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1.
This study evaluated changes in electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters according to the stage of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs, as well as the utility of ECG parameters as prognostic indicators for congestive heart failure (CHF). Medical records of dogs with MMVD were retrospectively searched. Dogs with MMVD (N = 101) were classified into stages B [B1 (n = 52) and B2 (n = 23)] and C (n = 26) according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine guidelines. Baseline variables were collected; these included signalment, radiographic, echocardiographic, and ECG parameters. Corrected QT intervals (QTc) were calculated using the logarithmic (QTc1) and Fridericia (QTc2) formulas. The P wave duration, QTc1, and QTc2 were significantly longer in stage C than in stage B. The P wave duration cutoff of 43.5 ms had a diagnostic accuracy of 65% for differentiating CHF, with a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 90%. A cutoff value of 307.8 ms for QTc1 yielded a sensitivity of 62%, a specificity of 76%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 78%, and a cutoff value of 239.2 ms for QTc2 yielded a sensitivity of 62%, a specificity of 83%, and a diagnostic accuracy of 77% for diagnosing CHF. Therefore, prolonged P wave and QTc in dogs with MMVD may facilitate the prediction of CHF. Electrocardiography could provide clinicians with a readily available and cost-effective screening tool for predicting CHF, if the usefulness of ECG parameters can be verified.  相似文献   

2.
Elevations in the plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides correlate with increased severity of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs. This study correlates the severity of MMVD with the plasma concentrations of the biomarkers N-terminal fragment of the pro-brain-natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and its second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Furthermore, the l-arginine:asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) ratio was measured as an index of nitric oxide availability. The study included 75 dogs sub-divided into five groups based on severity of MMVD as assessed by clinical examination and echocardiography.Plasma NT-proBNP and cGMP concentrations increased with increasing valve dysfunction and were significantly elevated in dogs with heart failure. The cGMP:NT-proBNP ratio decreased significantly in dogs with heart failure, suggesting the development of natriuretic peptide resistance. Although the l-arginine:ADMA ratio decreased with increasingly severe MMVD, this was largely due to the older age of the dogs with heart failure.  相似文献   

3.
Time-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters and the correlation between echocardiography and Holter examinations in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) were determined. Holter examination was also performed at different time frames: an entire 24-hour period, a four-hour period during sleep, and a four-hour period while awake. Ten healthy (control group) and 28 MMVD dogs, 15 with and 13 without heart failure, were evaluated. The SDANN (sd of the mean normal RR intervals for all five-minute segments during 24-hour Holter) and pNN(50) (percentage of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals that are >50 ms computed over 24-hour Holter) variables were significantly lower in the dogs with MMVD heart failure. The differences in HRV between the groups were only detected during the 24-hour evaluation period (P<0.05). There were high correlations (canonical analysis) between Holter and echocardiography examinations when considering pNN(50), SDANN, and LA/AO (left atrial to aortic root ratio) (r=0.92; P<0.05), indicating that both are important in evaluating MMVD dogs. SDANN and pNN(50) are measures of parasympathetic control of the heart, and thus, it is possible to infer that the MMVD dogs exhibit parasympathetic withdrawal during the development of heart failure.  相似文献   

4.
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common comorbidity in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), and can induce various changes in the right heart, such as right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, dilatation, and dysfunction. We hypothesized that RV function, not only systolic function but also diastolic function, could be worsened with PH progression. We aimed to compare RV systolic and diastolic function in dogs with MMVD. Twenty healthy dogs and sixty-eight dogs with MMVD were enrolled. Dogs with MMVD were classified into the probability of PH. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic indices for right heart and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography indices were measured. The morphological indicators of the right heart were significantly higher only in the high probability of PH group. The RV strain, early-diastolic and systolic strain rates were significantly lower in the high probability of PH group than those in the low and intermediate probability of PH groups. Multivariate analysis showed that increased RV internal dimension normalized by body weight and RV myocardial performance index were significantly associated with the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure. Speckle tracking echocardiography-derived RV systolic and diastolic function were activated in the low and intermediate probability of PH groups. However, dogs with high probability of PH showed RV myocardial dysfunction and dilatation. Increased RV myocardial performance index and end-diastolic RV internal dimension normalized by body weight were significantly associated with the presence of right-sided congestive heart failure in dogs with MMVD.  相似文献   

5.
Adrenomedullin (AM), a peptide identified to have vasodilating and natriuretic effects, is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system. To evaluate plasma AM concentration in dogs with myxomatous mitral valvular disease (MMVD), and to investigate the associations between the concentrations of plasma AM and natriuretic peptides and the echocardiographic data, we evaluated plasma AM concentrations in 31 healthy control dogs and 57 dogs with MMVD. Plasma AM concentrations in dogs with MMVD were higher than that in the control subjects. The plasma AM concentration increased in conjunction with the severity of heart failure according to the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC). The AM concentrations were 25.1 ± 5.0 fmol/ml (ISACHC class Ia), 29.9 ± 11.0 fmol/ml (ISACHC class Ib), 43.4 ± 19.8 fmol/ml (ISACHC class II) and 73.5 ± 21.7 fmol/ml (ISACHC class III) and 7.5 ± 5.1 fmol/ml (control group), respectively. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated an area of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.8801-0.9889; <0.0001), a cutoff value of 30.5 fmol/ml, a sensitivity of 87.1%, and a specificity of 82.5% for the determination of congestive heart failure. Plasma AM concentrations correlated with atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations, LA/Ao ratio, and left ventricular diameter. In conclusion, AM may be a potential diagnostic marker for canine MMVD and possibly plays a pathophysiological role in collaboration with the other neurohumoral factors such as natriuretic peptides.  相似文献   

6.
Background: Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in geriatric dogs despite conventional therapy. Hypothesis: Pimobendan in addition to conventional therapy will extend time to sudden cardiac death, euthanasia for cardiac reasons, or treatment failure when compared with conventional therapy plus benazepril in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) attributable to MMVD. Animals: Two hundred and sixty client‐owned dogs in CHF caused by MMVD were recruited from 28 centers in Europe, Canada, and Australia. Methods: A prospective single‐blinded study with dogs randomized to PO receive pimobendan (0.4–0.6 mg/kg/d) or benazepril hydrochloride (0.25–1.0 mg/kg/d). The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death, euthanized for heart failure, or treatment failure. Results: Eight dogs were excluded from analysis. One hundred and twenty‐four dogs were randomized to pimobendan and 128 to benazepril. One hundred and ninety dogs reached the primary endpoint; the median time was 188 days (267 days for pimobendan, 140 days for benazepril hazard ratio = 0.688, 95% confidence limits [CL] = 0.516–0.916, P= .0099). The benefit of pimobendan persisted after adjusting for all baseline variables. A longer time to reach the endpoint was also associated with being a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, requiring a lower furosemide dose, and having a higher creatinine concentration. Increases in several indicators of cardiac enlargement (left atrial to aortic root ratio, vertebral heart scale, and percentage increase in left ventricular internal diameter in systole) were associated with a shorter time to endpoint, as was a worse tolerance for exercise. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Pimobendan plus conventional therapy prolongs time to sudden death, euthanasia for cardiac reasons, or treatment failure in dogs with CHF caused by MMVD compared with benazepril plus conventional therapy.  相似文献   

7.
Objective Describe the presence of arrhythmias in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and the potential association with class of heart failure and left atrial enlargement. Compare the standard electrocardiogram (ECG) with Holter monitoring for assessing heart rate (HR). Experimental procedure The study group of 36 dogs weighing less than 20 kg was divided into MMVD and no clinical signs (preclinical) or MMVD and clinical signs (clinical). A standard echocardiogram, ECG and 24-h Holter recording were obtained in all dogs. Results Minimum and mean Holter HRs were higher in the clinical group than in the preclinical group. Clinical dogs had more ventricular arrhythmias than preclinical dogs. An enlarged left atrium was associated with the presence of more supraventricular arrhythmias. Conclusions Arrhythmias are a common finding in dogs with MMVD and Holter monitoring is a reliable tool for both HR monitoring and diagnosis.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of pimobendan by comparing it with ramipril over a six-month period in dogs with mild to moderate heart failure (HF) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). METHODS: This was a prospective randomised, single-blind, parallel-group trial. Client-owned dogs (n = 43) with mild to moderate HF caused by MMVD were randomly assigned to one of two groups, which received either pimobendan (P dogs) or ramipril (R dogs) for six months. The outcome measures studied were: adverse HF outcome, defined as failure to complete the trial as a direct consequence of HF; maximum furosemide dose (mg/kg/day) administered during the study period; and any requirement for additional visits to the clinic as a direct consequence of HF. RESULTS: Treatment with pimobendan was well tolerated compared with treatment with ramipril. P dogs were 25 per cent as likely as R dogs to have an adverse HF outcome (odds ratio 4.09, 95 per cent confidence interval 1.03 to 16.3, P = 0.046). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: R dogs had a higher overall score and thus may have had more advanced disease than P dogs at baseline (P = 0.04). These results should be interpreted cautiously but such a high odds ratio warrants further investigation.  相似文献   

9.

Background

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) are the most common diseases noted in dogs. Although their pathogenesis varies, both include a significant enlargement of the left atrium.The study was carried out on left atrial specimens obtained from 56 dogs, including those from 34 dogs with clinically diagnosed MMVD, 15 dogs with DCM and 7 dogs without heart disease (control group). Dogs in the MMVD and the DCM groups presented with left atrial enlargement and stage D heart failure. The specimens underwent immunohistochemical examination using desmin, vimentin, periostin and caspase-3 antibodies.

Results

There were alterations in the expression of the studied proteins in the study groups compared to the control group. The changes included: irregularity of desmin cross-striation and desmosomes, a higher amount of vimentin-positive cells, a change in the periostin expression pattern from cytoplasmic to extracellular, and a lower expression of caspase-3. The alterations were more pronounced in the DCM group than in the MMVD group.

Conclusions

During heart failure, the pattern of desmin, vimentin, periostin and caspase-3 expression alters in the left atrium, regardless of the cause. The changes are more pronounced in dogs with DCM than in dogs with MMVD and similar left atrial enlargement, suggesting that volume overload may not be the only cause of myocardial changes in DCM.
  相似文献   

10.
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired cardiac disorder found in dogs. The disease process can lead to heart failure (HF) and has been found to be associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Statins exert antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in human HF patients. However, the beneficial effects of statins in MMVD dogs are still unclear. Thirty MMVD dogs were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: MMVD without HF dogs (n = 15) and MMVD with HF dogs (n = 15). Atorvastatin (8 mg kg?1 day?1) was administered orally to all dogs for 4 weeks. All dogs underwent physical examination and cardiac examination at the beginning and end of the experiment, including baseline values for hematology, blood chemistry profile, lipid profile, N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide, oxidative stress marker (8‐isoprostane), and inflammatory marker (tumor necrosis factor alpha). The results showed that atorvastatin reduced plasma cholesterol levels in both groups. In addition, plasma concentrations of 8‐isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide were significantly lower after atorvastatin administration, but only in MMVD dogs in the HF group. Atorvastatin found to be associated with possible antioxidant and inflammatory effects in dogs with HF secondary to MMVD. The potential benefits of statins in dogs with HF merits further investigation in larger, placebo‐controlled studies.  相似文献   

11.
IntroductionLarge breed (LB) dogs develop dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Echocardiography is required for a definitive diagnosis but is not always available. Our objective was to assess the clinical utility of thoracic radiographs alone and in combination with physical examination and electrocardiography findings for the prediction of clinically important DCM or MMVD in LB dogs.AnimalsFour hundred fifty-five client-owned dogs ≥20 kg with concurrent thoracic radiographs and echocardiogram.Materials and methodsMedical records were reviewed and stored thoracic radiographs and echocardiographic images were measured to classify dogs as normal heart size (NHS), preclinical DCM, clinical DCM, preclinical MMVD (with cardiomegaly), clinical MMVD, or equivocal. Dogs with preclinical MMVD, without cardiomegaly, were classified as NHS. Vertebral heart size (VHS) and vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) were measured. Receiver operating characteristic curves and prediction models were derived.ResultsPrevalence of MMVD (39.3%) was higher than the prevalence of DCM (24.8%), though most MMVD dogs (67.0%) lacked cardiomegaly and were classified as NHS for analysis. The area under the curve for VHS to discriminate between NHS and clinical DCM/MMVD or preclinical DCM/MMVD was 0.861 and 0.712, respectively, while for VLAS, it was 0.891 and 0.722, respectively. Predictive models incorporating physical examination and electrocardiography findings in addition to VHS/VLAS increased area under the curve to 0.978 (NHS vs. clinical DCM/MMVD) and 0.829 (NHS vs. preclinical DCM/MMVD).ConclusionsThoracic radiographs were useful for predicting clinically important DCM or MMVD in LB dogs, with improved discriminatory ability when physical examination abnormalities and arrhythmias were accounted for.  相似文献   

12.
ObjectivesIn humans with congestive heart failure (CHF), better outcome is correlated with lower natriuretic peptide (NP) levels after starting treatment and greater percentage reduction of NP levels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between absolute and relative changes in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and pro-atrial natriuretic peptide 31–67 (proANP 31–67) and overall cardiac survival in patients with symptomatic myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). Furthermore, we sought to compare clinical and echocardiographic status of 12-month survivors and non-survivors.Animals, materials and methods26 dogs with CHF due to MMVD. Initial NP levels, as well as absolute and percentage changes of follow-up NP levels (between 7 and 30 days after treatment start) and heart failure (HF) class were tested as potential predictors of overall cardiac survivorship. Additionally, various echocardiographic parameters, creatinine concentrations and furosemide doses were compared between 12-month survivors and non-survivors.ResultsDogs with follow-up NT-proBNP level <965 pmol/l had a significantly longer overall cardiac survival than patients with NT-proBNP level >965 pmol/l (P = 0.03). Dogs in a higher HF class had a significantly (P = 0.03) higher probability of shorter survival independent of their NP levels. When dogs were grouped by 12-month survival, only follow-up NT-proBNP levels were significantly different between groups.ConclusionsHF class at presentation and NT-proBNP levels after initiating treatment are predictive of mortality in patients with symptomatic MMVD. ProANP 31–67 levels, percentage reduction in NPs levels, creatinine or urea concentration, echocardiographic parameters and furosemide dose did not predict outcome.  相似文献   

13.
Cytokines have been associated with the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF) in humans and may be implicated in the pathophysiology of myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine the serum concentrations of cytokines in dogs with MMVD. The study included 16 Cairn terriers with no or minimal mitral regurgitation (MR), 41 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) with different degrees of MR and 11 dogs of different breeds with CHF due to MMVD. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, interferon-γ-induced protein and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured using a canine-specific multiplex immunoassay. CHF dogs had significantly higher MCP-1 concentrations than dogs with no or minimal MR. Among the CKCS, IL-2 and IL-7 decreased with increasing left atrial size and IL-7 also decreased with increasing MR. IL-8 decreased with increasing left ventricular end-systolic internal dimensions. MCP-1 was increased in CHF dogs compared to healthy control dogs and IL-2, IL-7 and IL-8 decreased with increasing indices of disease severity. The results suggest a role for these cytokines in canine MMVD and CHF.  相似文献   

14.

Objective

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) induces progressive left atrial (LA) enlargement. The LA modulates left ventricular filling and performance through its reservoir, conduit, and contractile function. Assessment of LA size and function may provide valuable information on the level of cardiac compensation. Left atrial function in dogs with naturally occurring MMVD remains largely unexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate LA volume and function in dogs with naturally occurring MMVD.

Animals

This prospective study included 205 client-owned dogs of different breeds, 114 healthy dogs, and 91 dogs with MMVD of different disease severities.

Methods

Using two-dimensional echocardiography, the biplane area-length method was applied to assess LA volume and calculate volumetric indices of LA reservoir, conduit, and contractile function.

Results

Left atrial volume and LA stroke volume increased, whereas LA reservoir and contractile function decreased with increasing disease severity. A maximal LA volume <2.25mL/kg was the optimal cut off identified for excluding congestive heart failure in dogs with chronic MMVD with a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100%. An active LA emptying fraction <24% and/or a LA expansion index <126% were suggestive of congestive heart failure in dogs with chronic MMVD with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 89% and a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 82%, respectively.

Conclusion

Dogs with MMVD appear to have larger LA volumes with poorer LA function. Deteriorating LA function, characterized by a decreasing reservoir and active contractile function, was evident in dogs with MMVD with increasing disease severity.  相似文献   

15.
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) often occurs due to a left heart disease, such as myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD), in dogs and is diagnosed using Doppler echocardiography and estimated pulmonary arterial pressure. Diagnosis of PH in dogs requires expertise in echocardiography: however, the examination for PH is difficult to perform in a clinical setting. Thus, simple and reliable methods are required for the diagnosis of PH in dogs. The purpose of this study was to develop models using multiple logistic regression analysis to detect PH due to left heart disease in dogs with MMVD without echocardiography. The medical records of dogs with MMVD were retrospectively reviewed, and 81 dogs were included in this study and classified into PH and non-PH groups. Bivariate analysis was performed to compare all parameters between the groups, and variables with P values of <0.25 in bivariate analysis were included in multiple logistic regression analysis to develop models for the detection of PH. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the model included a vertebral heart scale short axis of >5.2 v, and a length of sternal contact of >3.3 v was considered suitable for the detection of PH. The predictive accuracy of this model (85.9%) was judged statistically adequate, and therefore, this model may be useful to screen for PH due to left heart disease in dogs with MMVD without echocardiography.  相似文献   

16.
Background: Left ventricular (LV) remodeling occurs in response to chronic volume overload. Real‐time 3‐dimensional (RT3D) echocardiography offers new modalities for LV assessment. Objective: To investigate LV changes in shape and volume in response to different severities of naturally acquired myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in dogs by RT3D echocardiography. Animals: Sixty‐five client‐owned dogs. Methods: Prospectively recruited dogs were classified by standard echocardiography into healthy, mild, moderate, and severe MMVD groups. Endocardial border tracking of LV RT3D dataset was performed, from which global and regional (automatically acquired basal, mid, and apical segments based on LV long‐axis length) end‐diastolic (EDV) and end‐systolic volumes (ESV), LV long‐axis length, and sphericity index were obtained. Results: Global and regional EDV and ESV (indexed to body weight) were most prominently increased in dogs with severe MMVD. All 3 regional LV segments contributed to increased global EDV and ESV with increasing MMVD severity, but mid‐EDV contributed the most to the global EDV increase. Furthermore, LV long‐axis length and LV sphericity index increased with increasing MMVD severity. Basal and apical EDV segments displayed the strongest association with sphericity index (P < .0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The most prominent LV volume expansion was found in dogs with severe MMVD. Increased EDV, primarily in the mid‐segment, leads to rounding of LV apical and basal segments in response to increasing MMVD severity. Assessment of LV volume and shape potentially could allow early detection of dogs at risk for rapid progression into congestive heart failure.  相似文献   

17.
Mitral regurgitation (MR) due to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is a frequent finding in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCSs). Sinus arrhythmia and atrial premature complexes leading to R-R interval variations occur in dogs. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the duration of the R-R interval immediately influences the degree of MR assessed by echocardiography in dogs. Clinical examination including echocardiography was performed in 103 privately-owned dogs: 16 control Beagles, 70 CKCSs with different degree of MR and 17 dogs of different breeds with clinical signs of congestive heart failure due to MMVD. The severity of MR was evaluated in apical four-chamber view using colour Doppler flow mapping (maximum % of the left atrium area) and colour Doppler M-mode (duration in ms). The influence of the ratio between present and preceding R-R interval on MR severity was evaluated in 10 consecutive R-R intervals using a linear mixed model for repeated measurements.MR severity was increased when a short R-R interval was followed by a long R-R interval in CKCSs with different degrees of MR (P < 0.005 when adjusted for multiple testing). The relationship was not significant in control dogs with minimal MR and in dogs with severe MR and clinical signs of heart failure. In conclusion, MR severity increases in long R-R intervals when these follow a short R-R interval in CKCSs with different degrees of MR due to asymptomatic MMVD. Thus, R-R interval variations may affect the echocardiographic grading of MR in CKCSs.  相似文献   

18.
Background: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) including strain and strain rate (SR) assess systolic and diastolic myocardial function.
Hypothesis: TDI, strain, and SR variables of the left ventricle (LV) and the interventricular septum (IVS) differ significantly between dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) with and without congestive heart failure (CHF).
Animals: Sixty-one dogs with MMVD with and without CHF. Ten healthy control dogs.
Methods: Prospective observational study.
Results: Radial motion : None of the systolic variables were altered and 3 of the diastolic velocities were significantly increased in dogs with CHF compared with dogs without CHF and control dogs. Longitudinal motion : 2 systolic velocities and 3 diastolic velocities were significantly increased in dogs with CHF compared with dogs without CHF and control dogs. Difference in systolic velocity time-to-peak between LV and IVS was significantly increased in dogs with MMVD with and without CHF compared with control dogs. In total, 11 (23%) of 48 TDI and strain variables differed significantly between groups. Left atrial to aortic ratio was positively correlated to early diastolic velocities, percentage increase in left ventricular internal diameter in systole was positively correlated to systolic and diastolic velocities, and mitral E wave to peak early diastolic velocity in the LV basal segment (E/Em) was positively correlated to radial strain and SR.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Few TDI and strain variables were changed in dogs with MMVD with and without CHF. Intraventricular dyssynchrony may be an early sign of MMVD or may be an age-related finding.  相似文献   

19.

Background

There is no agreement in current publications regarding the reliability of serum concentrations of natriuretic peptides (NPs) to detect dogs with subclinical myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and to differentiate between asymptomatic stages.

Objectives

We sought to compare N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide 31‐67 (proANP) concentrations between various stages of canine MMVD and to investigate the influence of age, weight, and sex.

Methods

In this prospective study, dogs were classified in different disease stages using the modified Canine Heart failure International Expert Forum (CHIEF) system. Serum NP concentrations were compared between groups.

Results

A total of 559 samples from 116 healthy dogs and 236 dogs with MMVD were analyzed. Using cut‐off values (1207 pmol/L for NT‐proBNP, 1578 fmol/mL for proANP), dogs with MMVD with and without congestive heart failure (CHF) could be differentiated with a sensitivity of 83% for both and specificities of 85% and 86%, respectively. Dogs staged in CHIEF B1 and B2 could not be distinguished based on NP concentrations due to wide variation within the groups. Intact females (means 598 pmol/L and 1036 fmol/mL, respectively) had significantly higher values of both NPs than intact males (315 pmol/L and 836 fmol/mL).

Conclusions

NPs in canine MMVD are useful to discriminate between asymptomatic dogs and dogs with CHF. Due to a large overlap of NP‐concentrations between the groups, NPs do not seem to be useful to differentiate between dogs in stages B1 and B2. Interpretation of NT‐proBNP and proANP values should include consideration of sex‐specific differences.  相似文献   

20.
A breeding program with the aim of reducing the prevalence of mitral regurgitation (MR) caused by myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) is currently ongoing in Sweden. In this investigation 353 CKCS were selected as a sample of the population and 150 were examined by auscultation for heart murmurs when they reached the age of six years in 2007 and 2009. The aim with this investigation was to study the prevalence of heart murmurs in six-year-old CKCS and to estimate if prevalence has decreased since the breeding program was introduced 2001. The effect of the breeding program was evaluated by comparing the prevalence of heart murmurs in the two groups. In 2007, the prevalence of heart murmurs was 52% (50% for females and 54% for males) and in 2009, the prevalence was 55% (44% for females and 67% for males). No significant difference was found in the prevalence of heart murmurs between 2007 and 2009 (P = 0.8). For all six-year-old CKCS, the prevalence of heart murmur was 53% (females 46% and males 61%), which is higher than previous Swedish investigations.  相似文献   

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