide variety of conditions; however, there are few studies on the effects of glucocorticoids in cats. In this paper we review some of the available literature on glucocorticoid use in the cat. 相似文献
7.
Application of sound ocular therapeutic principle is more difficult in food animals than most other species. Financial or husbandry constraints limit the practitioner's ability to use the entire range of ocular drugs available or to use them with adequate frequency. These problems may be dealt with by using systemically administered drugs when effective or by employing vehicles or delivery techniques that necessitate minimal dosing frequency. By far the most important medically treatable eye disease encountered in food animal practice is IBK. Effective therapies include systemic administration of long-acting oxytetracycline, subconjunctival administration of a variety of antibiotics, or topical application of benzathine cloxacillin. Infectious conjunctivitis in sheep and goats due to a variety of agents may be treated successfully with tetracycline in most cases. Conjunctivitis and keratitis secondary to IBR virus usually are given supportive therapy only, although specific antiviral drugs have been used in the treatment of herpetic eye disease in other species. Anterior uveitis is best treated by corticosteroid and mydriatic therapy in addition to treatment of the underlying cause, if identified. 相似文献
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综述了大环内酯类抗寄生虫药物美贝霉素肟的理化性质、药效学、药动学、临床应用、安全性和应用展望。该药对内寄生虫和外寄生虫均有效,抗虫机制独特,广谱抗虫、高效。作为专用于宠物临床的抗寄生虫药,美贝霉素肟价格低廉,极具临床推广价值,具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
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Papich MG 《Veterinary dermatology》2012,23(4):352-60, e64
The aim of this review is to consider systemic therapy options for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). Infections caused by MRSP in small animals--particularly dogs--have been frustrating veterinarians in recent years. After a susceptibility test is performed, veterinarians are left to select from drugs that have not been frequently encountered on a susceptibility report. Some of these are old drugs that have not been used regularly by veterinary dermatologists. As MRSP is, by definition, resistant to all β-lactam antibiotics, including cephalosporins, penicillins and amoxicillin-clavulanate combinations, the β-lactam drugs are not an option for systemic treatment. As most MRSPs are multidrug resistant, familiar drugs, such as trimethoprim-sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides and lincosamides (clindamycin), are also not usually an option for treatment. Therefore, veterinarians are left with drugs such as rifampicin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and vancomycin to choose from on the basis of an in vitro susceptibility test. Some of these drugs were originally approved over 50 years ago and may not be familiar to some veterinarians. Each of these drugs possesses unique properties and has particular advantages and disadvantages. Veterinarians should be particularly aware of the adverse effects, limitations and precautions when using these drugs. New drugs also have been developed for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in humans. These include linezolid, ceftaroline, daptomycin and tigecycline. Although these drugs are very infrequently--if ever--considered for veterinary use, the properties of these drugs should also be known to veterinary dermatologists. 相似文献
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Multiple drug therapy is often used in veterinary practice; occasionally, inappropriate combinations of drugs may be administered which interact to produce adverse responses. Such interactions may occur in vitro because of physically or chemically incompatible drugs having been mixed before administration or in vivo. A number of important in vitro incompatibilities concerning parenteral drugs are tabulated, consideration having been given both to problems attending the use of intravenous fluids as vehicles for their administration and to incompatibilities between the drugs themselves. Interactions which occur in vivo are also examined; these have been grouped according to the various mechanisms by which they occur. 相似文献
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As is true with the use of drugs in veterinary medicine in general, there are many controversial issues in the management of peripartum conditions in the cow. For example, the use of PG versus antibacterial drugs in the management of postpartum uterine infections has advocates for the use of either approach. Intrauterine versus systemic administration of antibacterial drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of postpartum metritis is another area of debate. Clearly, more research is needed in this area. Equally clearly, however, the research results that are available are being disregarded on a daily basis. In considering this discussion of the use of drugs in the peripartum period, one is struck by the frequency that optimum drug therapy of a condition relies on the extralabel use of nonapproved preparations. What guidelines are available to the practitioner in this regard? One example is lack of availability of appropriate dosage regimens or withdrawal times for food derived from treated animals. Unfortunately, pharmacokinetic and residue studies that would aid in establishing guidelines generally are not available and, in most instances, are not forthcoming. Extrapolation of data from other species to the ruminant or extrapolation of information from one drug to a related compound (such as prediction of residue and withdrawal data from an approved aminoglycoside, dihydrostreptomycin, to another unapproved drug, gentamicin) is fraught with difficulties. The need for research in this area is obvious, and lack of such information is one of the major dilemmas in trying to establish rational drug therapy in the food-producing animal. Recent developments in drug therapy have led to innovative approaches for the management of peripartum and other diseases in cattle. The use of PG in the treatment of reproductive disorders, so commonplace and widely accepted in contemporary veterinary practice, is a relatively recent approach that continues to be refined with the development of new, more potent, more specific PG analogs. What will be the role of ceftiofur, a potent, third-generation cephalosporin that currently is approved only for the treatment of respiratory infections in cattle, in the management of reproductive tract infections? The fluoroquinolones, which represent a novel approach to the control of infectious diseases, are being increasingly used in veterinary and human medicine, and one may predict that these powerful antimicrobial drugs will find application in bovine practice, including for the treatment of peripartum infections. Pharmacologic manipulation of immune and defense mechanisms also is an approach with some promise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
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综述了非甾体抗炎药托芬那酸的药理毒理研究资料,为托芬那酸的临床应用等提供参考。与其他的非甾体抗炎药类似,托芬那酸具有抗炎、镇痛及解热作用。通过抑制环氧化酶（COX）减少花生四烯酸（AA）向炎症介质前列腺素（PGs）转化而起到消炎镇痛作用。托芬那酸在动物体内吸收迅速,广泛分布于各种组织中,代谢速度相对较快。在安全药理、急慢性毒性、致突变及生殖毒性方面,没有严重的特异性的毒性反应。 相似文献
14.
K Kaemmerer 《DTW. Deutsche tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1989,96(9):466-468
For the veterinarian, drug sale is generally permitted by his licence of drug dispensing. According to the law on animal feed, feedstuffs are not regarded as drugs and thus they are not licensed to be sold by veterinarians. Drugs, however, may only be released for the treatment of individual animals, which are previously examined by the vet. The sale of animal feed is not regarded as part of veterinary practice. Only in case of a registered additional business, a veterinarian is allowed to sale feedstuffs. Dietetic animal feedstuffs are also regulated by the Animal Feed Act. Dietetic drugs, however, are regulated by the Drug Act and are strongly to be delineated from dietetic feed. Thus, the term "dietetic" alone does not automatically give any legitimatization for a sale of feedstuffs in veterinary practice. 相似文献
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P. B. ENGLISH 《Australian veterinary journal》1983,60(12):353-361
Although there is sufficient information on the pharmacology and therapeutic application of the antimicrobial drugs to permit their effective use, they are still often misused in canine practice. This paper collates the data on drug dose rate/plasma concentration relationships observed in dogs after the administration of specific members of the major antimicrobial drug groups and on the possible impact of drug disposition (distribution and elimination) on therapeutic effect. Some information gleaned from studies in other animal species is added. 相似文献
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W W Muir 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1991,21(5):957-987
This article focuses on drugs that have been specifically developed for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. A brief overview of the principal mechanisms responsible for the development of cardiac arrhythmias is also included, because it has been the goal of pharmacologists and clinical cardiologists to develop drugs and prescribe specific antiarrhythmic therapy based on a knowledge of these mechanisms with the assumption that specific antiarrhythmic therapy will be the most efficacious in restoring and maintaining normal sinus rhythm. 相似文献
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J E Ilkiw 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1992,22(2):347-350
Neuromuscular blocking agents, although not commonly used in veterinary practice, should be considered when muscle relaxation is needed to facilitate surgical exposure and minimize tissue trauma. These drugs should be administered only once respiration has been controlled and anesthetic agents have been administered to induce unconsciousness and analgesia. Following administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs, neuromuscular and cardiovascular function must be monitored. 相似文献
18.
Barrett DC 《The Veterinary record》2000,146(19):545-550
Respiratory disease in growing cattle has both animal welfare and economic implications, but the use of antimicrobial drugs to treat and control it is under public scrutiny owing to concerns that their use in food-producing animals may be detrimental to human health. This paper outlines criteria for the selection of appropriate and cost-effective drugs, based on good dinical practice and sound economic principles. It also suggests that these principles should be integrated into quality assurance schemes, and that the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance patterns among known bacterial respiratory pathogens should be improved. 相似文献
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以头孢类药物的母核7-氨基头孢烷酸为模板分子、4-乙烯基吡啶为功能单体在一定条件下合成7-氨基头孢烷酸分子印迹聚合物,用平衡结合实验研究了聚合物的结合性能。并研究了7-氨基头孢烷酸分子印迹聚合物对头孢类药物的选择性。结果表明,7-氨基头孢烷酸分子印迹聚合物对头孢类药物有很好的选择性,能够作为畜禽食品中头孢类药物萃取净化的分离材料。 相似文献